A review on pterocarpus santalinus linn.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: A review on pterocarpus santalinus linn.
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Mohammad Azamthulla, Rajkapoor Balasubramanian and Kavimani S
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
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Full text available for: A review on pterocarpus santalinus linn.
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Pterocarpus santalinus, commonly known as Red Sandalwood, is a valuable medicinal plant belonging to the Fabaceae family. It is primarily found in India and is significant for its rich timber with a distinctive color and beauty, as well as its various medicinal properties attributed to the heartwood. Traditionally, this plant has been used to treat various ailments including ulcers, eye diseases, and mental disorders. The heartwood contains santalin, a natural dye utilized in pharmaceuticals and food products, alongside a multitude of phytochemicals, notably flavonoids and lignans, that contribute to its pharmacological effects.
Medicinal Properties and Traditional Uses
The therapeutic applications of Pterocarpus santalinus are vast and varied. Traditionally, the heartwood is employed as a decoction to treat ailments such as ulcers, dysentery, and skin diseases, as well as being known for its cooling and blood-purifying properties. Moreover, folk remedies include its use for conditions like scorpion stings and chronic dysentery. Phytochemical analysis reveals the presence of significant compounds such as alkaloids, phenols, and saponins, which contribute to the plant's anti-inflammatory and antihyperglycemic effects. Notably, the use of this wood in brewing and as an incense further underlines its cultural significance.
Phytochemical Composition and Benefits
The intricate phytochemistry of Pterocarpus santalinus points toward its potential health benefits. The heartwood contains multiple bioactive compounds, including carbohydrates, steroids, flavonoids, and tannins, which are recognized for their antioxidative and healing properties. Among these, santalins A and B have gained attention for exhibiting anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities, positioning the plant as a candidate for modern pharmacological research. Specific components like aurone glycosides are identified for antiplasmodial and potential antileishmanial activities, showcasing the prospect of developing novel therapeutics from this species.
Ecological and Economic Importance
The ecological and commercial value of Pterocarpus santalinus cannot be understated. It is predominantly harvested for its high-quality timber, which is essential in various industries, including furniture and musical instrument manufacturing, particularly in Japan. However, the species faces threats from illegal harvesting and overexploitation, raising concerns regarding its conservation. The reliance on traditional practices for sustainable use has been observed, but there is an urgent need for a balanced approach between conservation efforts and economic utilization to protect this endangered species.
Conclusion
Pterocarpus santalinus presents a fascinating intersection of cultural, ecological, and pharmacological significance, underscoring its value as a medicinal plant throughout history. However, the increasing demand and resulting threats to its populations necessitate urgent conservation strategies and further scientific exploration to unlock its full potential in modern medicine. Continued research efforts are essential to better understand the therapeutic applications of this plant and promote sustainable practices that ensure its preservation for future generations.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What are the medicinal properties of Pterocarpus santalinus Linn?
Pterocarpus santalinus Linn., or Red Sandalwood, is known for its antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, and tonifying properties. It is used in treating ulcers, eye diseases, dysentery, and as a cooling agent.
What phytochemicals are found in Pterocarpus santalinus Linn?
Phytochemical studies indicate the presence of alkaloids, phenols, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, and tannins in Pterocarpus santalinus Linn. Significant compounds include santalin, pterocarpol, and various aurone glycosides.
Why is Pterocarpus santalinus considered endangered?
Pterocarpus santalinus is endangered due to overexploitation and illegal harvesting practices. Habitat destruction and low natural fruit set have further reduced its population.
What are common uses of Pterocarpus santalinus in traditional medicine?
In traditional medicine, Pterocarpus santalinus is utilized for treating various ailments, including skin diseases, chronic dysentery, and inflammation. Its wood is also used to prepare healing pastes.
How is Pterocarpus santalinus used as a colorant?
The heartwood of Pterocarpus santalinus is processed to extract santalin, used primarily as a red dye in foods, cosmetics, and various crafts due to its vibrant color.
What pharmacological activities are associated with Pterocarpus santalinus?
Pterocarpus santalinus exhibits several pharmacological activities, including antidiabetic, antibacterial, hepatoprotective effects, and potential anticancer properties. Extracts demonstrate efficacy against various bacterial strains and tumor necrosis factor production.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “A review on pterocarpus santalinus linn.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Species:
The term 'species' refers to a group of organisms capable of interbreeding. In the context of Pterocarpus santalinus, it signifies a specific type of tree known for its medicinal properties and prominent uses in traditional medicine, highlighting biodiversity and the need for conservation efforts.
2) India:
India is the native land of Pterocarpus santalinus, commonly known as red sandalwood. The country's rich flora includes this species, which is integral to local culture, traditional medicine, and industry, emphasizing the importance of protecting indigenous species amidst rising threats from deforestation and illegal trade.
3) Activity:
In pharmacology, 'activity' refers to the observable effects or biological responses elicited by a substance. For Pterocarpus santalinus, it pertains to the various medicinal properties attributed to it, including its anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and antimicrobial effects, which warrant further scientific investigation.
4) Indian:
The adjective 'Indian' signifies anything related to India, including its culture, heritage, and indigenous practices. In the context of Pterocarpus santalinus, it emphasizes the tree's historical and traditional significance in Indian medicine and its cultural relevance for local communities.
5) Medicine:
Medicine encompasses practices and substances used to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases. Red sandalwood is noted for its traditional medicinal applications in Indian Ayurvedic practices, highlighting the importance of integrating traditional knowledge with contemporary medical research for holistic healthcare solutions.
6) Tree:
Pterocarpus santalinus, classified as a tree, embodies ecological significance and environmental sustainability. Trees play critical roles in ecosystems, contributing to air quality, biodiversity, and climate regulation, while this specific species is valued for its wood and medicinal attributes, necessitating conservation measures.
7) Pharmacological:
The term 'pharmacological' relates to the study of drugs and their effects on biological systems. Research into the pharmacological properties of Pterocarpus santalinus is crucial to understanding its therapeutic potential, leading to the development of new treatments based on its bioactive compounds.
8) Timber:
Timber refers to processed wood, which is used for construction and furniture-making. The timber from Pterocarpus santalinus is highly prized for its aesthetic qualities and durability, representing not only a valuable economic resource but also a concern regarding sustainable harvesting practices.
9) Drug:
In medicinal contexts, a 'drug' is any substance used for therapeutic purposes. The bioactive compounds derived from Pterocarpus santalinus underline its role as a traditional drug in treating various ailments, necessitating rigorous scientific analysis to establish efficacy and safety.
10) Phytochemical:
Phytochemical compounds are bioactive substances derived from plants. The analysis of Pterocarpus santalinus reveals a rich phytochemical profile that includes flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins, contributing to its medicinal properties and providing a basis for pharmacological research.
11) Disease:
A 'disease' is an abnormal condition that affects the body, impairing its functions. Pterocarpus santalinus is traditionally used to treat various diseases, demonstrating its role in herbal medicine and the need for studies to substantiate these claims with scientific evidence.
12) Food:
In this context, 'food' refers to substances consumed for nutrition. The use of red sandalwood in food coloring and flavoring illustrates the crossover between culinary and pharmacological uses of plants, promoting the importance of natural ingredients in dietary practices.
13) Blood:
The term 'blood' is essential in both health and disease contexts, as it transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Pterocarpus santalinus has been used in traditional remedies for blood purification and disorders, highlighting its significance in holistic health practices.
14) Science (Scientific):
The term 'scientific' denotes approaches based in systematic study and empirical evidence. Research into Pterocarpus santalinus highlights the intersection of science with traditional medicine, aiming to uncover novel benefits from indigenous plants backed by robust evidence.
15) Water:
Water is vital for all forms of life and is also used in traditional medicine preparations. In the context of Pterocarpus santalinus, various preparations involve water infusions, showcasing the importance of solvent extraction in enhancing the medicinal effects of plant materials.
16) Ulcer:
An ulcer is a sore that develops on the lining of the stomach or intestines. Pterocarpus santalinus is historically used to treat ulcers, underscoring the need for scientific validation of traditional remedies and mechanisms of action in contemporary medicine.
17) Tamil:
Tamil refers to the language and culture associated with the Tamil people, predominantly in southern India. The cultural significance of Pterocarpus santalinus within Tamil traditions stresses the importance of indigenous knowledge in preserving biodiversity and traditional healing practices.
18) Study (Studying):
The term 'study' implies the systematic investigation of a subject. Research efforts concerning Pterocarpus santalinus focus on its pharmacological and phytochemical properties, contributing to the body of knowledge necessary for validating and potentially broadening its medicinal uses.
19) Pharmacology:
Pharmacology is the branch of medicine focused on drugs and their effects on living organisms. The examination of Pterocarpus santalinus in pharmacology emphasizes understanding its active components and therapeutic applications, fostering the potential for new drug discoveries.
20) Inflammation:
Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection, often tied to various diseases. The anti-inflammatory properties attributed to Pterocarpus santalinus indicate its potential in treating conditions characterized by inflammation, warranting further research into its efficacy.
21) Developing:
The term 'developing' relates to countries with emerging economies. In the context of traditional medicine like that of Pterocarpus santalinus, it highlights the reliance on indigenous plants for healthcare solutions in resource-limited settings, promoting the conservation of such species.
22) Tamilnadu (Tamil-nadu):
Tamil Nadu is a state in southern India, known for its rich cultural heritage and biodiversity. The prevalence of Pterocarpus santalinus in Tamil Nadu illustrates the regional significance of this species in traditional medicine and the threat it faces from exploitation.
23) Vomiting:
Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of stomach contents and is a symptom of various conditions. Pterocarpus santalinus has been traditionally used to treat vomiting, highlighting its inclusion in folklore medicine and the need for scientific understanding of its mechanisms.
24) Forest:
Forests are vital ecosystems that support biodiversity and provide resources. Pterocarpus santalinus's natural habitat in forests underscores the necessity of conservation efforts to prevent species loss and protect ecological balance in regions where it is indigenous.
25) Family:
In biological classification, 'family' denotes a group of related species. Pterocarpus santalinus belongs to the Fabaceae family, illustrating its botanical relationships and ecological interactions, which are crucial for understanding conservation strategies and plant utilization.
26) Nature:
Nature encompasses all living and non-living things in the environment. The exploration of Pterocarpus santalinus within natural ecosystems reveals the intrinsic value of plant species, emphasizing the role of biodiversity in ecological health and medicinal research.
27) Powder:
In herbal medicine, 'powder' often refers to ground plant material used for therapeutic purposes. The use of powdered extracts from Pterocarpus santalinus underscores its application in traditional medicine, necessitating studies on dosing and effectiveness for various health claims.
28) Lanka (Lamka, Lànkà):
Lanka, referring to Sri Lanka, is significant in the context of Pterocarpus santalinus as the tree has also been introduced in the region. The potential use and conservation of this species in Lanka reflect broader regional biodiversity concerns and traditional practices.
29) Nadu:
The term 'Nadu' often indicates a region or land, particularly in Southern India. Its relevance to Pterocarpus santalinus highlights regional biodiversity and traditional medicinal practices tied to specific geographic areas, underscoring the need for local conservation efforts.
30) Genu:
In botanical classification, 'genu' refers to a subgroup within a genus. While specific information on its application may not be prevalent, understanding the taxonomic hierarchy aids in the study of Pterocarpus santalinus's phylogenetic relationships within the Fabaceae family.
31) Krishnaveni (Krsnaveni, Krishna-veni):
Krishnaveni is a name that may refer to researchers or authors contributing significantly to studies on Pterocarpus santalinus. Highlighting contributors emphasizes collaborative efforts in the field of medicinal plant research, fostering a better understanding of this valuable species.
32) Shrinivasa (Shri-nivasa, Srinivasa):
Srinivasa, similar to Krishnaveni, may refer to individuals working on Pterocarpus santalinus research, exemplifying the importance of academic contributions to the knowledge base surrounding traditional medicinal plants and their applications in modern healthcare.
33) Substance:
In pharmacological terms, 'substance' refers to any material with therapeutic effects. The active substances derived from Pterocarpus santalinus illustrate its importance as a natural remedy, fostering research into their health benefits and potential as alternative treatments.
34) Furniture:
Furniture refers to movable articles in a dwelling. Timber from Pterocarpus santalinus is highly prized for furniture making, especially in artisanal works, highlighting the economic and functional values of this species in various industries.
35) Thanjavur:
Thanjavur is a city in Tamil Nadu known for its rich cultural heritage. Its connection to Pterocarpus santalinus may highlight the regional practices in traditional medicine and the need for preserving such knowledge alongside biodiversity conservation.
36) Tirumala (Thirumala):
Tirumala is a hill region in Andhra Pradesh, recognized for its temples. The area's ecological and cultural relevance concerning Pterocarpus santalinus emphasizes the intersection of spirituality, nature, and traditional practices linked to this medicinal tree.
37) Cutting:
Cutting refers to a method of plant propagation. In the context of Pterocarpus santalinus, successful cutting techniques challenge conservation efforts, as they offer alternative methods for cultivation while minimizing pressure on wild populations through sustainable practices.
38) Harvesting (Harvest):
Harvesting relates to the collection of plants for use. The unauthorized harvest of Pterocarpus santalinus poses a significant threat to its survival, emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and regulations that balance ecological health with economic interests.
39) Andhra (Amdhra):
Andhra Pradesh is a state in India, home to Pterocarpus santalinus. The state's biodiversity and traditional uses of this species highlight regional practices that have implications for both conservation and sustainable harvesting strategies.
40) Vallam:
Vallam is a locality that is associated with research and development in medicinal plants. Its connection to Pterocarpus santalinus underscores grassroots initiatives aimed at exploring and promoting traditional plants in local health practices and scientific study.
41) Medium:
In biological terms, 'medium' can refer to the scale or growth conditions for plants. Pterocarpus santalinus, being a medium-sized tree, emphasizes the biodiversity of tree species found in various environments and their significance in ecosystems.
42) Animal:
Animals and plants interact within ecosystems. In the discussion of Pterocarpus santalinus, it highlights the ecological role of plants in supporting animal life, including potential medicinal benefits from plant-animal interactions in traditional practices.
43) Rakta:
Rakta, meaning 'red' in several Indian languages, relates to the vivid color of Pterocarpus santalinus wood, linking its color properties to its cultural significance in traditional practices, particularly in the preparation of dyes and extracts.
44) Agaru:
Agaru refers to a type of fragrant wood, often associated with specific species. In the context of Pterocarpus santalinus, it highlights the cultural and economic importance of using aromatic woods in crafting and traditional medicine practices.
45) Gupta:
Gupta may refer to a researcher involved in studies related to Pterocarpus santalinus. Such individuals contribute to understanding the plant's medicinal applications, supporting the documentation and validation of traditional practices through scientific research.
46) Delhi:
Delhi, the capital city of India, serves as a major hub for research and policy-making related to traditional medicine and biodiversity conservation. Its connection to Pterocarpus santalinus emphasizes ongoing discussions around herbal medicine's role in national health agendas.
47) Trade:
Trade refers to the exchange of goods and services. For Pterocarpus santalinus, international trade reflects both its economic importance and the challenges posed by illegal harvesting, necessitating conservation policies that ensure sustainable management practices.
48) Devi:
Devi may refer to individuals engaged in career or research linked to traditional medicines or conservation. In the context of Pterocarpus santalinus studies, it highlights the contributions of various researchers towards understanding the significance and preservation of medicinal plants.
49) Post:
The term 'post' refers to positions or postings, often in academic or professional contexts. In relation to Pterocarpus santalinus, it underscores the importance of research work and academic postings that contribute to expanding the knowledge on this medicinal species.
50) Life:
Life reflects the biological existence of the plant within ecosystems. The study of Pterocarpus santalinus emphasizes its life cycle, ecological roles, and importance as a medicinal resource, contributing to biodiversity and sustainability efforts.
51) Spider poison (Spider venom):
Spider poisoning refers to the health effects resulting from spider bites. Traditional remedies involving Pterocarpus santalinus for treating spider poisoning illustrate the integration of plant-based medicine in addressing various health challenges in local communities.
52) Southern India:
Southern India is a region known for its rich biodiversity and cultural heritage. The prevalence of Pterocarpus santalinus in this area highlights its ecological significance and the cultural practices surrounding its use in traditional medicine.
53) New Delhi:
New Delhi serves as a political and cultural center in India, where traditional medicine often intersects with modern healthcare practices. The research on Pterocarpus santalinus within Delhi exemplifies the movement towards integrating traditional plant knowledge into contemporary wellness and health practices.
54) Momordica charantia:
Momordica charantia, or bitter melon, is another significant medicinal plant known for its anti-diabetic properties. Drawing parallels between both this plant and Pterocarpus santalinus emphasizes the diversity of plant-based treatments addressing similar health concerns.
55) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibacterial refers to the property of substances that inhibit bacterial growth. The antibacterial properties attributed to Pterocarpus santalinus underscore its potential in treating infections, reflecting the need for continued research into its therapeutic applications.
56) Maharashtra (Maharastra, Maha-rashtra):
Maharashtra is a geographically diverse state in India. Its connection to Pterocarpus santalinus highlights the distribution of this species across different regions and emphasizes the importance of studying its usage and conservation throughout India.
57) Subramanyam:
Subramanyam potentially denotes researchers contributing to studies on Pterocarpus santalinus, signifying the collaborative efforts needed in scientific exploration to validate and leverage traditional knowledge surrounding this natural resource.
58) Manjunatha:
Manjunatha is likely another contributor to the research on Pterocarpus santalinus. Recognizing the involvement of various scholars emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary approaches in understanding and utilizing the plant effectively.
59) Snake-bite:
Snake bites are medical emergencies requiring immediate attention. Traditional uses of Pterocarpus santalinus for treating snake bites reflect the plant's established role in healing practices, suggesting avenues for further exploration of its efficacy through scientific validation.
60) Karnataka:
Karnataka is another Indian state home to Pterocarpus santalinus. Its presence in multiple states illustrates the significance of regional biodiversity and the varied applications of this medicinal plant across different cultural contexts.
61) Knowledge:
Knowledge represents the information accumulated through study and experience. The knowledge surrounding Pterocarpus santalinus’s uses and properties is crucial for both preserving traditional medicine and advancing scientific inquiries into its therapeutic potential.
62) Evolution:
Evolution in this context refers to the development of ideas and practices over time. Understanding the evolution of medicinal uses of Pterocarpus santalinus underscores the importance of preserving traditional knowledge in the face of modern scientific advancements.
63) Colouring (Coloring):
Coloring pertains to the application of pigments or colors derived from plants. The use of Pterocarpus santalinus as a natural coloring agent underscores the significance of sustainable practices in sourcing and utilizing plant-based dyes.
64) Fragrance:
Fragrance refers to the pleasant scent emitted by botanical sources. The fragrant properties of Pterocarpus santalinus enhance its value for both traditional medicinal applications and its use in incense and cultural practices across regions.
65) Flavonoid:
Flavonoids are important phytochemicals with various health benefits. The presence of flavonoids in Pterocarpus santalinus relates to its therapeutic attributes, emphasizing the need for research into how these compounds mediate health outcomes.
66) Affection:
In medicinal terminology, 'affection' often refers to diseases or conditions. The role of Pterocarpus santalinus in addressing various affections demonstrates its significance in traditional healing and the necessity for empirical support of these claims.
67) Shyamala (Syamala):
Shyamala may denote a contributor to studies on Pterocarpus santalinus, emphasizing the importance of collaborative research in medicinal plants. Such contributions are essential for verifying traditional claims through scientific investigation.
68) Narayana (Nara-ayana, Nara-yana):
Narayana could refer to individuals researching Pterocarpus santalinus, reflecting the interdisciplinary collaboration necessary for advancing the understanding of traditional medicines and their scientific validation.
69) Tirupati (Thirupati, Tiruppati):
Tirupati, a significant pilgrimage city in India, showcases cultural ties to plants like Pterocarpus santalinus. The integration of religious traditions with plant uses demonstrates the overlap between culture and natural resources.
70) Cuddapah:
Cuddapah is a district in Andhra Pradesh, known for its natural resources and biodiversity. The presence of Pterocarpus santalinus in this area emphasizes the ecological and cultural richness that needs protection and sustainable management.
71) Training:
Training refers to educational efforts aimed at enhancing skills and knowledge. In the context of Pterocarpus santalinus, it highlights the importance of educating local communities on sustainable harvesting practices and the value of preserving traditional ethnobotanical knowledge.
72) Bleeding:
Bleeding refers to the loss of blood from the body. Pterocarpus santalinus is traditionally employed to manage bleeding-related ailments, showcasing its utilization in folk medicine which necessitates scientific inquiry into its mechanisms of action.
73) Seedling:
Seedling refers to a young plant, crucial for propagation. In studying Pterocarpus santalinus, insights into propagation techniques enhance conservation efforts and sustainability, ensuring that this cherished species can be maintained for future generations.
74) Scorpion:
Scorpion stings can cause severe pain and require immediate treatment. The application of Pterocarpus santalinus in traditional medicine for treating scorpion stings illustrates its role in managing emergencies and the value of local plant remedies.
75) Debility:
Debility refers to physical weakness or incapacity. The traditional use of Pterocarpus santalinus to alleviate conditions causing debility underscores its importance as a supportive remedy within a broader therapeutic framework.
[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 112]