Spectrophotometric drug determination with NBS and Rhodamine-B.

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Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Spectrophotometric determinationof drugs using nbromosuccinimide and rhodamine-b dye as analytical reagent
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Original source:

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Author:

Tirupathi Baddenapalli and Venkateshwarlu Gandu


World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:

(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)

Full text available for: Spectrophotometric determinationof drugs using nbromosuccinimide and rhodamine-b dye as analytical reagent

Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research


Download the PDF file of the original publication


Summary of article contents:

Introduction

The research article presents a novel spectrophotometric method for the determination of several drugs, specifically Tramadol hydrochloride, Dobutamine hydrochloride, Trimetazidine, Terazosin hydrochloride dihydrate, and Esmolol hydrochloride. These methods utilize N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) as an oxidizing agent and Rhodamine-B dye as an analytical reagent. The procedures outlined in this study demonstrate a systematic approach for measuring drug concentrations based on the reactivity with NBS, followed by quantifying residual unreacted NBS through absorbance measurements at 557 nm. The study aims to provide a reliable analytical technique that adheres to International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines.

Importance of N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS)

N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) plays a critical role as an oxidizing agent in the determination of the targeted drugs. The paper emphasizes that the method developed is the first of its kind to utilize NBS for quantifying these specific drugs, highlighting the compound's prevalence as a common oxidizer in chemical reactions. The interaction between NBS and the drugs leads to a proportional decrease in NBS concentration, which is then measured indirectly through its bleaching effect on Rhodamine-B, allowing researchers to derive a clear correlation between the drug concentration and absorbance readings.

Method Validation and Analytical Performance

The article describes thorough validation of the proposed spectrophotometric method, including assessments of precision, sensitivity, and accuracy. The measurement of absorbance was conducted using a double beam spectrophotometer, and calibration curves were constructed to establish a relationship between drug concentrations and absorbance. Results showed linear correlations for all drugs within specified ranges. Important statistical parameters like Limits of Detection (LOD), Limits of Quantification (LOQ), and regression analysis were evaluated, indicating the method’s reliability and effectiveness based on ICH criteria.

Applications to Pharmaceutical Formulations

Applications of the methodology were successfully demonstrated through analyses of drug formulations, including commercial tablets. Despite the presence of excipients found in the formulations, the methods indicated no significant interference with absorbance measurements. Recovery studies using standard addition techniques further confirmed the accuracy of the methods, demonstrating that they can be employed effectively in routine analysis within the pharmaceutical industry. This substantiates the method's potential for practical applications in quality control.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the spectrophotometric methods developed herein provide a simple, sensitive, and cost-effective alternative for quantifying several pharmaceutical compounds. By effectively utilizing NBS as an oxidizing agent and Rhodamine-B in the analytical process, the methodology exhibits comparability to more sophisticated techniques such as HPLC. The researchers posit that these methods are not only viable for academic purposes but also hold promise for regular use in quality assurance within pharmaceutical settings. Such advancements could significantly enhance the efficiency of drug analysis while maintaining accuracy and precision.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What is the primary purpose of the study conducted by Venkateshwarlu et al.?

The study developed simple, sensitive, and selective spectrophotometric methods for determining various drugs using N-bromosuccinimide and Rhodamine-B dye as analytical reagents, ensuring accurate drug quantification in both pure forms and tablet formulations.

Which drugs were analyzed in the spectrophotometric determination methods?

The drugs analyzed include Tramadol hydrochloride, Dobutamine hydrochloride, Trimetazidine, Terazosin hydrochloride dihydrate, and Esmolol hydrochloride, each exhibiting specific chemical properties and therapeutic uses.

How does the proposed method measure drug concentrations?

The method calculates drug concentrations based on the reaction of drugs with excess N-bromosuccinimide, followed by estimating the unreacted NBS using Rhodamine-B dye and measuring absorbance at 557 nm.

What were the validation criteria for the developed methods?

The methods were validated according to ICH guidelines assessing sensitivity, accuracy, precision, robustness, and ruggedness, confirming their reliability for drug determination.

What is the significance of N-bromosuccinimide in this study?

N-bromosuccinimide acts as an oxidizing agent that reacts with drugs, facilitating their quantification through the detection of residual NBS remaining after the reaction.

What were the results when applying the method to pharmaceutical formulations?

The results indicated that the methods effectively determined drug concentrations in tablet formulations without interference from common excipients.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Spectrophotometric drug determination with NBS and Rhodamine-B.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Drug:
In the context of the text, a drug refers to a chemical substance used in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of diseases. The article discusses various drugs, such as Tramadol and Dobutamine, emphasizing the importance of accurately measuring their concentrations in pharmaceutical formulations.

2) Water:
Water is used as a solvent in the procedures described within the text, highlighting its essential role in the preparation of solutions for spectrophotometric analysis. Its purity and quality are fundamental to achieving accurate results when determining drug concentrations.

3) Table:
The term 'table' in this context likely refers to organized data presentation, summarizing results from the assay of various drugs. It provides a clear and concise overview of the findings, facilitating easier analysis and comparison of the drugs' quantification methods.

4) Relative:
Relative in the text refers to the relationship between absorbance and drug concentration, described in terms of relative responses to various concentrations during measurement. It underscores the comparative nature of the quantification results, aiding in determining the accuracy of the method.

5) Blood:
Though not explicitly mentioned in the text, blood serves as a common physiological medium for drug distribution and action. Understanding how drugs interact with blood components is essential in pharmacology, relevant to the study of drugs primarily discussed in terms of their therapeutic applications.

6) India:
India is the geographical and institutional context of the study, as the research was conducted at Osmania University in Hyderabad, India. Recognizing the regional setting provides insights into the local pharmaceutical practices and drug availability, influencing the study's relevance and application.

7) Tirupathi:
Tirupathi is one of the authors of the study, reflecting individual contributions to the research work. The accomplishment highlights collaboration in scientific inquiry and showcases the expertise available at the institution where the research was conducted.

8) Disease:
Disease encompasses the various health conditions that the discussed drugs aim to treat, such as rheumatoid arthritis and heart conditions. Understanding the nature of these diseases is crucial for evaluating the efficacy of drugs and developing appropriate pharmacological protocols.

9) Science (Scientific):
Science represents the overarching discipline within which this research operates. It embodies the systematic method of inquiry applied in the study for the quantitative analysis of drugs, emphasizing the reliance on empirical data and methodologies to derive conclusions.

10) Powder:
Powder refers to the powdered form of tablet drugs used in the measurement and quantification processes. Preparing drug samples in powdered form is a common practice in pharmaceutical analysis, facilitating accurate extraction and measurement of active drug components.

11) Rheumatoid arthritis:
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease discussed in relation to Tramadol, which is often used for pain management in affected patients. This highlights the importance of effective drug quantification as part of treatment regimens for such diseases.

12) Measurement:
Measurement is a critical component of the study, referring to the techniques used to determine drug concentrations. Accurate measurement underpins the validity of pharmacological research, influencing clinical outcomes and ensuring that prescribed dosages are effective and safe.

13) Discussion:
Discussion involves the interpretation and analysis of the research findings presented in the study. It allows researchers to contextualize their results, compare them with existing literature, and elucidate the significance of their work in the broader field of pharmaceutical research.

14) Medicine:
Medicine refers to the science and practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases, which is central to the article’s focus on drug analysis. The study underscores the application of quantitative methods to ensure effective medicinal formulations and their therapeutic efficacy.

15) Medium:
Medium, in this context, refers to the solutions or environments used to facilitate chemical reactions during the analysis process. Hydrochloric acid serves as the reaction medium in this study, showcasing its role in enabling the spectrophotometric determination of drugs.

16) Glass:
Glass is referenced concerning laboratory equipment such as quartz cells used in spectrophotometry. The choice of glassware is crucial for obtaining accurate measurements since different materials can affect light transmission and absorbance readings.

17) Study (Studying):
Study signifies the systematic investigation described in the text, which aims to develop and validate a method for determining drug concentrations. It encompasses the methodology, results, and analysis, contributing to advancements in pharmaceutical analytical techniques.

18) Miṇi (Mini):
Mini, referring to 'Miniblock,' indicates a specific form of drug delivery or analysis, akin to a miniature dosage form. It is significant for understanding varying forms of drug administration and their role in patient treatment regimens.

19) Wool:
Wool here refers to the glass wool used as a filtering medium during the preparation of dye solutions. Its role ensures the removal of impurities, essential for achieving accuracy in measurement and maintaining the integrity of the analytical results.

20) Pain:
Pain is a significant clinical symptom addressed by the discussed drugs, particularly opioid analgesics like Tramadol. Understanding pain mechanisms is essential for developing effective analgesic therapies, linking the relevance of the study to broader medical practice.

21) Salt (Salty):
Salt, in this case, likely refers to the hydrochloride forms of the drugs discussed. The salt forms are crucial for ensuring drug stability, solubility, and bioavailability, affecting the overall effectiveness of the medications used in treatment protocols.

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