Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Plant based galactogogues in ayurveda
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Subtitle: a promising move towards drug development
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N. Srikanth, Manjula, Devesh Tewari, N. Haripriya and Anupam K. Mangal
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Plant based galactogogues in ayurveda
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Breastfeeding has long been acknowledged in India for its immense nutritional benefits, with Ayurvedic literature emphasizing the significance of certain medicinal plants known for enhancing breast milk production. Ancient texts describe the physiology behind milk formation and highlight various diseases that could affect lactation. Given the historical context, the utilization of plant-based galactogogues presents an opportunity for modern drug development, informed by traditional knowledge and contemporary pharmacological principles. This synthesis of ancient wisdom and modern science aims to encourage safe and effective practices for breastfeeding mothers.
The Physiology of Breast Milk Production
Understanding the physiology of breast milk production is crucial for appreciating the role of galactogogues. The process involves several stages, including mammogenesis, lactogenesis, galactokinesis, and galactopoiesis, which are largely mediated by hormonal changes in response to the infant's suckling. Ayurvedic texts describe milk's composition, indicating variations at different stages after birth, such as colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk, each tailored to meet the infant's evolving nutritional needs. Furthermore, the ancient system emphasizes the qualities of breast milk, recognizing its health benefits not only to the infant but also to the mother.
The Role of Galactogogues in Ayurveda
Ayurveda identifies numerous plant-based galactogogues that enhance milk production through various attributes such as taste (rasa), physical properties (guna), potency (virya), and bio-transformation (vipaka). A review of classical Ayurvedic texts reveals the use of at least 32 plants known for their galactogogue effects, with properties such as sweetness, nourishment, and a combination of heavy and light qualities that align with the needs of lactating mothers. This demonstrates a holistic approach, where the interplay of different botanical agents can contribute to effective breastfeeding.
The Safety and Efficacy of Herbal Galactogogues
In contrast to common synthetic galactogogues that pose significant side effects in mothers and infants, Ayurvedic herbal preparations are noted for their potential to increase milk production safely. Synthetic agents like metoclopramide and domperidone have been associated with various adverse effects, such as gastrointestinal issues and cardiac arrhythmias. The identification and validation of herbal alternatives could lead to safer, effective products that cater to the needs of both mothers and infants and align with Ayurvedic principles of treatment that prioritize natural remedies.
Conclusion
The integration of Ayurvedic principles and plant-based galactogogues into modern maternal healthcare represents a promising pathway for enhancing breastfeeding practices. As global health policies increasingly underscore the importance of breastfeeding for child development, the ancient knowledge encapsulated in Ayurvedic texts offers valuable insights for contemporary medicine. Further research and collaborative efforts between traditional systems and modern pharmacology can promote the effective development of herbal formulations, ensuring safer breastfeeding and overall maternal and child health.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What are galactogogues and their significance in Ayurveda?
Galactogogues are substances that promote breast milk production. Ayurveda identifies various medicinal plants with galactogogue properties, documenting their use to enhance lactation, ensuring infant nutrition and maternal health.
What historical significance does Ayurveda attribute to breast feeding?
Ayurveda has long emphasized the importance of breastfeeding, recognizing breast milk as superior nourishment for infants. Ancient texts highlight its nutritional and immunological advantages, advocating breastfeeding as the first choice for infant feeding.
What are the main physiological processes involved in milk production?
Milk production involves mammogenesis, lactogenesis, galactokinesis, and galactopoiesis, regulated by hormones like prolactin and oxytocin. These processes ensure the proper initiation and maintenance of lactation.
What role do medicinal plants play in increasing breast milk production?
Ayurveda suggests a variety of medicinal plants with galactogogue properties that can effectively enhance breast milk production. These plants are integral in providing safe and natural alternatives to synthetic galactogogues.
How do modern synthetic galactogogues compare to Ayurvedic remedies?
Modern synthetic galactogogues often have significant side effects, whereas Ayurvedic remedies utilize natural plants that are generally safer, highlighting the need for integrating traditional medicine with contemporary practices.
What future research directions are suggested for Ayurvedic galactogogues?
Further research is needed to explore the efficacy and safety of Ayurvedic galactogogues. Systematic pre-clinical and clinical studies can help validate their traditional uses and develop user-friendly dosage forms.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Plant based galactogogues in ayurveda”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Milk:
Milk is a vital substance produced by mammary glands, essential for the nutrition and immunity of infants. It provides necessary fats, proteins, and vitamins, and plays a significant role in the early developmental stages of a child, making breastfeeding a critical practice acknowledged by traditional systems like Ayurveda.
2) Madhura (Madhurā, Mādhura):
Madhura, meaning 'sweet' in Sanskrit, is one of the fundamental tastes (Rasa) in Ayurveda. It is associated with nourishing and grounding properties, often linked to promoting health and vitality. In the context of lactation, it is believed to play a supportive role in increasing breast milk production.
3) Guna (Guṇa, Gūna):
Guna refers to the inherent qualities or properties of substances according to Ayurvedic philosophy. Each Guna influences the effect a substance has on the body. Understanding these qualities helps in determining how various plants can influence health outcomes, especially regarding their use as galactogogues.
4) Kapha:
Kapha is one of the three fundamental doshas in Ayurveda, representing earth and water elements. It governs growth, stability, and nourishment in the body. Enhancing Kapha is often emphasized in the context of increasing breast milk, making it essential for lactating mothers' health.
5) Laghu:
Laghu translates to 'light' in Sanskrit and is a Guna that describes substances with minimal heaviness. In Ayurvedic practices, Laghu can aid digestion and promote movement within the body, which may be beneficial in the context of milk production and overall maternal health.
6) Ayurveda (Āyurveda, Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda, a traditional Indian system of medicine, emphasizes the balance of body, mind, and spirit. It offers insights into health and disease prevention, employing herbal remedies and lifestyle practices for optimal well-being. Its principles guide approaches to enhancing lactation through natural, plant-based methods.
7) Snigdha (Snigdhā):
Snigdha means 'unctuous' or 'oily' in Ayurveda. This Guna signifies substances that are nourishing and moisturizing. In the context of lactation, Snigdha qualities help to support healthy breast milk production and support the infant's growth by ensuring the milk retains its nourishing properties.
8) Guru:
Guru denotes 'heavy' in Sanskrit and is a term used to describe certain substances in Ayurveda. These substances are often considered stabilizing or grounding, contributing to overall nourishment. Heavy substances are associated with nurturing growth and development, including promoting breast milk quality.
9) Kashaya (Kāṣāya, Kāśaya, Kāsāya, Kaṣāya, Kaśāya, Kāsaya, Kaṣāyā, Kasāya, Kasaya):
Kasaya means 'astringent' in Sanskrit, characterizing specific tastes in Ayurveda. This quality may be used to promote balance within the body and could have implications for managing conditions that affect lactation.
10) Rasa (Rasā, Rasha):
Rasa translates to 'taste' and is a foundational concept in Ayurveda. It categorizes substances based on their flavor, which affects their therapeutic properties and actions in the body. Understanding Rasa helps practitioners select appropriate herbs for enhancing lactation and overall health.
11) Stanyakara (Stanya-kara):
Stanyakara means 'milk promoting' in Ayurvedic terminology. This term encapsulates the action of various remedies that enhance lactation, highlighting the importance of using specific herbs to support mothers in producing sufficient breast milk for their infants.
12) Table:
In the context of this document, 'Table' refers to organized information summarizing the medicinal plants recognized for augmenting breast milk, their properties, and associated Ayurvedic terminology. Tables serve to clarify and simplify complex information for better understanding and analysis in research.
13) Katu (Kaṭu, Kātu):
Katu translates to 'pungent' in Ayurveda, indicating a taste that stimulates digestion and metabolism. While it balances certain doshas, Katu properties can also affect overall nourishment and could play a role in the overall health and vitality of lactating mothers.
14) Tikta (Tiktā):
Tikta means 'bitter' and is a taste recognized in Ayurvedic systems. Substances with Tikta qualities are thought to support detoxification and may have various therapeutic properties, including stimulating appetite, which can be beneficial in the context of nutrient intake for nursing mothers.
15) Vipaka (Vipāka):
Vipaka refers to the post-digestive effect of food or substances in Ayurveda. It determines how food transforms within the body after digestion and contributes to understanding how certain plants affect overall health, particularly concerning their role in lactation processes.
16) Drug:
In the Ayurvedic context, a drug refers to any substance used for therapeutic purposes. This includes herbal remedies that enhance lactation or treat conditions affecting breast milk production, showcasing the importance of herbal pharmacology in maternal health.
17) Virya (Vīrya, Vīryā):
Virya indicates the potency of a substance according to Ayurveda, determining its effectiveness and action in the body. Understanding Virya is crucial for practitioners when selecting herbs to enhance breast milk production, alongside other qualities like Rasa and Guna.
18) Ruksha (Rūkṣa):
Ruksha means 'dry' in Sanskrit and describes substances that can absorb moisture from the body. While Ruksha properties could potentially counterbalance excess Kapha, moderation is essential, especially in the context of lactation where moisture balance is crucial for milk production.
19) Dosha (Dosa, Doṣa, Dosā, Doṣā, Ḍosā):
Dosha refers to the three biological energies (Vata, Pitta, Kapha) that govern physiological and psychological processes in Ayurveda. An understanding of Dosha imbalances aids in diagnosing conditions affecting lactation and determining suitable herbs for restoring harmony and enhancing milk production.
20) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological pertains to the study of drug actions and their effects on biological systems. In the context of this paper, it emphasizes examining the active components of Ayurvedic herbs used to promote lactation, integrating modern scientific approaches into traditional practices.
21) Kaphadosha (Kaphadoṣa, Kapha-dosha):
Kapha-dosha is the specific dosha associated with structure, stability, and nourishment within the body. Increasing Kapha is essential for promoting breast milk, making the understanding of its qualities crucial in Ayurveda and the development of galactogogue strategies.
22) Ushna (Uṣṇa, Uṣṇā):
Ushna means 'hot' in Sanskrit and describes substances that can stimulate metabolism and increase digestive fire. While Ushna can promote certain aspects of health, it needs to be balanced in lactating women to avoid potential irritations that could affect milk quality.
23) India:
India is the birthplace of Ayurveda, the traditional system of medicine discussed in this research. The holistic health practices originating from India emphasize natural remedies, including plants that enhance maternal care and lactation, reflecting the integration of cultural practices with health science.
24) Samhita (Saṃhitā, Saṃhita):
Samhita refers to ancient texts that compile Ayurvedic knowledge, including medical concepts, herbal formulations, and treatment principles. These texts serve as foundational references for understanding traditional practices, such as those relating to lactation and the use of galactogogues.
25) Tikshna (Tīkṣṇā, Tīkṣṇa):
Tikshna translates to 'sharp' in Ayurveda, characterizing substances that stimulate or enhance metabolic activities. Such qualities play a significant role in digestive health and could influence overall wellbeing in mothers, impacting milk production and quality directly.
26) Madhurarasa (Madhura-rasa):
Madhura-rasa signifies the sweet taste characterized in Ayurvedic philosophy. It is associated with nourishment and vitality. In lactation, Madhura-rasa foods are emphasized for their beneficial effects on breast milk production, providing essential nutrients for mothers and infants alike.
27) Medicine:
Medicine encompasses the science and practices used to maintain health and treat illnesses. Ayurveda, as a system of medicine, emphasizes natural remedies, including plant-based solutions for promoting health during lactation, highlighting the importance of holistic approaches to healthcare.
28) Lavana (Lavaṇa, Lavaṇā):
Lavana, or saltiness, is a taste in Ayurveda that can have various effects on the body, including stimulating digestive processes. While it may not directly promote lactation, understanding Lavana is essential in formulating balanced diets for nursing mothers.
29) Sara (Śāra, Shara, Sāra, Ṣaṟā):
Sara indicates 'fluid' or 'mobility' in Ayurveda, referring to substances that promote optimum circulation and nourishment within the body. In the context of lactation, Sara properties can enhance the flow of breast milk and ensure the infant receives adequate nourishment.
30) Quality:
Quality refers to the standard of a substance, particularly in terms of efficacy and safety for health purposes. In the context of breast milk, quality is fundamental for ensuring proper infant nutrition, making it imperative to identify effective herbs for enhancing milk production.
31) Disease:
Disease refers to any disorder that affects normal physiological function. In the context of lactation, conditions leading to insufficient breast milk production are of particular concern; thus, understanding diseases from both traditional and modern perspectives is essential for effective management.
32) Science (Scientific):
Science involves systematic knowledge derived from empirical evidence and experimentation. It plays a critical role in understanding the mechanisms behind traditional practices like those in Ayurveda, particularly in the efficacy of herbal remedies used to support lactation.
33) Mridu (Mṛdu):
Mridu translates to 'soft' or 'gentle' in Ayurvedic terminology, describing properties that soothe and nourish. In relation to lactation, Mridu qualities in herbs can promote a gentle approach to increasing breast milk production without causing disturbances in the mother’s delicate balance.
34) Sita (Sītā, Śīta, Sīta, Shita, Sītā, Sitā, Śita, Śītā, Siṭa, Siṭā):
Sita means 'cold' and is used to describe substances in Ayurveda that provide cooling effects in the body. These properties are important in creating balance in lactating mothers, helping mitigate heat imbalances that could otherwise hinder milk production.
35) New Delhi:
New Delhi signifies the capital city of India, which is central to Ayurvedic research and practice developments. As a hub for health care, New Delhi fosters initiatives to integrate traditional and modern approaches, advancing women's health, particularly in lactation support.
36) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
Transformation in Ayurveda refers to the processes by which substances change within the body, influencing health outcomes. Understanding how plants and medicines transform post-ingestion is vital to assessing their effectiveness, especially in enhancing breast milk production.
37) Stanyajanana (Stanya-janana):
Stanyajanana refers specifically to the action of promoting lactation in Ayurvedic terminology. This concept is crucial for identifying herbs and formulations that effectively enhance breast milk supply, providing a framework for practical applications in maternal care.
38) Xerostomia:
Xerostomia, or dry mouth, can be a side effect of certain medications used to enhance lactation, like domperidone. Understanding this condition is essential for managing potential adverse effects in lactating mothers, ensuring approaches to milk production are safe and effective.
39) Sanskrit:
Sanskrit is the ancient language of India, foundational to Ayurvedic texts and philosophy. The use of Sanskrit terminology is crucial for preserving traditional knowledge, as well as for communicating complex concepts regarding health, medicine, and nutrition in Ayurveda.
40) Species:
Species refer to distinct groups of living organisms, including plants utilized for medicinal purposes. Identifying specific species with galactogogue properties is essential in Ayurveda for promoting milk production, emphasizing the relationship between biodiversity and health.
41) Harita (Hārīta, Hārita, Hāritā, Haritā):
Harita refers to the traditional Ayurvedic text that includes botanical and medicinal knowledge. Such texts are essential for understanding the therapeutic potential of various plants, particularly those recognized for their lactation-enhancing properties.
42) Stanya:
Stanya denotes breast milk in Ayurvedic terminology, encapsulating the importance of lactation in maternal-child health. Enhancing Stanya through appropriate dietary and herbal interventions is emphasized to ensure optimal nutrition for infants and support overall family health.
43) Kakoli (Kākolī):
Kakoli is a medicinal plant mentioned in Ayurvedic texts, recognized for its galactogogue properties. It is noted for its ability to support lactation, highlighting the relevance of specific herbs in enhancing milk production for nursing mothers.
44) Nature:
Nature refers to the natural world and its processes, emphasizing the connection between traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda and the environment. Respect for Nature is integral to the sustainable use of resources in health practices, especially concerning plant-based treatments.
45) Dhatu (Dhātu):
Dhatu refers to fundamental body tissues in Ayurveda, representing the building blocks of physical structure and function. Understanding Dhatu is vital in the Ayurvedic perspective of health, particularly concerning how medicinal plants promote nourishment and growth in lactating mothers.
46) Delhi:
Delhi, as a central city in India, plays a significant role in Ayurveda and healthcare practice. It serves as a hub for research and development in traditional and modern health sciences, contributing to the promotion of maternal and child health initiatives.
47) Ayus (Āyus, Ayush):
Ayush, an acronym for Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy, signifies the Indian government's initiative to promote traditional medicine. This initiative underscores the importance of integrating Ayurvedic practices into healthcare systems, particularly in maternal and child health.
48) Death:
Death, in the context of health and wellness, represents a critical aspect of understanding life cycles and health care needs. In Ayurveda, approaches to life, death, and wellness highlight the significance of maintaining health to enhance longevity and quality of life.
49) Pain (Paiṇ):
Pain is a sensory and emotional experience related to injury or discomfort. In the context of lactation, managing pain, both physically from breast-feeding and emotionally, is vital for supporting mothers' overall health and enhancing breastfeeding experiences.
50) Tinospora cordifolia:
Tinospora cordifolia, known as Guduchi, is recognized in Ayurveda for its immunomodulatory and galactogogue properties. It's widely used in traditional formulations aimed at enhancing breast milk production, underscoring the importance of specific herbs for maternal health.
51) Glycyrrhiza glabra:
Glycyrrhiza glabra, or Licorice, is another important herb in Ayurveda associated with various health benefits, including potential galactogogue effects. Its rich medicinal properties highlight the relevance of incorporating specific plant species in the management of lactation issues.
52) Prunus cerasoides:
Prunus cerasoides, known as Padmaka in Ayurveda, is recognized for its medicinal properties. Its role in promoting health underlines the importance of traditional plant-based solutions in addressing lactation challenges among mothers.
53) Nelumbo nucifera:
Nelumbo nucifera, known as Lotus, is utilized in Ayurvedic practices for its calming and nourishing effects. Its inclusion in lactation support strategies illustrates how traditional knowledge emphasizes harmony and nourishment for nursing mothers.
54) Asparagus racemosus:
Asparagus racemosus, or Shatavari, is famed for its galactogogue properties, commonly recommended to enhance breast milk supply. This plant exemplifies the role of specific herbs in Ayurveda for promoting lactation and supporting women's health.
55) Hordeum vulgare:
Hordeum vulgare, or Barley, is employed in traditional diets and remedies for its nutritious benefits. Its potential role in promoting lactation reflects the importance of whole foods in enhancing breast milk production.
56) Allium sativum:
Allium sativum, or Garlic, is recognized for its health-promoting effects, including its potential benefits in digestion and lactation. Its use in Ayurvedic medicine further illustrates how common culinary herbs can serve important roles in maternal care.
57) Vitis vinifera:
Vitis vinifera, commonly known as grapevine, is valued in Ayurveda for its nutritional benefits. Its properties may support health during lactation, emphasizing the role of fruits and plants in enhancing maternal nourishment.
58) Yashtimadhu (Yaṣṭimadhu, Yashti-madhu, Yaṣṭīmadhu):
Yashti-madhu, or Glycyrrhiza glabra, is known for its sweetness and medicinal benefits. Its reputation in Ayurveda for promoting lactation underscores the importance of specific plant species in supporting new mothers during nursing.
59) Vidarikanda (Vidārīkanda, Vidari-kanda):
Vidari-kanda, or Pueraria tuberosa, is celebrated for its rejuvenating properties and potential role as a galactogogue. Its application in maternal health highlights the relevance of traditional plants in promoting breastfeeding.
60) Vaisheshika (Vaiseshika, Vaiśeṣika, Vaishesika):
Vaisheshika is a philosophical school of thought in Indian philosophy focusing on categorization and differentiation of substances. Its principles may intersect with Ayurvedic practices when classifying the attributes of medicinal plants and their practical applications.
61) Krishnaveni (Kṛṣṇaveṇī, Krishna-veni):
Krishnaveni references a geographical area, often associated with traditional knowledge of botany and medicinal practices. The significance of such regions underlines the cultural heritage and biodiversity vital to Ayurveda's application in health care.
62) Tulyarthata (Tulyārthatā):
Tulyarthata refers to the idea of equivalence or similarity in Ayurvedic philosophy. This concept can guide understanding the relationships between medicinal plants and their therapeutic potentials, particularly in enhancing health outcomes for lactating mothers.
63) Aptopadesha (Āptopadeśa, Apta-upadesha):
Aptopadesha means 'authoritative teaching' in Sanskrit. This idea is central to Ayurvedic practices, emphasizing the importance of adhering to established knowledge and wisdom, especially regarding the use of herbal remedies for promoting lactation.
64) Conch-shell:
The conch-shell symbolizes purity and is often referenced in Ayurveda for its health benefits. Its importance in traditional medicine underscores the deep connection between symbolic natural elements and their therapeutic implications in health practices.
65) Observation:
Observation represents the act of noticing or paying close attention to phenomena. In Ayurveda, observations guide herbal practices and treatments, indicating the importance of experience and empirical knowledge in traditional medicinal systems, particularly in enhancing breastfeeding through specific interventions.
66) Rasadhatu (Rasadhātu, Rasa-dhatu):
Rasa-dhatu signifies the fluid derived from digestion in Ayurveda, associated with nourishment and vitality. It plays a crucial role in the sustenance of breast milk production, encompassing the essence of health and vitality necessary for breastfeeding mothers.
67) Raktapitta (Rakta-pitta):
Raktapitta refers to hemorrhagic disorders in Ayurveda. Recognizing diseases like Raktapitta in the context of lactation highlights the importance of maintaining balance in bodily functions to support proper milk production and overall maternal health.
68) Gurushna (Gurūṣṇa, Guru-ushna):
Guru-ushna refers to substances with heavy and hot qualities in Ayurveda. Understanding their effects allows for better formulation of remedies that protect and enhance lactation while maintaining balance, crucial for new mothers.
69) Swallowing:
Swallowing is the act of taking in food or liquids. In the context of lactation, effective swallowing patterns in infants are essential for proper feeding, influencing breastfeeding success and overall growth in newborns.
70) Depression:
Depression is a significant mental health concern that can affect new mothers, impacting their ability to care for themselves and their infants. Understanding its implications for lactation underscores the need for holistic approaches to maternal health, integrating both emotional and physical support.
71) Shatavari (Śatāvarī, Satāvarī):
Shatavari, or Asparagus racemosus, is a well-known galactogogue in Ayurveda with properties that promote breast milk production. Its usage exemplifies the importance of specific plant species in supporting maternal health and enhancing lactation.
72) Haripriya (Haripriyā, Hari-priya):
Haripriya, while not directly associated with the content on galactogogues, may reference contributors or supporters in Ayurvedic literature. The role of individuals in preserving and disseminating knowledge emphasizes community efforts in advancing maternal health practices.
73) Ratnakara (Ratnākara, Ratna-akara, Ratna-kara):
Ratnakara refers to collections of knowledge in Ayurveda that encompass various medicinal plants and treatments. Understanding such compilations is essential in preserving the traditional knowledge that supports herbal applications for enhancing lactation.
74) Knowledge:
Knowledge denotes the awareness or understanding gained through experience or education. In Ayurveda, knowledge is integral to recognizing the therapeutic uses of herbs and their applications in health care, particularly for promoting breast milk production.
75) Affection:
Affection refers to the emotional bond between mothers and their infants, which plays a crucial role in successful breastfeeding. Emotional well-being is essential for lactation, highlighting the interplay between mental health and breastfeeding practices.
[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 132]