pH effects on 2,3-DHB antibiotic from Flacourtia inermis vs H. pylori
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: The effect of ph on the antibiotic activity of 2, 3 dihydroxybenzoic acid (2, 3 dhb); an antibiotic isolated from the fruits of flacourtia inermis and its prospects in the treatment of helicobacter pylori (h.pylori).
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Shibu George, Suja N and Benny P J
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: The effect of ph on the antibiotic activity of 2, 3 dihydroxybenzoic acid (2, 3 dhb); an antibiotic isolated from the fruits of flacourtia inermis and its prospects in the treatment of helicobacter pylori (h.pylori).
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative spiral bacterium that primarily inhabits the gastric mucosa and is responsible for various serious health issues, including gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. The treatment of H. pylori infection is complicated due to the lack of a single effective antibiotic and the necessity for multiple medications, which can lead to unpredictable side effects. In this study, researchers explored the antibiotic potential of 2, 3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3 DHB), a compound isolated from the fruits of Flacourtia inermis, with a focus on how its antibacterial activity is influenced by pH levels.
The Importance of pH in Antibiotic Effectiveness
The antibacterial activity of 2,3 DHB was significantly affected by pH, with the study showing that its effectiveness increased in acidic conditions. When the pH of 2,3 DHB was adjusted to 1 using concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl), it displayed heightened activity against standard bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens. In contrast, when the pH was raised to 10 using sodium hydroxide (NaOH), the compound lost its antibacterial properties. This phenomenon underscores the necessity of a suitable pH environment for antibiotics to exert their effects, particularly in targeting H. pylori, which thrives in the acidic gastric environment.
Potential Advantages over Conventional Antibiotics
2,3 DHB has potential advantages compared to traditional antibiotics used for H. pylori treatment. Its inactivity in alkaline conditions suggests that it may not disrupt the beneficial intestinal microbiota, an issue often faced with broad-spectrum antibiotics. This characteristic allows for a more focused treatment against H. pylori without adversely affecting the body's natural flora, which is crucial for maintaining gastrointestinal health. Furthermore, 2,3 DHB's antioxidant properties may provide additional health benefits, making it a promising candidate for future research and therapeutic use.
Implications of Study Findings
The study's results indicate that 2,3 DHB could be an effective remedy against H. pylori due to its superior activity in acidic pH. This presents a potential shift toward developing more targeted treatments for H. pylori infections, which commonly rely on multiple antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors. By focusing on a compound like 2,3 DHB that is effective in an acidic pH, there is the possibility of simplifying treatment protocols and minimizing side effects for patients. The need for further research into its in vitro and in vivo efficacy remains a priority to validate these findings.
Conclusion
The exploration of 2,3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid reveals its significant antibacterial activity in low pH environments, marking it as a compelling candidate for addressing H. pylori infections. Its unique feature of being inactive in alkaline conditions highlights its potential to preserve intestinal flora while combating gastric pathogens. These findings pave the way for future studies that can confirm the clinical applicability of 2,3 DHB as a targeted therapy for H. pylori, potentially contributing to more effective and safer treatment strategies in combating this prevalent infection. Further preclinical and clinical studies are warranted to establish its efficacy and safety profile in human subjects.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is 2, 3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid (2, 3 DHB)?
2, 3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid (2, 3 DHB) is an antibiotic isolated from the fruits of Flacourtia inermis. It exhibits antibacterial properties and is effective against various microorganisms, including Helicobacter pylori.
How does pH affect the activity of 2, 3 DHB?
The study found that 2, 3 DHB is highly active at pH 1 but ineffective at pH 10. This indicates that the compound's antibacterial action significantly increases in acidic environments.
Why is Helicobacter pylori a concern in medical treatment?
Helicobacter pylori is a pathogenic bacterium associated with serious health issues like gastric ulcers and stomach cancer. Effective treatment is challenging due to antibiotic resistance and adverse effects of current multiple-drug regimens.
What antibacterial strains were tested against 2, 3 DHB?
The study tested 2, 3 DHB against standard bacterial strains including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Serratia marcescens to evaluate its effectiveness.
What are the potential advantages of using 2, 3 DHB?
2, 3 DHB is effective in acidic environments but inactive in alkaline conditions, reducing the risk of harming beneficial intestinal flora. It also might have antioxidant properties after intestinal absorption.
What further studies are suggested for 2, 3 DHB?
The authors recommend further in vitro and in vivo studies to evaluate the efficacy of 2, 3 DHB specifically against Helicobacter pylori to confirm its potential as a narrow-spectrum antibiotic.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “pH effects on 2,3-DHB antibiotic from Flacourtia inermis vs H. pylori”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibacterial substances specifically target and inhibit the growth of bacteria. The robustness of 2,3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid’s antibacterial properties is a focal point of the study, assessing its efficacy against multiple bacterial strains, which is essential in addressing infections caused by resistant organisms like H. pylori.
2) Medium:
In microbiological studies, 'medium' refers to the nutrient-rich environment where bacteria or other microorganisms grow. The pH of the medium is vital for testing antibiotic effectiveness. This study investigates how acidic and alkaline media affect the antibacterial activity of 2,3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid against various bacterial strains.
3) Activity:
Activity in this context refers to the effectiveness of an antibiotic in inhibiting or killing bacteria. The study evaluates the antibacterial activity of 2,3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid at different pH levels, with results indicating heightened activity in acidic conditions, making it a potential therapeutic agent against H. pylori.
4) Drug:
A drug is a chemical substance used for medical treatment. The research explores 2,3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid as a candidate drug to combat H. pylori, offering potential advantages over existing treatments by being effective in acidic conditions and not harmful to the normal intestinal bacterial flora.
5) Study (Studying):
The study refers to the systematic investigation conducted to evaluate the pH effects on the antibacterial properties of 2,3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid. This research aims to contribute to the development of effective treatments for H. pylori, particularly in light of growing antibiotic resistance globally.
6) India:
India is referenced as the origin of the fruit, Flacourtia inermis, from which the antibiotic 2,3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid is isolated. The geographical and ecological context is important, as it highlights regional sources of potential therapeutics and the adaptation of treatments within local settings and health care systems.
7) Water:
Water is the solvent in which 2,3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid was dissolved during sample preparation. It plays a critical role in microbiological studies for diluting substances and carrying out pH adjustments. This emphasizes the importance of using pure and sterile water in biological experiments to prevent contamination.
8) Disease:
The term disease typically references a pathological condition that negatively affects bodily function. In this study, Helicobacter pylori is recognized as a causative agent of diseases such as peptic ulcers and gastric cancer, underscoring the need for effective treatments and the urgency for new antibiotics targeting this pathogen.
9) Kerala:
Kerala is mentioned as a region in India where the fruit Flacourtia inermis is commonly found. This geographical specificity adds to the study's relevance, as it explores the utilization of local natural resources in the development of new antibiotics, possibly enhancing community health outcomes through indigenous solutions.
10) Aureus:
Staphylococcus aureus is a significant bacterial strain that the study examined for its susceptibility to 2,3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid. This pathogen is of clinical concern due to its prevalence and resistance patterns; thus, understanding its response to new antibiotics is crucial in developing effective treatments.
11) Developing:
Developing indicates the focus of the research on identifying and creating new antibiotics, especially in response to the rising problem of antibiotic resistance. This aligns with the study's aim to explore 2,3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid's potential in combating stubborn infections like those caused by H. pylori.
12) Mahatman (Mahatma, Maha-atman):
Mahatma Gandhi University is referenced as the institution affiliated with the authors. The university's association provides credibility and context to the study, indicating the academic and research environment in which the investigation and subsequent findings were developed, particularly in the fields of zoology and pharmacology.
13) Zoology:
Zoology is the scientific study of animals, including their biology and behavior. The authors’ affiliation with the Department of Zoology indicates the interdisciplinary nature of the research, where aspects of biology, microbiology, and potential pharmacology converge to explore antibiotic properties in animal-related contexts.
14) Surface:
The term surface refers to the top layer of solid media where bacterial cultures were inoculated. Proper inoculation techniques on the surface of agar plates are crucial for accurate and reproducible results in antibacterial activity studies, ensuring that the growth of bacteria is uniform during testing.
15) Table:
The table presents a summarized format of the research findings, specifically showing the zones of inhibition exhibited by 2,3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid against various bacterial strains at different pH levels. Tables are vital tools for organizing data clearly and facilitating easier interpretation of experimental results.
16) Discussion:
Discussion is the section of a research article where authors interpret and explain the significance of their findings. In this study, the discussion would involve analyzing the effectiveness of 2,3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid in varying pH levels and comparing these results to existing treatment options.
17) Science (Scientific):
The term scientific pertains to the systematic study and analysis of phenomena, utilizing established methodologies. This study adheres to scientific inquiry by conducting controlled experiments to explore the pharmacological properties of 2,3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid, contributing to the body of knowledge in microbiology and pharmacology.
18) Inference:
Inference refers to the conclusions drawn from the study's results. The authors infer that 2,3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid is a promising candidate for H. pylori treatment, especially due to its effective antibacterial activity in acidic conditions, while posing less risk to the intestinal microbiome in alkaline environments.
19) Toxicity:
Toxicity indicates the degree to which a substance can be harmful to organisms. The study notes that 2,3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid's toxicity has not been reported, suggesting it may have advantageous properties for safe use in therapeutic applications without adversely affecting human health.
20) Species:
Species refers to distinct groups of organisms capable of interbreeding. In this research, various bacterial species such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were tested, illustrating the antibiotic’s breadth of activity and highlighting its potential utility in treating infections caused by these pathogens.
21) Killing (Killed):
Killing in this context refers to the ability of the antibiotic to eliminate bacterial cells. The study evaluates the killing efficacy of 2,3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid under different pH conditions, highlighting the importance of determining whether an antibiotic can effectively eradicate harmful bacteria.
22) Thomas:
St. Thomas College is mentioned as another affiliated institution contributing to the study's research. Its mention indicates the collaboration and academic framework that supports the research efforts, reflecting the synergistic relationship between educational institutions in addressing public health challenges through scientific research.
23) Family:
Family refers to a category in biological classification ranking below order and above genus. Flacourtia inermis belongs to the family Flacourtiaceae, contextualizing the source of 2,3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid and indicating the phylogenetic relationships that might suggest evolutionary characteristics relevant to studying potential medicinal compounds.
24) Cancer:
Cancer is a term for diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. The connection between Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer highlights the clinical importance of developing new antibiotics, like 2,3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid, which may help prevent such serious conditions resulting from bacterial infections.
25) Cotton:
Cotton refers to the sterile cotton swab used in the microbiological methodology for inoculating bacterial strains onto agar plates. The use of sterile cotton ensures that no extraneous bacteria contaminate the samples, which is critical for the reliability of experimental results in assessing antibacterial efficacy.
26) Ulcer:
Ulcer refers to a sore that develops on the lining of the stomach or intestines, often caused by H. pylori infection. The study focuses on finding effective treatments for such infections, linking the importance of 2,3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid’s antibacterial properties to potential clinical applications.
27) Death:
Death, in a biological context, implies the cessation of life, particularly in relation to pathogenic organisms. Evaluating the death of bacteria in response to antibiotics like 2,3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid is crucial for determining its effectiveness in killing harmful microbes and controlling infections.
28) Blood:
Blood is a vital fluid in the body, transporting nutrients and waste. The study mentions the potential for 2,3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid to act as an antioxidant after intestinal absorption into the bloodstream, highlighting a dual role where it may provide health benefits beyond antibacterial action.
29) Pala:
Pala is a town in Kerala, India, associated with one of the authors’ affiliations. Its mention provides geographical context to the research, highlighting local contributions to the study of natural products and their pharmaceutical potential for treating bacterial infections endemic in the region.
30) Tree:
Tree refers to Flacourtia inermis, a source of 2,3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid. It exemplifies the importance of plant-derived compounds in developing antibiotics and reflects the interconnection between ecology and pharmacology, showcasing how natural resources can be utilized for medical advancements benefiting human health.
31) Life:
Life signifies living organisms and their biological processes. The study aims to enhance the quality of life by effectively treating H. pylori infections with 2,3 Dihydroxybenzoic acid, thus preventing severe health problems, ensuring better well-being, and addressing public health concerns linked to bacterial diseases.