Impact of pollution on water quality and phytoplankton in Ganga canals

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Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Assessment of pollution on water quality and phytoplankton diversity in canal system of river ganga
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Summary of article contents:

Introduction

The study presented in the World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research investigates the pollution levels and phytoplankton diversity in the Ganga Canal system near Haridwar, India. Conducted over a year, it compares two sites: Site 1 (Bhimgoda Barrage) as a control and Site 2 (Bahadrabad), impacted by human activities. The study underscores the significance of rivers like the Ganga, which are culturally important yet face degradation due to pollution from domestic, commercial, and industrial sources. The research focuses on the seasonal variations in water quality parameters and the corresponding distribution of phytoplankton, a crucial biological indicator of water health.

Seasonal Variation in Water Quality

The study reveals significant fluctuations in physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and nutrient concentrations across the four seasons. At Site 2, a marked increase in temperature (19.67 ± 3.22°C) and reduced DO (7.89 ± 0.46 mg/L) during summer were observed, reflecting anthropogenic influences. Nutrient levels, including nitrates and phosphates, were also substantially higher at this site, suggesting ongoing pollution due to sewage and waste discharge. The overall findings indicate that Site 2 is considerably more polluted, with seasonal changes emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring to manage water quality effectively.

Phytoplankton Diversity and Indicators of Pollution

The study identified a variety of phytoplankton species, noting that high concentrations were indicative of organic pollution. Three major groups—diatoms, green algae, and blue-green algae—were recorded, with Site 2 exhibiting higher diversity and density of phytoplankton. Specifically, six diatom species (Diatoma, Fragilaria, Gomphonema, Amphora, Cymbella, and Achnanthes) thrived due to increased nutrient availability, particularly phosphates and nitrates. The dominance of these species in the polluted zones underscores the relationship between nutrient loading and phytoplankton populations, positioning them as vital bioindicators for assessing water quality.

Correlation Between Physicochemical Parameters and Phytoplankton

Statistical analysis showed strong positive correlations between phytoplankton diversity and several physicochemical parameters, including sodium, nitrates, and phosphates, at both sites. Notably, dissolved oxygen presented a negative correlation with different phytoplankton species, indicating that reduced oxygen levels often accompany increased pollution. This relationship suggests that as pollutant levels rise, phytoplankton growth and species composition will change, providing insight into the health of the aquatic ecosystem. The correlation matrix effectively highlights the dynamic interactions between abiotic and biotic factors affecting water quality.

Conclusion

The analysis of the Ganga Canal in Haridwar reveals critical insights into the impacts of human activities on water quality and aquatic life. The marked differences between the two sites accentuate the adverse effects of pollution, particularly the elevation of nutrient concentrations that promote phytoplankton growth. Continuous monitoring and appropriate treatment of wastewater are imperative to restore and preserve the health of this vital waterway. The findings of this research contribute to a broader understanding of freshwater ecosystem dynamics and underline the urgent need for sustainable management practices to safeguard these essential resources.

Original source:

This page is merely a summary which is automatically generated hence you should visit the source to read the original article which includes the author, publication date, notes and references.

Author:

Gagan Matta, R. R. Pandey and K. K. Saini


World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:

(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)

Full text available for: Assessment of pollution on water quality and phytoplankton diversity in canal system of river ganga

Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research


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FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What was the focus of the study on the River Ganga?

The study assessed water quality and phytoplankton diversity in the Ganga Canal in Haridwar, examining seasonal variations and the impacts of pollution from anthropogenic activities.

How did pollution affect phytoplankton diversity in the Ganga Canal?

Higher phytoplankton populations were found in areas with increased pollution, such as Site 2 (Bahadrabad), indicating that phytoplankton diversity can be a reliable indicator of organic pollution.

What were the sampling sites in the Ganga Canal study?

The study involved two sites: Site 1 was Bhimgoda Barrage (Control Site), while Site 2 was Bahadrabad, which experienced higher pollution levels due to surrounding human activities.

What factors influenced the variations in water quality during the study?

Significant factors included temperature fluctuations, sewage discharge, seasonal changes, and nutrient levels, which collectively impacted phytoplankton growth and overall water quality.

Which groups of phytoplankton were identified in the Ganga Canal?

The study identified three dominant groups of phytoplankton: Diatoms, Green algae, and Blue green algae, with various species being more prevalent in polluted areas.

What conclusions were drawn from the study regarding water quality?

The study concluded that increasing pollution from domestic and industrial sources significantly deteriorates water quality. Regular monitoring is essential for maintaining aquatic ecosystems in the Ganga Canal.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Impact of pollution on water quality and phytoplankton in Ganga canals”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Water:
Water is a vital resource essential for all life forms. It acts as a habitat for various organisms, facilitates metabolic processes, and supports ecosystems. In the context of the Ganga Canal study, water quality directly impacts phytoplankton diversity and health, making it a crucial focus for assessing pollution levels.

2) Matta (Maṭṭa, Mattā, Mattam):
Gagan Matta is a key author of the study assessing the pollution and water quality in the Ganga Canal system. His affiliation with universities and extensive research contributions underline his expertise in environmental sciences, making his findings significant for understanding the ecological impacts of human activity on freshwater systems.

3) Ganga (Gaṅgā, Gāṅga, Gamga):
The Ganga is one of India's most significant rivers both culturally and environmentally. The study focuses on the Ganga Canal system, assessing its water quality and ecological health. Authentic understanding of the river's condition is critical, as it serves millions and sustains rich biodiversity amidst increasing pollution pressures.

4) Quality:
Water quality is a vital indicator of ecosystem health and sustainability. This study assesses the physicochemical properties of the Ganga Canal's water, identifying pollution levels through various metrics. High-quality water supports diverse species and ecosystems, crucial for human and environmental health, necessitating continuous monitoring and management.

5) Study (Studying):
The study provides a comprehensive analysis of pollution and phytoplankton diversity within the Ganga Canal system over several seasons. It highlights the intricate interactions between water quality and biological indicators, contributing valuable data for environmental management and policy-making aimed at restoring and protecting the river's ecosystem.

6) India:
India, home to the Ganga, faces significant water quality challenges owing to urbanization, industrial effluents, and population pressures. The relevance of the study is magnified in this context, as understanding the ecological impacts on such a culturally significant river is essential for environmental conservation and public health.

7) Summer:
The study indicates that summer seasons result in higher phytoplankton populations due to increased nutrient loading from anthropogenic activities. Understanding seasonal variations in water quality emphasizes the need for targeted management actions during peak pollution periods, especially in highly utilized waterways like the Ganga.

8) Species:
Species diversity, particularly concerning phytoplankton, serves as an essential indicator of water quality in this study. The presence of various phytoplankton species reflects ecological health and the impact of pollution, with specific species being more prevalent in polluted conditions, guiding ongoing monitoring efforts for freshwater ecosystems.

9) Kumar (Kumār):
Kumar is another author contributing to the study, indicating collaboration among researchers from different institutions. His work on environmental science highlights interdisciplinary approaches to address water quality issues, showcasing collective efforts towards understanding ecological health and sustainability in the face of human-induced challenges.

10) Science (Scientific):
The scientific methodologies employed in water quality assessments are crucial for generating credible data that influence policy and conservation efforts. Emphasizing scientific rigor in the Ganga Canal study reinforces the reliability of findings related to pollution and ecological health.

11) Table:
Tables in the study present quantitative data on water quality and phytoplankton populations, facilitating a clear comparison of results between different sites and seasons. They serve as crucial tools for visualizing complex data, enhancing the understanding of trends and relationships in the assessed water bodies.

12) Life:
Life in aquatic ecosystems is profoundly influenced by water quality. The study underscores how pollution alters the biotic balance, affecting the diversity and abundance of species like phytoplankton, which are foundational to food webs and ecosystem functioning in freshwater environments.

13) Chauhan (Chauhān):
Chauhan contributes to the body of research associated with water quality and ecological assessments, demonstrating the role of collaborative efforts in environmental studies. His works often focus on water quality metrics and their implications for public health and ecosystem stability, aligning with the study's themes.

14) Surface:
Surface water quality in the Ganga Canal is a crucial focus of the study, as surface water often reflects the immediate impacts of human activities. Assessing surface water characteristics provides insight into the broader ecological health of the river and informs necessary remediation efforts.

15) Yamuna (Yamunā, Yāmuna, Yāmunā, Yamuṉā):
The Yamuna River, like the Ganga, is significant for its cultural and ecological roles in India. Studies comparing the water quality of these primary rivers can reveal broader patterns of pollution and ecosystem health, emphasizing the interconnectedness of major water bodies in the region.

16) Kumari (Kumārī, Kumāri):
Kumari is another contributor to the research efforts. This highlights the importance of diverse research teams in environmental science, providing varied perspectives and insights essential to tackling complex issues related to water management and ecological sustainability.

17) Nature:
Nature encompasses the complex interactions within ecosystems, including the relationships between water quality, phytoplankton, and the overall health of aquatic environments. The study emphasizes the need for preserving natural water bodies and their ecological integrity amidst growing anthropogenic pressures.

18) Joshi (Jōśī, Jośī):
Joshi, as a co-author of the study, represents the collaboration necessary for successful environmental research. His work contributes to understanding the intricacies of water quality and ecological assessments, showcasing the importance of teamwork in addressing environmental challenges effectively.

19) Bhatnagar:
Bhatnagar's research often focuses on water quality assessments in various rivers. His work is indicative of the ongoing academic pursuit to understand and mitigate the impacts of pollution in freshwater systems, reinforcing the significance of studies like the one conducted in the Ganga Canal.

20) Habitat:
Aquatic habitats are directly influenced by water quality and pollution levels, which affect the biodiversity supported within these systems. The study underlines the importance of maintaining healthy habitats for sustaining diverse species and ecological functions in rivers like the Ganga.

21) Indian:
As part of India's rich cultural heritage, the Ganga is vital to millions and represents historical significance. The study's focus on Indian water bodies illustrates the pressing environmental challenges this nation faces, particularly concerning water management and the preservation of its natural resources.

22) Panda (Pāṇḍā, Paṇḍa, Pāṇḍa, Paṇḍā, Pamda, Pānḍā):
Panda's involvement in the research reflects the collaborative nature of environmental sciences, emphasizing shared knowledge and expertise vital for comprehensively addressing water quality issues. His work may explore the implications of pollution on aquatic ecosystems, thus supporting the study's broader goals.

23) Food:
The Ganga River system, through its phytoplankton and other aquatic organisms, is crucial for the food web supporting both aquatic life and human populations. Assessing water quality is pivotal for ensuring the availability of safe and nutritious food sources from these ecosystems.

24) Srivastava (Sri-vastava, Shrivastava, Shri-vastava):
Srivastava contributes to the scholarly efforts in aquatic ecology and environmental sciences, showcasing collective knowledge and insights into water management. Works by such authors highlight needed interdisciplinary approaches to solve pressing issues evident in water bodies like the Ganga Canal.

25) Tamilnadu (Tamil-nadu, Tamilnāḍu):
Tamil Nadu, a state in Southern India, is significant for studies on river ecosystems. Research conducted in this region, like this one, can provide insights into the broader patterns of water quality, environmental management, and ecological health in Indian rivers, including the Ganga.

26) Toxicology:
Toxicology is essential in evaluating the health impacts of polluted water bodies. Studies like this one incorporate toxicological assessments to determine how contaminants affect aquatic organisms, ultimately informing strategies for mitigating pollution and protecting public health and ecosystems alike.

27) Gurukula (Guru-kula):
Gurukula Kangri University is a significant institution for research related to environmental sciences in India. This association underscores the importance of academic collaboration in addressing water quality issues and shaping effective management practices for preserving vital ecosystems such as the Ganga.

28) Mahanadi (Mahānadī, Maha-nadi, Mahānāḍī):
The Mahanadi River, like the Ganga, faces pollution challenges. Studies from diverse river systems, including the Mahanadi, enrich the understanding of ecological responses to similar pressures, promoting effective restoration and management strategies across various aquatic environments.

29) Himalaya (Himālaya, Hima-alaya):
The Himalayas are vital for water resources in India, including the Ganga. Understanding ecosystems in the Himalayan region is crucial as they are foundational to many rivers, affecting both water quality and biodiversity downstream, emphasizing the importance of conservation efforts in these areas.

30) Activity:
Human activities, such as industrial effluents and urban waste discharge, significantly impact water quality in rivers like the Ganga. This study highlights the need to manage these activities sustainably to mitigate adverse effects on freshwater ecosystems and public health.

31) Narmada (Narmadā, Nārmada, Narman-da):
The Narmada River serves as another significant waterway in India. Research comparing the Narmada to the Ganga can provide insights into common challenges faced by river systems, aiding in the development of effective conservation and management strategies.

32) Mineral:
Minerals present in water bodies can influence the overall water chemistry, vital for aquatic life. Understanding the mineral composition of the Ganga Canal is essential for assessing its health and the suitability for sustaining diverse freshwater ecosystems.

33) Saxena (Sakshena, Saksena):
Saksena's contributions to environmental research emphasize the collaborative nature of scientific inquiry. His works may focus on water quality assessments, echoing the findings of the Ganga Canal study and reinforcing the necessity of interdisciplinary approaches to address water pollution issues.

34) Zoology:
Zoology examines animal life, including aquatic organisms that inhabit water bodies like the Ganga. Understanding the interaction between phytoplankton and larger aquatic species is essential for holistic assessments of ecosystem health and the impacts of pollution.

35) Bhakta (Bhākta):
Bhakta's involvement highlights the collaborative aspect of scientific research within the environmental domain, contributing to the understanding of freshwater ecosystems like the Ganga Canal. His focus on biodiversity emphasizes the importance of studied relationships within these ecosystems.

36) Ujjain:
Ujjain is another culturally significant area in India where pollution issues are present. Addressing water quality in places like Ujjain can provide valuable lessons for similar regions impacted by rapid urbanization and environmental degradation.

37) Sharman (Śarma, Sarmā, Sarma, Sharma, Śarman):
Sharma's contributions to research underline the necessity of teamwork in addressing complex environmental challenges. Insights provided by co-authors like Sharma enrich the understanding of aquatic ecology and water quality, particularly in studies about significant waterways such as the Ganga.

38) Tamil (Tamiḻ):
As a central region in Southern India, Tamil Nadu's water quality studies can reflect broader issues found in similar ecological contexts. Insights gained from studies in Tamil Nadu can inform conservation practices relevant to major rivers across India, including the Ganga.

39) Nadu (Nāḍu):
The term Nadu refers to regions in South India, which are crucial for understanding environmental conservation practices. Water quality assessments in these areas can aid in recognizing trends and implementing necessary actions for freshwater ecosystems like the Ganga.

40) Ghat (Ghaṭ, Gham):
Ghats, often along riverbanks, are integral to the cultural and ecological context of rivers like the Ganga. They provide insight into the intersection of human activity and nature and pose unique challenges for sustainable management of riverine ecosystems.

41) Seth:
Seth's involvement during the research signifies the collective endeavor necessary for impactful environmental studies. His works contribute to the overarching mission to assess and improve water quality in significant waterways, reinforcing the importance of collaborative scientific efforts.

42) Spiritual life:
The Ganga River holds immense spiritual significance in Indian culture. Understanding the impact of pollution on this sacred river emphasizes the need for effective management practices that honor both cultural heritage and ecological health, enhancing the overall well-being of communities reliant on it.

43) Southern India:
Southern India encompasses several states, including areas where major rivers flow. Research conducted here can shed light on pollution challenges, offering insights applicable to other regions while informing strategies for water resource management across the Indian subcontinent.

44) Eastern India:
Eastern India is representative of diverse ecosystems and culture intertwined with major rivers. The exploration of water quality issues here can enhance the understanding of regional conservation needs, allowing for tailored management efforts for environmental sustainability.

45) New Delhi:
New Delhi serves as a political center where environmental policies regarding water quality and sustainability are developed. Research findings like those from the Ganga Canal study can inform governmental efforts to address pollution and encourage better water management practices nationwide.

46) Civilization:
Rivers, including the Ganga, are often regarded as the lifeblood of civilizations. Understanding their environmental challenges highlights the impact of human activity on cultural development, emphasizing the need for sustainable practices to preserve these vital resources for future generations.

47) Bhagirathi (Bhāgīrathī):
The Bhagirathi River is a source of the Ganga, serving as a vital reference point for understanding regional hydrology. The study of rivers like the Bhagirathi supports broader narratives on ecosystem management and water quality preservation efforts across interconnected river systems.

48) Prosperity:
The health of river ecosystems is directly linked to the prosperity of communities that depend on them. The study's findings emphasize the need for sustainable management approaches to ensure that economic development does not come at the expense of water quality and biodiversity.

49) Discussion:
The discussion section of the study encapsulates the findings and implications of the research, providing insights into the relationship between water quality and phytoplankton diversity. It's a critical aspect for contextualizing results within the larger framework of environmental management and research.

50) Rajasthan (Rājasthān):
Rajasthan represents another Indian state where water quality challenges persist. Comparative research across states like Rajasthan can illuminate broader trends in water pollution and help formulate region-specific strategies for effectively managing freshwater resources.

51) Relative:
Relative measures in the study help assess differences in water quality across sampling sites. This comparative analysis is essential for understanding how anthropogenic influences vary within ecosystems, offering insights into effective management and conservation strategies.

52) Chandra:
Chandra's contributions signify the diversity of academic thought necessary in studies addressing water quality. Researchers like Chandra enhance the understanding of aquatic ecosystems' complexities and play a vital role in the pursuit of solutions to pollution challenges.

53) Village:
Villages adjacent to the Ganga Canal often exert a significant impact on its water quality due to local practices. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing interventions that balance community needs while safeguarding the river's health.

54) Gwalior:
Gwalior, as a city in India, adds complexity to the regional discourse on water quality issues. Insights from studies in Gwalior can contribute to understanding water management challenges faced across different urban and rural settings in the country.

55) Channel:
Channels of rivers like the Ganga are fundamental to their ecological and hydrological functions. Assessing these channels in pollution studies helps illuminate the intricate relationships between water movement, quality, and the biodiversity dependent on these systems.

56) Account:
An account of the study provides a structured analysis of pollution levels and ecological impacts on the Ganga Canal. Documenting such findings is essential for transparency and advancing ongoing efforts to reconcile human activities with environmental integrity.

57) Madhya (Mādhya):
The Madhya Pradesh region exemplifies the diversity of river eco-systems in India. Studies conducted here can reveal pollution patterns that may resonate across similar aquatic environments, promoting wider understanding of environmental challenges in the country.

58) Shukla (Śukla, Śuklā, Suklā, Sukla):
Shukla's work often intersects with environmental studies, underlining the collaborative framework of scientific inquiry needed to address pressing issues like water quality. Researchers like him significantly contribute to the broader understanding of ecological health and sustainability in Indian rivers.

59) Vatika (vaṭikā, Vātīka, Vātika, Vaṭika, Vatikā, Vātikā):
Vatika refers to cultural and natural spaces often associated with rivers. The study of spaces like these emphasizes the intersection of human values and ecological health, necessitating robust management practices that honor both heritage and environmental sustainability.

60) Nepali (Nepālī, Nepāli):
Nepali may refer to the contributions of researchers from Nepal who study river systems, including those flowing through India. Such collaboration encourages the sharing of traits relevant for understanding transboundary water issues and fostering broader ecological insights.

61) Dhara (Dhārā, Dhāra, Dharā):
Dhara, meaning 'flow' or 'current', symbolizes the essence of rivers like the Ganga. Understanding the dynamics of the river flow is essential for assessing ecological health, pollution levels, and the impacts of human activity on aquatic systems.

62) Delhi:
Delhi, as the capital city, plays a central role in water management policies for the Ganga River. Research findings from the Ganga Canal study can inform governmental actions aimed at improving water quality and ecosystem health in this critical region.

63) Shalem (Śāḷēṃ, Śāleṃ):
Salem is part of Tamil Nadu, highlighting regional studies on freshwater ecosystems. Understanding the context of areas like Salem provides insights into local water issues, enriching the overall discourse on river conservation and management in India.

64) Field:
Fieldwork is vital to gathering data on water quality and associated biological indicators. The rigorous field methodologies used in the study ensure accuracy and reliability, allowing for informed conclusions concerning pollution levels and management needs.

65) Alvar (Aḻvar, Ārvār, Āḻvār, Āḷvār, Alwar, Ālvār):
Alwar exemplifies another Indian district faced with water quality concerns. Assessing challenges in places like Alwar contributes to understanding widespread environmental issues, enforcing the need for comprehensive approaches in managing India’s waterways.

66) Devi (Devī):
Devi signifies a cultural aspect of Indian rivers, often revered as sacred. Understanding the intersection of cultural beliefs and water management is essential, especially in discussions surrounding the Ganga's ecological health and the public perceptions of river conservation.

67) Hora (Horā):
Hora refers to a community or cultural significance associated with river ecosystems. Analyzing such elements can inform how local beliefs and practices influence the management and conservation of vital waterways, leading to more culturally relevant approaches.

68) Koil:
Koil represents reverence towards nature and could indicate significant religious practices surrounding rivers. Recognizing this importance contributes to understanding the multifaceted relationship between communities and river conservation efforts, particularly in sacred river contexts.

69) Bird:
Bird populations are intrinsically linked to river health and biodiversity. The study underscores the importance of maintaining clean water environments for sustaining avian diversity, signifying the wider ecological implications of water quality assessments.

70) Idol:
Idols often symbolize cultural and religious practices near rivers, such as during festivals. Understanding how these practices may influence water quality is essential for developing strategies that protect the ecological integrity of sacred rivers like the Ganga, balancing community customs with conservation goals.

71) Salt (Salty):
Salinity levels in river water can significantly affect aquatic ecosystems. The study may address the implications of salinity from external sources, such as agricultural runoff or urban discharges, highlighting the need for integrated approaches to manage water quality effectively.

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