Gamma radiation and lead's impact on mice erythrocyte count and hemoglobin.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Effect of gamma radiation and lead on total erythrocyte count (tec) and haemoglobin of mice and its modification by emblica officinalis linn.
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The study conducted by Purohit et al. explored the effects of gamma radiation and lead exposure on the total erythrocyte count (TEC) and hemoglobin levels in Swiss albino mice, as well as the potential protective role of Emblica officinalis (commonly known as amla). Previous research indicates that the hematopoietic system is highly sensitive to ionizing radiation, which can lead to oxidative stress and cellular damage. Additionally, lead, a known toxic substance, can exacerbate the harmful effects through similar oxidative mechanisms. The experiment aimed to assess the dose-dependent impact of gamma radiation and lead acetate on blood parameters, while investigating the protective effects of an aqueous extract of amla administered before exposure.
Effects of Gamma Radiation and Lead Exposure
The results indicated a significant decrease in TEC and hemoglobin levels in mice exposed to various doses of gamma radiation (3.0 Gy and 6.0 Gy) and lead acetate (20 ppm). Specifically, the control groups displayed a consistent decline in these blood parameters up to day 14, after which some recovery was observed by day 28. Notably, the combination treatment of lead and radiation exhibited a synergistic effect, resulting in even lower blood counts compared to single exposures. The findings underscore the radiosensitivity of hematopoietic cells and the detrimental impact of oxidative stress caused by ionizing radiation and lead exposure.
Protective Role of Emblica officinalis
The study also demonstrated that administering an aqueous extract of Emblica officinalis significantly mitigated the adverse effects associated with radiation and lead exposure. Experimental groups that received amla showed a less severe decline in TEC and hemoglobin levels, evidencing an early recovery compared to those that did not receive the herbal treatment. The decrease in these blood parameters was less pronounced, particularly in mice undergoing combined treatments, suggesting that amla possesses radioprotective properties that may enhance hematopoietic recovery.
Mechanisms of Action
The protective effects of amla can be attributed to its antioxidant properties, which help to combat oxidative stress induced by radiation and lead toxicity. The study highlights the role of phytochemicals in amla, such as emblicanin A and B, which are known to possess free-radical scavenging capabilities. Moreover, amla's ability to enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase is critical in protecting cells from oxidative damage. These biochemical interactions not only provide cellular protection but also promote recovery of the hematopoietic system following damage.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the investigation underscores the vulnerabilities of the hematopoietic system to the dual threats of gamma radiation and lead exposure, along with a promising therapeutic avenue offered by Emblica officinalis. The study suggests that herbal interventions, particularly those derived from traditional medicine, hold potential as effective radioprotective agents. Given the increasing medical and occupational use of radiation, further research into the clinical applications of amla may pave the way for its incorporation as a protective agent during radiotherapy and for enhancing overall hematological health in individuals exposed to environmental toxins.
Original source:
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Venkteshwar Songara, Seema Singariya, Manisha Agarwal, Aruna Chakrawarti, R. K. Purohit
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Effect of gamma radiation and lead on total erythrocyte count (tec) and haemoglobin of mice and its modification by emblica officinalis linn.
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
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FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What impact does gamma radiation have on mice's erythrocyte count?
Gamma radiation significantly decreases total erythrocyte count (TEC) in mice. The study observed a dose-dependent reduction, with a notable recovery observed after 14 days, although values remained below normal levels.
How does lead exposure affect blood parameters in mice?
Lead exposure leads to decreased RBC counts and hemoglobin levels in mice. It negatively impacts the hematopoietic system, causing oxidative stress and impairing normal blood cell function.
What is the role of Emblica officinalis in this study?
Emblica officinalis, or Amla, acts as a herbal radioprotector. It demonstrated protective effects against gamma radiation and lead-induced hematological damage in experimental mice, promoting earlier recovery of blood parameters.
What were the main findings related to hemoglobin levels?
Hemoglobin levels decreased in all experimental groups, showing a significant reduction with combined radiation and lead exposure. However, levels started to recover after 14 days in groups treated with Emblica.
How were the experimental groups designed in this study?
The study involved seven groups of male Swiss albino mice, with varying treatments of gamma radiation, lead acetate, and Emblica officinalis, to assess the effects on total erythrocyte count and hemoglobin.
What are the implications of this research for human health?
The findings suggest that Emblica officinalis may provide clinical applications as a protective agent against radiation and lead toxicity in humans, especially during therapies like radiotherapy.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Gamma radiation and lead's impact on mice erythrocyte count and hemoglobin.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Animal:
Animals, particularly mammals like mice, are frequently used in research studies to understand biological processes and responses to treatments. In the study, male Swiss albino mice were used as models to investigate the effects of gamma radiation and lead exposure, along with the protective potential of herbal compounds.
2) Blood:
Blood is a vital component in assessing the overall health and physiological state of an organism. In the study, blood samples were collected from mice to measure parameters like total erythrocyte count (TEC) and hemoglobin levels, which help evaluate the effects of radiation and lead exposure on blood health.
3) Water:
Water serves as an essential medium for biological processes and is used in this study for administering lead acetate to the experimental animals. The drinking water contaminated with lead allows researchers to observe the toxic effects of lead and the potential protective effects of herbal treatments in the mice.
4) India:
India, being the origin of several traditional medicinal practices, is relevant in the context of this study, as it focuses on the herbal remedy Emblica officinalis (Amla) that is widely used in Ayurvedic treatments. This geographical context underscores the significance of traditional medicine in contemporary research.
5) Emblica officinalis:
Emblica officinalis, commonly known as Amla, is a key herb in the study for its potential radioprotective properties. The research demonstrates how Amla can mitigate the harmful effects of radiation and lead toxicity, showcasing its significance in Ayurveda and modern pharmacological contexts for therapeutic applications.
6) Radiotherapy:
Radiotherapy employs ionizing radiation to target and destroy cancer cells, but it can also produce cytotoxic effects on healthy tissues. This study addresses the need for protective agents, like Ayurvedic herbal remedies, to reduce the adverse impacts of radiotherapy on hematopoietic systems.
7) Amla:
Amla, or Emblica officinalis, is an important herbal remedy in Ayurveda known for its numerous health benefits, including antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. The study highlights Amla's potential as a radioprotector, providing insight into its role in protecting against oxidative stress caused by radiation and toxic substances.
8) Drug:
In this study, 'drug' refers to Amla as a potential therapeutic agent against radiation and lead-induced damages. The exploration of natural drugs indicates a shift toward using phytochemicals for radioprotection, signifying the relevance of traditional medicine in modern therapeutic strategies.
9) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda is a traditional system of medicine originating from India, emphasizing the use of herbal remedies for various ailments. This study aligns with Ayurvedic principles, exploring the application of Amla in mitigating health issues caused by radiation exposure, thus highlighting the relevance of ancient wisdom in modern medicine.
10) Cancer:
Cancer treatment frequently involves radiation therapy, which can cause significant side effects. This study investigates ways to protect against these adverse effects using Amla, thereby bridging the gap between conventional cancer treatment and complementary natural therapies aiming to enhance patient safety and recovery.
11) Indian:
The term 'Indian' signifies the cultural and geographical roots of the herbal remedy Amla, underscoring its significance in traditional Indian medicine. The study not only emphasizes the importance of indigenous knowledge but also its application in contemporary scientific research for health benefits.
12) Study (Studying):
The study systematically investigates the effects of gamma radiation and lead on mouse health, particularly assessing blood parameters influenced by these factors. This approach illustrates the methodical nature of scientific research in understanding biological impacts and exploring potential protective agents in pharmacology.
13) Sam (Sham):
In scientific experiments, 'sham' refers to control conditions where subjects are treated identically to experimental groups but do not receive the actual treatment. In this study, the sham-irradiated group serves as a baseline to compare the effects of radiation and lead exposure on the test subjects.
14) Male:
The study specifically uses male Swiss albino mice, ensuring controlled variables in terms of gender-related physiological differences. This focus allows for clearer interpretations of results without the confounding effects of hormonal variations commonly observed in female subjects.
15) Rajasthan:
Rajasthan, India, offers a specific regional context for the study, as the research is conducted at a local college that operates under government regulations. The setting highlights the importance of local institutions in conducting relevant scientific investigations pertinent to regional health concerns.
16) Disease:
Disease encompasses pathological conditions resulting from various internal or external factors, including radiation and lead exposure. The study aims to understand the detrimental effects of these agents on the hematopoietic system, emphasizing the need for protective strategies to mitigate disease development.
17) Species:
Species refers to a group of organisms sharing common characteristics. In this context, the study focuses on the species of mice, demonstrating the importance of using specific models to yield accurate and relevant findings applicable to understanding broader biological phenomena.
18) Zoology:
Zoology is the scientific study of animals, integrating various biological disciplines. This study carries relevance in zoology as it involves animal experimentation to investigate health effects caused by external agents, ultimately contributing to the understanding of animal physiology and potential pharmacological developments.
19) Medicine:
The term 'medicine' signifies the science of diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases. This study explores the medicinal properties of Amla and its relevance in providing therapeutic solutions against the adverse effects of radiation, showcasing the intersection of traditional remedies and modern medicinal practices.
20) Surface:
Surface relates to both the physical structure and interaction of biological entities, such as erythrocyte membranes. The study examines surface-level changes in red blood cells due to radiation and lead exposure, illustrating how superficial modifications can reflect underlying physiological impacts.
21) Food:
Food relates to consumption and nutrition, intertwining with health studies as diet impacts overall well-being. The study highlights the potential toxic effects of contaminated food sources via environmental lead exposure, stressing the importance of safe food practices to prevent health risks.
22) Post:
Post refers to the intervals following treatment or exposure. In the study, post-treatment intervals are crucial for analyzing the recovery process and the effects of treatments on mice, providing key insights into the time-dependent nature of biological responses to external stressors.
23) Life:
Life encompasses the biological processes that sustain organisms. The study focuses on protecting vital life functions by investigating ways to mitigate the adverse effects of toxins like lead and radiation, emphasizing the importance of safeguarding health to ensure optimal living conditions.
24) Human body:
The human body serves as the ultimate context for the relevance of this study, which emphasizes findings from animal models for potential applications in human health. Understanding the effects of radiation and protective remedies holds significance for improving clinical outcomes during cancer therapies.
25) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological refers to the study and application of drugs in medical treatment. This research explores the pharmacological potential of Amla as a protective agent against radiation and toxic lead exposure, highlighting the relevance of natural compounds in addressing health challenges.
26) Phytochemical:
Phytochemicals are bioactive compounds derived from plants with potential health benefits. The study puts emphasis on the phytochemical constituents of Amla that may offer protective effects against oxidative stress, showcasing the role of natural substances as alternatives in pharmacological interventions.
27) Accumulation (Accumulating, Accumulate):
Accumulating signifies the buildup or increased presence of substances. In the study, lead exposure leads to the accumulation of toxins in the body, which can have detrimental health effects, reinforcing the need for protective measures such as Amla to counteract this accumulation.
28) Discussion:
Discussion represents the analytical aspect of research findings, wherein results are interpreted and contextualized. This study emphasizes the importance of discussing the implications of Amla's protective characteristics against radiation and toxic exposures, adding depth to its scientific and clinical significance.
29) Mythology:
Mythology refers to traditional stories that provide cultural context and significance. The study mentions the historical perspectives of Amla in Indian mythology, aligning cultural beliefs with scientific inquiry and potentially reinforcing the credibility of traditional practices in contemporary health studies.
30) Toxicity:
Toxicity denotes the harmful effects of substances on organisms. In this research, the study systematically investigates the toxicity induced by lead and radiation, understanding the physiological impacts on the hematopoietic system and the need for protective agents to mitigate these effects.
31) Activity:
Activity relates to the behavior or function of biological systems. In this study, the activity of red blood cells and the impact of radiation and toxic substances on their functioning are crucial. Monitoring these activities helps elucidate the harmful effects and potential protective interventions.
32) Dividing:
Dividing pertains to the process of cellular growth and reproduction. Rapidly dividing cells, such as those in the hematopoietic system, are particularly vulnerable to radiation damage. The study underscores this dynamic by focusing on how treatments affect these critical dividing cells during stress.
33) Chennai:
Chennai, India, represents a geographical highlight in the context of animal ethics and research approval. The study acknowledges the regulations under the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) in Chennai, emphasizing ethical considerations in animal research.
34) Account:
Account refers to an explanation or report of events. In the context of this study, the authors provide a detailed account of their research, describing methodologies and findings that contribute to the understanding of the implications of lead and radiation exposure on health.
35) Science (Scientific):
Science involves the systematic study of natural phenomena through observation and experimentation. This research embodies scientific principles, yielding insights into the biological impact of toxins and the protective effects of herbal remedies, integrating traditional knowledge with modern scientific understanding.
36) Weapon:
Weapon, in this context, signifies the use of radiation as a therapeutic tool against cancer. However, the duality of radiation as both a treatment and potential harm emphasizes the need for protective agents, highlighting the importance of safeguards against its adverse effects.
37) Family:
Family indicates the taxonomic classification, such as in the case of Emblica officinalis belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family. Understanding classification helps contextualize the study within ecological and botanical frameworks, emphasizing the relevance of plant families in pharmacological research.
38) Garlic:
Garlic is mentioned as another herbal remedy with potential protective effects against radiation. Its inclusion alongside Amla reflects a broader inquiry into various phytochemicals and their roles in mitigating toxicity and protecting biological systems, encouraging further exploration of herbal medicine.
39) Aruna:
Aruna refers to one of the authors of the study. Mentioning authors underscores the collaborative effort in the research, giving credit to individuals contributing to the scientific discourse, essential for academic integrity and the advancement of knowledge.
40) Tulsi:
Tulsi, known as holy basil, belongs to the Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India, noted for its antioxidant properties. Its inclusion in the broader research context reflects the investigation of various herbal remedies alongside Amla to explore different phytochemicals' protective roles.
41) Ulcer:
Ulcer refers to open sores in biological tissues. The study highlights the potential applications of Amla in treating various ailments, including ulcers, showcasing its versatility and relevance in Ayurvedic medicine as a remedy for gastrointestinal and systemic health issues.
42) Field:
Field serves as a reference to various disciplines. In this study, the field refers to research intersecting toxicology, pharmacology, and zoology, where findings can inform both clinical practices and further scientific inquiries into the applications of herbal remedies.
43) Death:
Death signifies the ultimate consequence of severe health impairments caused by radiation and lead exposure. This study addresses the potential mortality associated with such toxicities, emphasizing the importance of protective strategies to enhance survival and reduce adverse health consequences.
44) Birth:
Birth represents the genesis of life, yet it also underlines concerns regarding developmental impacts from toxic exposure. This study hints at the consequences of lead toxicity on reproductive health, establishing the need for protective measures during critical stages of life.
45) Lala:
Lala refers to the institution from which the mice were procured for the study. The mention of Lala Lajpat Rai University emphasizes the importance of reputable sources in conducting ethical and scientifically sound research, which is crucial for valid experimental outcomes.
46) Tree:
Tree, in this context, relates to the Emblica officinalis plant, highlighting its natural origins and significance in herbal medicine. Understanding the botanical aspects of traditional remedies enriches the scientific inquiry and adds depth to the relevance of using plant-derived therapies.
47) Cage:
Cage refers to the housing condition of laboratory animals, emphasizing the importance of proper maintenance and ethical treatment in scientific research. The conditions in which mice are kept ensure that experimental results are reliable and representative of natural behaviors.
48) Fish:
Fish are often bioaccumulators of toxins, including lead from contaminated waters. Their mention underscores the environmental implications of lead pollution and serves to contextualize concerns over food safety and the resultant health impacts on humans and wildlife.
49) Rich (Rch):
Rich pertains to the composition of biological materials such as blood, which is evaluated in the study for its cellular and biochemical constituents. Understanding rich sources of nutrients and toxins in blood helps elucidate the physiological impacts of radiation and lead exposure.
50) Salt (Salty):
Salt, as in lead salt, refers to lead acetate used in this study to create a controlled environment for understanding the toxicity effects. This highlights the importance of chemical forms in toxicological assessments and provides insight into the mechanisms of lead toxicity on living organisms.
51) Soil:
Soil is a crucial environmental factor that can absorb and accumulate toxins such as lead, affecting plant and animal health. The mention of soil illustrates the interconnectedness of ecosystems, emphasizing the potential pathways of exposure and the need for environmental monitoring.