Micropropagation of samanea saman (jacq) merr of tirumala hills
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Micropropagation of samanea saman (jacq) merr of tirumala hills
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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R. Vinolya Kumari and T. Pullaiah
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Micropropagation of samanea saman (jacq) merr of tirumala hills
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr., commonly known as the rain tree, is a significant tropical tree recognized for its medicinal properties and vital ecological functions. It can grow up to 60 meters tall and has a broad, umbrella-shaped crown, making it a great shade provider. This tree has implications in agroforestry, as it serves as a host for beneficial insects and contributes to reducing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. The study conducted explores micropropagation techniques for this species, highlighting its ability to produce nutritious foliage for livestock and its uses in various plantation settings.
Micropropagation Techniques
The research illustrates the effectiveness of micropropagation using cotyledonary node explants from seedlings aged 15-30 days on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. It was found that the combination of 2 mg/l BAP (N6-Benzyl Aminopurine) and 0.5 mg/l NAA (1-Naphthalene acetic acid) yielded a higher rate of multiple shoots—6 to 7 per explant. This method employed various hormone combinations and examined their impact on shoot proliferation. The use of cotyledonary node explants proved to be the most successful, producing the highest number of viable shoots compared to other tissue samples such as hypocotyls, roots, and leaves.
Rooting Regeneration
In rooting experiments, shoots derived from the micropropagation process were transferred to media containing IBA (Indole Butyric Acid) and NAA. The results showed that shoots treated with NAA developed a more vigorous root system compared to those treated with IBA. Rooting was successful on media formulated with either MS + 2 mg/l NAA or MS + 2 mg/l IBA + 0.5 mg/l BAP. However, high concentrations of IBA led to excessive callus formation, hindering the initiation of roots. This finding emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate hormone concentrations to promote optimal rooting responses.
Importance of Hormone Combinations
The study found that hormone combinations play a crucial role in the shoot regeneration and rooting processes. Various cytokinins, particularly BAP and TDZ (Thidiazuron), were tested in combination with different auxins, revealing that the mixture of hormones could significantly affect the growth responses of the explants. For instance, the combination of BAP with NAA resulted in a higher percentage of response and an increased number of shoots. These results reinforce the central role of exogenous plant growth regulators in tissue culture techniques, which greatly influence the success of in vitro regenerations.
Conclusion
In summary, this research highlights the potential of Samanea saman for mass propagation via micropropagation techniques, providing an effective means for maintaining genetic resources and enhancing agricultural productivity. The results indicate that optimal concentrations of plant growth regulators can significantly improve shoot multiplication and rooting capabilities. This study contributes valuable insights into the propagation of a plant with essential ecological and economic benefits and encourages further exploration into its cultivation and management within agroforestry systems.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is Samanea saman and its significance?
Samanea saman, also known as the rain tree, is a large tropical tree recognized for its medicinal properties. It is important for providing shade, improving soil quality, and its nutritional fruit is beneficial for cattle.
How is micropropagation of Samanea saman achieved?
Micropropagation is performed using cotyledonary node explants on MS medium enriched with hormones like BAP and NAA, leading to the induction of multiple shoots and facilitating the regeneration process.
Which hormones are effective for shoot induction from explants?
The most effective hormone combination for inducing shoots includes 2 mg/l BAP combined with 0.5 mg/l NAA, producing a high number of multiple shoots from cotyledonary node explants.
What are the rooting methods used for regenerated shoots?
Regenerated shoots transfer to rooting media containing either MS + 2 mg/l NAA or MS + 2 mg/l IBA + 0.5 mg/l BAP, which promote vigorous root systems.
Why is Samanea saman rarely found in forests?
Samanea saman requires high light intensities and is often not found in dense forest stands, which negatively affects its growth rate and overall viability.
What challenges are associated with micropropagation of Samanea saman?
Challenges include vitrification of shoots, abnormal leaf morphology, and difficulties in elongation and rooting due to high concentrations of certain regulators like TDZ and BAP.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Micropropagation of samanea saman (jacq) merr of tirumala hills”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Medium:
In the context of plant micropropagation, 'medium' refers to the nutrient-rich growth environment that facilitates plant cell growth and development. The MS medium is commonly used, containing essential minerals, vitamins, and hormones to support shoot and root induction in plant tissue cultures, particularly for species like Samanea saman.
2) Tree:
The term 'tree' denotes a perennial plant with an elongated stem, known as a trunk, supporting branches and leaves. In this study, Samanea saman, characterized as a large tropical tree, serves ecological and economic functions, contributing to biodiversity, shade provision, and resource supply for livestock and humans.
3) Seedling:
A 'seedling' is a young plant that has emerged from a seed. In the context of the study, seedlings of Samanea saman are critical as explants for micropropagation, with cotyledonary nodes yielding optimal shoot multiplication under specific hormonal treatments, thus allowing for mass production of the species.
4) Species:
The term 'species' refers to a group of organisms that share common characteristics and can interbreed. Samanea saman is significant due to its medicinal properties, ecological benefits, and agricultural uses, making it an important species for conservation and agroforestry initiatives, particularly in tropical regions.
5) Botany:
'Botany' is the scientific study of plants, encompassing their physiology, structure, genetics, ecology, and interactions with the environment. The research conducted by Vinolya and Pullaiah emphasizes micropropagation techniques within the field of botany, contributing to scientific knowledge and sustainable practices in plant cultivation and conservation.
6) Observation:
'Observation' involves the act of monitoring and recording the outcomes of experiments or natural phenomena. In this research, careful observation of shoot induction and rooting responses on various media is essential for drawing conclusions about the optimal conditions for micropropagating Samanea saman successfully.
7) Tirumala (Thirumala):
'Tirumala' refers to the specific geographical region where the study was conducted. It is an area known for its biodiversity and unique climatic conditions, making it a relevant location for collecting Samanea saman seeds and exploring the micropropagation techniques that could benefit local forestry and agriculture.
8) Tamarind:
Although not directly cited in the study, 'tamarind' relates to the common names associated with Samanea saman, such as 'coco tamarind.' This connection underscores the cultural significance and versatility of the species in tropical environments, where it plays a role in local diets and agroecological practices.
9) Quality:
'Quality' pertains to the desirable attributes of a product or organism. In the context of plant propagation, quality refers to the health and vigor of the regenerated plants and their ability to thrive after being transferred to soil, thereby ensuring successful establishment and growth in natural or cultivated settings.
10) Kumari:
'Kumari' is part of the author's name, R. Vinolya Kumari, and signifies the individual's contribution to the research. It highlights the academic involvement in the study, underscoring the importance of scholarly work in advancing knowledge relating to micropropagation and conservation of plant species.
11) Table:
'Table' in this context refers to a structured representation of data, summarizing experimental results regarding the effect of various hormones on multiple shoot induction. Tables are vital in scientific literature for organizing data clearly, making it accessible for readers to compare treatment effects and outcomes efficiently.
12) Accumulation (Accumulating, Accumulate):
'Accumulated' describes the process of gathering or increasing over time. In the research, the concept may relate to the buildup of endogenous growth regulators in explants during micropropagation, which can influence their ability to initiate shoots or roots, thus affecting overall propagation success.
13) Discussion:
'Discussion' is a section of scientific papers where results are interpreted and implications are explored. In this study, the discussion elaborates on the findings related to micropropagation techniques for Samanea saman, offering insights into the efficacy of hormonal treatments and their potential applications in agroforestry.
14) Developing:
'Developing' refers to the process of growth and maturation over time. In the research, the term can describe the progression of plant tissues as they adapt to culture conditions, specifically regarding the development and proliferation of shoots or roots in response to different hormonal treatments.
15) Cutting:
'Cutting' is a form of vegetative propagation involving the removal of a section from a plant, which can then develop roots and grow into a new plant. This method is closely related to micropropagation techniques, where regenerated shoots may be excised from explants for further propagation.
16) Surface:
'Surface' typically refers to the outer layer of an object. In the article, it is relevant in the context of surface sterilization, a crucial step in plant tissue culture to eliminate microbial contamination from explants, ensuring successful growth in a sterile culture medium.
17) Forest:
'Forest' describes a large area dominated by trees and undergrowth. The mention of forests in connection with Samanea saman highlights its role as a tree species within forest ecosystems, emphasizing its ecological importance in habitat provision, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity conservation.
18) Insect:
'Insect' refers to a class of arthropods characterized by their three-part body structure, compound eyes, and jointed legs. In relation to the study, the lac insect (Laccifer lacca) is cited as a beneficial pest that can thrive on the mature Samanea saman tree, enhancing its value in agroforestry.
19) Preta:
'Preta' is associated with the common name 'Acasia preta,' another name for Samanea saman. It highlights the diverse nomenclature of the species across different cultures and languages, showcasing its widespread recognition and significance in various ecological and cultural contexts.
20) Water:
'Water' is an essential component for all life forms, including plants. In the research on Samanea saman, water availability influences seed germination and plant growth in both natural and cultivated settings, playing a critical role in successful micropropagation outcomes in controlled conditions.
21) Cloud:
'Cloud' refers to visible masses of condensed water vapor in the atmosphere. The connection with Samanea saman, known for its leaflets that close at night or during cloudy conditions, emphasizes the tree's unique adaptations, which may affect its ecological interactions and role in local climates.
22) Death:
'Death' symbolizes the end of life processes. In the context of the article, it may relate to the challenges faced by micropropagated plants, such as leaf abscission and shoot mortality, which researchers aim to mitigate through careful management of culture conditions and growth regulators.
23) Rubu:
'Rubu' appears to be a typographical error and may refer to 'rubus,' a genus of flowering plants. If relevant in the context, it could signify the importance of understanding different plant species' propagation methods comparable to those explored for Samanea saman, encouraging broader applications in horticulture.
24) Diet:
'Diet' pertains to the food and nutrition of organisms, including humans and animals. The article touches on Samanea saman's fruits, valuable as a high-quality nutritional supplement for cattle, highlighting the significance of this tree species in agricultural systems and sustainable livestock practices.
25) Sign:
'Sign' represents an indication or evidence of something. In the research, a sign refers to observable outcomes, such as shoot or root emergence from explants under different treatments, assisting researchers in understanding the effectiveness of various hormonal combinations during the micropropagation process.
26) Rich (Rch):
'Rich' indicates a high concentration or abundance of something desirable. In this context, it may reference the richness of nutrients within the fruits of Samanea saman, which are sought after for their quality and importance as feed for livestock during dry periods, enhancing farming sustainability.
27) Milk:
'Milk' refers to the nutrient-rich liquid produced by mammals. The connection to Samanea saman reinforces the significance of its nutritional fruits in promoting increased milk production in cattle, showcasing the tree's role in agroforestry and sustainable agricultural practices through beneficial livestock feed.
28) Soil:
'Soil' is the upper layer of Earth where plants grow, a critical component for plant development. In the study, the successful transfer of regenerated plants to soil post-micropropagation is emphasized, showcasing the importance of proper soil conditions for fostering healthy plant growth and establishment.
29) Pur:
'Poor' typically describes a deficiency or inadequacy. In this article, it may highlight the lack of information on natural seed propagation for Samanea saman, pointing to potential gaps in knowledge that micropropagation methods seek to address for the sustainable cultivation of this valuable species.