Physicochemical properties and fatty acid profile of hibiscus seed oil
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Studies on physicochemical properties and fatty acid profile of seed oil from two hibiscus species
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Rashmi Gadwal and G.R. Naik
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Studies on physicochemical properties and fatty acid profile of seed oil from two hibiscus species
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The study examines the physicochemical properties and fatty acid profiles of seed oil obtained from two species of Hibiscus, Hibiscus cannabinus and Hibiscus sabdariffa. These plants, belonging to the Malvaceae family, are native to Southern Asia and West Africa, characterized by their ability to thrive in adverse climatic conditions. The research outlines their growth characteristics, oil extraction methods, and potential applications of their oils, highlighting their significance as a viable source of oil. The seeds are analyzed for their chemical properties, making the findings relevant for industrial applications.
Oil Extraction and Physicochemical Properties
The oil was extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus with hexane as the solvent. The study found that the oil content for Hibiscus cannabinus was approximately 24%, while Hibiscus sabdariffa yielded about 22%. The analysis revealed notable differences in various physicochemical properties; for instance, the specific gravity and viscosity were slightly higher in Hibiscus cannabinus. Additionally, parameters such as acid value, free fatty acid content, and saponification values were also evaluated, indicating that Hibiscus cannabinus had superior characteristics when compared to Hibiscus sabdariffa.
Fatty Acid Composition
Gas chromatography was employed to determine the fatty acid profiles of the oils from the two species. The results demonstrated that Hibiscus cannabinus contained higher levels of oleic acid (28.91%) and linoleic acid (38.49%), while showing lower amounts of stearic (3.96%) and palmitic acid (20.75%) than those found in Hibiscus sabdariffa. In contrast, the latter exhibited oleic, linoleic, stearic, and palmitic acid levels of 25.16%, 44.72%, 18.52%, and 4.31%, respectively. This variation indicates Hibiscus cannabinus as a more favorable source for oil intended for biodiesel production and industrial applications.
Industrial Applications and Benefits
Both species of Hibiscus have been identified as rich sources of oleic and linoleic acids, implying their utility as feedstocks for biodiesel, biolubricants, and surface coating industries. The study suggests that the significant presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly in Hibiscus cannabinus, makes it suitable for applications in biolubricants, while the high levels of monounsaturated fatty acids indicate potential as a biodiesel feedstock. Furthermore, the oil cake that remains after extraction can be used as animal feed and organic fertilizer, highlighting the multifunctional benefits of these plants.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the research establishes that both Hibiscus cannabinus and Hibiscus sabdariffa represent valuable sources of seed oil, which is characterized by beneficial fatty acid profiles suitable for various industrial uses. The study emphasizes the need for further exploration and research into the utilization of these oils, particularly in biodiesel production, to fully exploit their potential as oilseed crops. Through proper cultivation and utilization, these plants can contribute positively to agricultural economics while providing sustainable oil sources.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What are the main physicochemical properties studied of Hibiscus seed oil?
The main physicochemical properties studied include oil content, specific gravity, refractive index, moisture content, viscosity, acid value, free fatty acids, saponification value, iodine value, peroxide value, and unsaponifiable matter.
What is the oil content percentage of Hibiscus cannabinus and sabdariffa?
The oil content was found to be 24% for Hibiscus cannabinus and 22% for Hibiscus sabdariffa, indicating these plants as suitable for edible oil and industrial applications.
Which fatty acids are most prevalent in Hibiscus seed oils?
Both Hibiscus species are rich in oleic and linoleic acids, with significant implications for applications in biodiesel and biolubricants.
How were the oils extracted from the Hibiscus seeds?
The oils were extracted using hexane through a Soxhlet apparatus at a temperature of 45°C, ensuring efficient oil yield from the processed seeds.
What roles do Hibiscus plants play in agricultural contexts?
Hibiscus plants aid in soil conservation, act as living fences, and can reclaim wasteland, thereby providing ecological benefits alongside their economic uses.
What are the industrial applications of Hibiscus seed oils?
Hibiscus seed oils can be utilized in paint and surface coatings, as biolubricants, and as biodiesel feedstock due to their favorable fatty acid profiles.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Physicochemical properties and fatty acid profile of hibiscus seed oil”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Species:
The term 'species' refers to a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. In the context of this study, 'Hibiscus species' signifies two specific types of hibiscus plants, namely Hibiscus cannabinus and Hibiscus sabdariffa, which are the focus of the physicochemical property analysis and oil extraction discussion.
2) Powder:
Powder refers to the processed form of seeds achieved by grinding. In the oil extraction process described, the oilseeds of Hibiscus species were ground into powder to facilitate the Soxhlet extraction method. The powder increases the surface area for solvent extraction, ensuring higher oil yield from the seeds.
3) Water:
Water serves as a crucial reactant and medium in various chemical and physical processes. In this study, it was used in the preparation of oilseed samples and during the oil extraction process. Additionally, temperature and moisture content are vital parameters in determining the suitability of seeds for oil extraction.
4) Study (Studying):
The term 'study' denotes the systematic investigation conducted by the researchers to analyze the physicochemical properties and fatty acid profile of the seed oils from Hibiscus species. This study contributes new knowledge to the fields of biotechnology and agricultural practices by exploring potential industrial applications of these oils.
5) Soil:
Soil is the upper layer of the earth where plants grow, composed of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms. In the context of the study, the miscibility and cultivation of Hibiscus species can thrive in marginal soils, highlighting their adaptability and low nutrient requirements for successful growth.
6) Karnataka:
Karnataka is a state in southern India where the study was conducted. It provides a geographical context for the research, indicating the regional agricultural practices, climatic conditions, and biodiversity of the area. The study's location adds validity regarding the cultivation and prospects of Hibiscus species in India.
7) Surface:
In a scientific context, 'surface' refers to the outermost layer or boundary of a material. In this study, it pertains to 'surface coating industries,' signifying that the oils extracted from Hibiscus species have potential applications in creating protective coatings, thanks to their favorable chemical properties as highlighted in the results.
8) India:
India is a country in South Asia known for its diverse climatic and agricultural landscape. The study conducted on Hibiscus species' seed oils in India highlights its relevance to local agricultural practices, biodiversity, and potential economic benefits. Understanding these plants could enhance agricultural output in the region.
9) Table:
A 'table' is often used in research papers and scientific studies to summarize and present data clearly and concisely. In this study, it tabulates the physicochemical properties and fatty acid compositions of the oils, facilitating easy comparison and understanding of the results between the two Hibiscus species.
10) Heating:
Heating is the process of raising the temperature of a substance or mixture. In this study, heating was critical during the Soxhlet oil extraction process, enabling the hexane solvent to extract oils from the powdered seeds efficiently. Proper temperature control is essential to maximize oil yield without degrading quality.
11) Crop:
A 'crop' is a cultivated plant grown for food, fiber, or other products. The research mentions Hibiscus species as potential oilseed crops. This highlights their agricultural significance and the economic potential they may provide to farmers, especially in producing oils for various industrial applications.
12) Rich (Rch):
Rich is often used to describe a substance that has a high concentration of a particular component. In this context, it denotes that both Hibiscus cannabinus and Hibiscus sabdariffa seed oils are abundant in fatty acids, especially oleic and linoleic acids, making them valuable resources for industrial and dietary applications.
13) Organic fertilizer (Organic fertiliser):
Organic fertilizer refers to natural fertilizers derived from plant or animal matter. The study mentions the oil cake byproduct remaining after oil extraction, which can be utilized as an organic fertilizer, showcasing its eco-friendly aspects and enabling resource conservation by recycling agricultural waste.
14) Discussion:
Discussion in a research paper refers to the section where results are interpreted, contextualized, and implications explored. The study’s discussion section is crucial for analyzing the significance of findings concerning the physicochemical properties of Hibiscus oils, promoting potential industrial applications and future research directions.
15) Medicine:
Medicine pertains to substances used to treat diseases and improve health. The study highlights the medicinal uses of Hibiscus species, suggesting their flowers and leaves have therapeutic properties. This establishes the broader significance of these plants, extending beyond oil production to traditional and contemporary medicinal practices.
16) Relative:
Relative refers to the comparative assessment of different entities or measures. In this study, fatty acid compositions and physicochemical properties of the two Hibiscus species are presented in relative terms, allowing for a comparative understanding of their potential utility in industrial applications like biodiesel and biolubricants.
17) Writing:
Writing in a research context pertains to the process of documenting and communicating findings. The manuscript produced by the authors exemplifies rigorous scientific writing that conveys complex information about the study of Hibiscus species, their oil extraction, and potential applications, ensuring clarity for the academic audience.
18) Quality:
Quality refers to the standard or degree of excellence of a substance. In this study, various physicochemical parameters such as acidity, saponification value, and fatty acid composition assess the oil’s quality. High-quality oils are essential for meeting industrial standards in biodiesel and other applications.
19) Disease:
Disease signifies a pathological condition that disrupts normal functioning. The study notes the medicinal benefits of Hibiscus species, where their components may play roles in treating various ailments. This emphasizes the importance of exploring natural sources for potential health benefits beyond their industrial applications.
20) Rashmi (Rasmi):
Rashmi refers to one of the authors of the study, indicating the individual who contributed to the research work. Author names are crucial in academic writing, providing accountability and recognition for their roles in conducting the study, collecting data, analyzing results, and drafting the manuscript.
21) Family:
Family refers to a group of related plants sharing common characteristics. In this study, Hibiscus species belong to the Malvaceae family. Understanding plant family correlations is important in botany and agriculture, as it helps identify potential similarities in traits, growth patterns, and agricultural practices during cultivation.
22) Cancer:
Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. The study hints at the medicinal potential of Hibiscus species, suggesting their utility in treating such diseases. This highlights the significance of researching these plants and their constituents for developing effective therapies against various cancers.
23) Farmer:
Farmer refers to individuals engaged in agriculture, cultivating crops for various purposes. The findings of this study are particularly relevant to farmers, as they highlight the potential economic benefits of cultivating Hibiscus species for oil production, medicinal uses, and ecological benefits like soil reclamation and erosion prevention.
24) Gold (Golden):
Golden typically describes a color associated with high quality or a desirable characteristic. In this context, it refers to the appearance of the seed oils extracted from Hibiscus species, indicating a favorable color that suggests purity and quality, as well as the oil’s potential appeal for various commercial applications.
25) Fever:
Fever is an increase in body temperature often associated with illness. The study mentions medicinal applications of Hibiscus species, implying their possible use in natural remedies for illnesses like fevers. This indicates a wider cultural and therapeutic relevance of these plants beyond their utility in oil production.
26) Blood:
Blood is a vital fluid in the human body, playing essential roles in circulating nutrients, oxygen, and immune responses. The mention of blood disorders in relation to the medicinal properties of Hibiscus species signifies their potential therapeutic benefits, emphasizing the relevance of these plants in traditional medicine.
27) Jute:
Jute is a natural fiber extracted from plants, primarily used in making burlap and sacks. The study references the multifunctional properties of Hibiscus species, highlighting their potential for fiber production which can benefit agricultural practices, provide additional income sources for farmers, and support sustainable practices through natural materials.
28) Food:
Food refers to substances consumed for nutritional support. The study discusses the use of Hibiscus leaves in culinary preparations and as salads, underscoring the cultural significance of these plants in local diets while promoting their culinary applications in addition to their potential industrial uses.