Synthesis and study of antibacterial silver nanoparticles from Crataeva nurvala.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Synthesis, characterization, antibacterial and cytotoxic studies of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extracts of crataeva nurvala leaves - a green nano-biotechnological approach
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Vinmathi.V and Justin Packia Jacob. S
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Synthesis, characterization, antibacterial and cytotoxic studies of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extracts of crataeva nurvala leaves - a green nano-biotechnological approach
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The study focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous extracts of Crataeva nurvala leaves, highlighting its eco-friendly approach compared to traditional methods that often employ toxic chemicals. Silver nanoparticles possess significant applications in various fields, especially in biomedicine due to their antimicrobial properties. Crataeva nurvala, a medicinal plant known for treating various ailments, was selected for synthesizing AgNPs aiming to explore its potential in antibacterial and cytotoxic applications.
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
The research emphasizes the benefits of green synthesis methods over conventional chemical or physical routes. By utilizing Crataeva nurvala leaf extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents, the study provides an efficient and eco-friendly alternative for nanoparticle production. The process involved the preparation of a 1mM silver nitrate solution, which was subsequently mixed with varying volumes of leaf extract. Upon treatment with different conditions such as sunlight, room temperature, and microwave irradiation, the color changes observed indicated the successful reduction of silver ions to nanoparticles, with sunlight yielding the highest efficiency.
Characterization of the Synthesized Nanoparticles
Characterization of the biosynthesized AgNPs was performed using several techniques including UV-Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed the presence of AgNPs with a characteristic peak at 444 nm, indicative of successful synthesis. SEM analysis revealed that the nanoparticles had a spherical shape and an average size ranging between 32 and 38 nm, demonstrating well-defined morphology. FTIR analysis identified important functional groups involved in the reduction process, further validating the role of plant metabolites in stabilizing the nanoparticles.
Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activities
The antibacterial effectiveness of the synthesized AgNPs was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method against several human pathogenic bacteria. The results showed varying zones of inhibition, with Escherichia coli exhibiting the highest susceptibility. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of the AgNPs was assessed using the MTT assay on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, revealing significant cytotoxic effects and an IC50 value of 265.579 µg/ml. This suggests that the nanoparticles not only present antimicrobial potential but also display anticancer properties, likely due to compounds such as quercetin and kaempferol derived from the plant extract.
Conclusion
The study concludes that silver nanoparticles synthesized from Crataeva nurvala leaves offer a simple, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly method for nanoparticle production. The green synthesis approach yielded nanoparticles that are stable, biocompatible, and exhibit notable antibacterial and anticancer activities. The presence of bioactive compounds in the plant source potentially contributes to these therapeutic properties, positioning the biosynthesized AgNPs as promising candidates for future medical applications.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What are silver nanoparticles and their potential applications?
Silver nanoparticles can be used in display technologies, biomedicine, drug delivery, and as effective antimicrobials against multi-drug-resistant bacteria due to their small size and large surface area.
What is green synthesis and its advantages for nanoparticles?
Green synthesis uses natural resources like plants to create nanoparticles. This method is cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and avoids using toxic chemicals, making it easier to scale for larger production.
What method was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles in this study?
The study employed aqueous extracts of Crataeva nurvala leaves to reduce silver ions from a 1mM silver nitrate solution, effectively synthesizing silver nanoparticles through natural processes.
How were the synthesized nanoparticles characterized in the study?
Characterization was performed using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy to observe surface plasmon resonance, scanning electron microscopy to examine shape and size, and FTIR to identify functional groups related to capping.
What were the antibacterial effects of the synthesized silver nanoparticles?
The synthesis demonstrated antibacterial activity against various pathogens, showing the largest zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli, highlighting its effectiveness against Gram-negative bacteria.
What were the cytotoxic effects observed on MCF-7 cancer cells?
The MTT assay indicated a significant cytotoxic effect of synthesized AgNPs on MCF-7 cells, with an IC50 value of 265.579µg, likely due to compounds in the leaf extract.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Synthesis and study of antibacterial silver nanoparticles from Crataeva nurvala.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Silver:
Silver refers to the metallic element crucial in the synthesis of nanoparticles discussed in the study. Its antimicrobial properties are extensively utilized in medicine, particularly in treating infections and in coatings for medical devices, enhancing efficacy due to small particle size and high surface area. The study highlights its green synthesis using plant extracts.
2) Line:
Line refers to 'MCF-7', a specific human breast cancer cell line used in the study to assess the cytotoxic effects of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles. This cell line is a well-established model in cancer research, serving as a standard for testing anti-cancer properties of pharmaceutical compounds.
3) Table:
Table indicates the various summarized data presented within the study, providing clarity on measurements such as yield of nanoparticles, zones of inhibition, and results of cytotoxicity assays. Tables are essential for organizing complex data, allowing readers to easily interpret the findings and compare results across different conditions.
4) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibacterial describes the ability of the silver nanoparticles synthesized from plant extracts to inhibit bacterial growth. The study reveals significant antimicrobial effects against pathogenic bacteria, supporting the potential application of these nanoparticles in medical settings, particularly for treating infections caused by antibiotic-resistant strains.
5) Chennai:
Chennai is the city in Tamil Nadu, India, where the research was conducted. It’s relevant as it indicates the geographical location of the study, which impacts the local availability of plant materials used for extracting compounds that contribute to nanoparticle synthesis and characterization.
6) Medium:
Medium refers to the culture medium used for maintaining the MCF-7 cancer cell line in vitro. In biological experiments, the medium provides essential nutrients for cell growth, and the study examines the effects of silver nanoparticles on cells cultured in this specific medium.
7) Surface:
Surface relates to the surface phenomena associated with nanoparticles, notably their surface plasmon resonance properties. The studies utilize surface characteristics to characterize the synthesized silver nanoparticles, which play a critical role in their antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility due to effective interaction with target cells.
8) Aureus:
Aureus pertains to 'Staphylococcus aureus', a type of bacteria tested in the study for its susceptibility to the synthesized silver nanoparticles. Its relevance lies in its clinical significance as a common cause of infections, especially in healthcare settings, and demonstrates the antibacterial efficacy of the nanoparticles.
9) Cancer:
Cancer refers to the disease that the MCF-7 cell line models in the study. Exploring the effects of nanoparticles on cancer cells is crucial for developing targeted therapies and understanding the potential of silver nanoparticles as an alternative or complementary treatment in oncology.
10) India:
India indicates the country where the study took place, reflecting the rich biodiversity of medicinal plants available for research. The national context enhances the relevance of using local plant species for eco-friendly synthesis of nanoparticles, contributing to both medical and environmental science.
11) Water:
Water is the solvent used during the extraction of compounds from the 'Crataeva nurvala' leaves and for synthesizing silver nanoparticles. Its purity and quality are crucial in scientific experiments, as contaminants can affect the outcomes of nanoparticle synthesis and characterization processes.
12) Drug:
Drug relates to the potential application of synthesized nanoparticles in drug delivery systems. The research contributes to the field of nanomedicine by suggesting that silver nanoparticles could serve as carriers for delivering therapeutic agents to targeted sites, particularly in cancer treatment.
13) Field:
Field describes the scientific disciplines involved in this research, including biotechnology, nanotechnology, and pharmacology. Understanding how these fields interconnect allows researchers to explore innovative approaches for applications of silver nanoparticles, particularly in medical treatments and environmental sustainability.
14) Tamilnadu (Tamil-nadu):
Tamilnadu emphasizes the regional significance of the research context, showcasing the utilization of local flora for medicinal purposes. This notation builds upon the cultural roots within which the study is situated, highlighting the convergence of traditional knowledge and modern scientific inquiry.
15) Activity:
Activity refers to the biological effects evaluated in the study, particularly the antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. Understanding these activities is crucial for assessing the functionality and therapeutic potential of nanoparticles in medical applications.
16) Tamil:
Tamil, as a cultural and linguistic identifier, links to the region where the study took place and the associated traditional medicinal practices. It emphasizes the importance of local knowledge in research and the significance of herbal remedies used in the synthesis process.
17) Study (Studying):
Study relates to the entire research project aimed at investigating the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from 'Crataeva nurvala' leaves and their subsequent characterization and evaluation for antibacterial and anticancer properties. It encompasses the experimental design, findings, and implications for future research.
18) Jacob:
Jacob refers to Dr. S. Justin Packia Jacob, a key author and contact for the research study. His name signifies the contribution and expertise of the researchers in the field of biotechnology, emphasizing the collaborative efforts in conducting the study and advancing knowledge on nanoparticle synthesis.
19) Nadu:
Nadu is a suffix in 'Tamil Nadu', reinforcing the geographical significance of the study context. The mention elevates local heritage and biodiversity, which is essential in sourcing and utilizing traditional plant materials for the eco-friendly synthesis employed in the research.
20) Tree:
Tree refers to 'Crataeva nurvala', the plant species used for extracting compounds that facilitate the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. It underscores the study's focus on green chemistry by harnessing natural resources for sustainable practices in nanotechnology.
21) Pain:
Pain is related to health issues treated using 'Crataeva nurvala', where traditional forms of medicine utilize the plant for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. This relationship with health issues demonstrates the potential for utilizing herbal remedies in modern nanotechnology and pharmacology.
22) Piper longum:
Piper longum is another plant species previously reported for synthesizing silver nanoparticles. Its mention in the study points to the wider context of herbal plants used in nanoparticle synthesis, emphasizing the diversity of botanical sources and their contributions to green nanotechnology.
23) Inflammation:
Inflammation pertains to a health condition for which 'Crataeva nurvala' is traditionally used for treatment. The study connects the plant's medicinal properties with the potential health benefits conferred by the synthesized silver nanoparticles, emphasizing their therapeutic applications against various ailments.
24) Measurement:
Measurement refers to the quantification of results within the study, such as the yield of synthesized nanoparticles or the effects observed in antibacterial and cytotoxic assays. Accurate measurements are vital for validating scientific results and ensuring reproducibility in experimental research.
25) Observation:
Observation signifies the careful examination of results throughout the study, including color changes during nanoparticle synthesis and the effects on bacterial growth and cancer cells. Systematic observation underpins scientific inquiry and contributes to the interpretation of data and conclusions.
26) Discussion:
Discussion refers to the interpretation of results obtained during the study and their implications within the broader scientific context. This section synthesizes findings, explores their significance, and presents potential applications while acknowledging limitations and areas for future research.
27) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
Transform relates to the process by which silver ions are reduced to form silver nanoparticles using plant extracts. This transformation is critical in the green synthesis method, emphasizing the innovative approach of utilizing biological systems to produce materials with desirable properties.
28) Toxicity:
Toxicity describes the potential harmful effects of synthesized silver nanoparticles in biological systems. The study evaluates cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cells, important for understanding the safety and therapeutic index of nanoparticles, as well as their potential risks in clinical applications.
29) Dressing:
Dressing refers to the application of silver nanoparticles in medical dressings for wound care due to their antibacterial properties. The study highlights the practical implications of synthesizing nanoparticles for clinical use, particularly in preventing infections in surgical settings.
30) Science (Scientific):
Science fundamentally represents the systematic study of the natural world through observation, experimentation, and hypothesis testing. This research employs scientific methodologies to explore the synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles, reinforcing the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in advancing knowledge.
31) Nature:
Nature signifies the environmental aspect of the research context, particularly in using plant extracts for the synthesis of nanoparticles. It emphasizes the focus on eco-friendly methodologies that align with sustainable practices in material science and nanotechnology, harnessing natural resources responsibly.
32) Powder:
Powder refers to the form in which the synthesized silver nanoparticles are stored for analysis. Converting nanoparticles into a powdered form is essential for characterization techniques, enhancing stability and usability in various applications, particularly in drug delivery and antimicrobial formulations.
33) Fever:
Fever relates to a common symptom treated by traditional medicine using 'Crataeva nurvala'. This connection highlights the potential therapeutic contributions of the synthesized silver nanoparticles derived from the plant in addressing infectious diseases and associated fever symptoms.
34) Food:
Food connects to the broader context of utilizing silver nanoparticles in food processing and preservation due to their antibacterial properties. The study implies potential applications of biosynthesized nanoparticles in enhancing food safety and longevity through microbial inhibition.
35) Wall:
Wall refers to bacterial cell walls, pertinent to the study's discussion on antibacterial activity. The structural differences between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria influence how silver nanoparticles penetrate cells, underscoring the importance of understanding bacterial morphology in antimicrobial research.
36) Worm:
Worm relates to the traditional medicinal uses of 'Crataeva nurvala', which includes treating parasitic infections. The reference to worms emphasizes the need for broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents, reinforcing the potential of silver nanoparticles as effective solutions to combat various pathogens.
37) Gold (Golden):
Gold is typically referenced in the context of gold nanoparticles, another type of metallic nanoparticle. While the study focuses on silver nanoparticles, understanding gold's role in nanotechnology highlights the broader field of metallic nanoparticles and their varied applications in medicine, electronics, and materials science.