Biogenic silver nanoparticles using calophyllum inophyllum leaf extract
synthesis, spectral analysis, and antimicrobial studies
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Biogenic silver nanoparticles using calophyllum inophyllum leaf extract
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Subtitle: synthesis, spectral analysis, and antimicrobial studies
Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The study conducted by Malarvizhi and Ramakrishnan explores the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using the leaf extract of Calophyllum inophyllum L. This eco-friendly approach offers a cost-effective alternative to conventional methods for synthesizing nanoparticles, which often involve hazardous chemicals. The synthesis of Ag NPs was characterized using advanced techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated against several pathogenic bacteria and fungi using the agar well diffusion method, highlighting the potential medicinal applications of these biogenically produced nanoparticles.
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
One of the significant findings of the research is the effective green synthesis methodology employed to produce silver nanoparticles. The process involved boiling 10g of fresh C. inophyllum leaves in deionized water to create a leaf broth, which was then mixed with different concentrations of silver nitrate (AgNO₃). The researchers observed a color change from yellow to dark brown, indicating the reduction of silver ions and the formation of Ag NPs. The synthesized nanoparticles were predominantly spherical, with sizes ranging between 70 to 100 nm, as confirmed by SEM analysis. This innovative technique highlights the advantages of using plant extracts, such as being environmentally friendly and reducing the risk associated with traditional chemical methods.
Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles
The antimicrobial potential of the synthesized silver nanoparticles was evaluated against ten human pathogenic microorganisms, including five bacterial strains like Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and five fungal strains such as Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus. The study reported the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with a zone of inhibition of 17 mm at a concentration of 3 mM. Furthermore, the Ag NPs demonstrated significant antifungal activity, particularly against A. fumigatus and A. terreus, indicating their potential as novel antimicrobial agents. This capability underscores the relevance of biogenically synthesized nanoparticles in contemporary medical applications.
Characterization Techniques
The study also provided valuable insights into the characterization techniques used to examine the synthesized silver nanoparticles. The UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy revealed peaks at 430-440 nm, confirming the presence of silver nanoparticles in the solution. FT-IR analysis helped identify the nature of the capping ligands stabilizing the nanoparticles, indicating the involvement of specific functional groups from the plant extract. These characterization methods are crucial for understanding the synthesis process and the properties of the nanoparticles, ensuring their effectiveness for future applications in pharmaceuticals and beyond.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the research illustrates the promising use of Calophyllum inophyllum L. leaf extract for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles through a green approach. The synthesized Ag NPs exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic bacteria and fungi, indicating their potential as effective antimicrobial agents. The study highlights the advantages of using plant extracts for nanoparticle synthesis, such as reduced environmental risk and cost-effectiveness. Overall, this research paves the way for future investigations into the use of green synthesized nanoparticles in medical and industrial applications, encouraging the exploration of other plant extracts for similar purposes.
Original source:
This page is merely a summary which is automatically generated hence you should visit the source to read the original article which includes the author, publication date, notes and references.
Malarvizhi P and Ramakrishnan N
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Biogenic silver nanoparticles using calophyllum inophyllum leaf extract
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
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FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the significance of silver nanoparticles in medicine?
Silver nanoparticles are known for their antimicrobial properties and have been used for over 2,000 years in various medical applications to combat microorganisms.
How were the silver nanoparticles synthesized in this study?
Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using Calophyllum inophyllum leaf extract by mixing it with silver nitrate solution, which resulted in a color change indicating nanoparticle formation.
What methods were used to characterize the synthesized silver nanoparticles?
The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis.
What is the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized silver nanoparticles?
The silver nanoparticles exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi, with Staphylococcus aureus showing the highest antibacterial effect at a 3mM concentration.
What are the advantages of using plant extracts for nanoparticle synthesis?
Using plant extracts for nanoparticle synthesis is cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and avoids the use of toxic chemicals, making the process safer for medical applications.
Which pathogens were tested against the synthesized silver nanoparticles?
Ten human pathogenic microorganisms were tested, including five bacterial strains like Escherichia coli and five fungal strains such as Aspergillus flavus.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Biogenic silver nanoparticles using calophyllum inophyllum leaf extract”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Silver:
Silver is a metal known for its antimicrobial properties, which have been utilized for over 2,000 years in various medical applications. In the context of this study, silver is synthesized into nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using plant extracts, showcasing its effectiveness against pathogenic microorganisms through green synthesis methods.
2) Calophyllum inophyllum:
Calophyllum inophyllum is a plant whose leaf extract is used for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles in the study. It is noted for its medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory effects, making it an excellent choice for nanoparticle synthesis. This plant serves a dual purpose in both health and material science.
3) Activity:
Activity in this context refers to the antimicrobial effects demonstrated by the synthesized silver nanoparticles against various pathogenic microorganisms. The study assays the efficacy of these nanoparticles to inhibit bacterial and fungal growth, which highlights their potential for applications in medicine and pathogen control.
4) Water:
Water serves as the solvent in the extraction process of Calophyllum inophyllum leaf compounds, facilitating the reduction of silver ions to nanoparticles. Its role is critical in green chemistry approaches, where the use of water minimizes environmental impact and enhances the safety and efficiency of nanoparticle synthesis.
5) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibacterial activity refers to the ability of the synthesized silver nanoparticles to inhibit the growth of bacteria. In this study, various pathogenic bacterial strains are tested for their susceptibility to these nanoparticles, underscoring the potential of silver as an antimicrobial agent in practical applications.
6) India:
India is the geographical context within which this research is conducted, specifically in the state of Tamil Nadu. The specific use of local plant species like Calophyllum inophyllum reflects the country’s biodiversity and the integration of traditional knowledge with modern scientific practices in nanoparticle synthesis.
7) Table:
The tables in the study present organized data on the results of antimicrobial activity tests, summarizing the efficacy of silver nanoparticles against various bacterial and fungal pathogens. Tables are crucial for data visualization, allowing for a clear and concise interpretation of experimental findings.
8) Kumbakonam (Kumbhakonam, Kumbakoṇam, Kumbhakoṇam):
Kumbakonam is the location of the Government Arts College where the Calophyllum inophyllum leaves were collected for the study. This town in Tamil Nadu serves as a vital site for research, highlighting the importance of local environments in sourcing materials for scientific inquiry.
9) Tamilnadu (Tamil-nadu, Tamilnāḍu):
Tamilnadu, the alternative spelling of Tamil Nadu, is relevant as it designates the region where the plant extracts are sourced. This region's distinct ecosystems contribute to the availability of bioactive plant species, vital for green synthesis methodologies in nanotechnology.
10) Aureus:
Aureus, specifically referring to Staphylococcus aureus, is a pathogenic bacterium tested in this study for its sensitivity to silver nanoparticles. Its inclusion underscores the clinical relevance of the research, as S. aureus is a common cause of infections, making effective antimicrobial solutions critical.
11) Medium:
Medium in this case refers to the nutrient agar and PDA used for culturing pathogenic microorganisms during the antimicrobial assessment of synthesized nanoparticles. The choice of medium is essential for fostering bacterial and fungal growth under controlled experimental conditions to derive accurate results.
12) Tamil (Tamiḻ):
Tamil refers to the Dravidian language spoken predominantly in the state of Tamil Nadu, where this research is conducted. The cultural and linguistic traits are relevant as they reflect local knowledge systems, which often intersect with scientific research in traditional medicinal practices and local biodiversity.
13) Nadu (Nāḍu):
Nadu, forming part of the state name Tamil Nadu, signifies a region that is culturally rich and biologically diverse. This aspect is significant as it contributes to the variety of plant species available for research, such as Calophyllum inophyllum, relevant for medical applications.
14) Thanjavur:
Thanjavur is a district in Tamil Nadu, closely linked to Kumbakonam and relevant for this study. The region’s historical emphasis on traditional medicine and biodiversity underscores its significance as a sourcing location for plant extracts used in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles.
15) Gopinatha (Gopīnātha, Gopinath, Gopi-natha):
Gopinath refers to a researcher whose previous findings on silver nanoparticles the study references, showcasing a body of work that builds upon established scientific knowledge. Citing previous research supports the credibility of findings related to the antimicrobial effects of synthesized nanoparticles.
16) Botany:
Botany is the scientific study of plants, underpinning the research’s interdisciplinary approach. Understanding plant biology is vital for utilizing Calophyllum inophyllum in nanoparticle synthesis, highlighting the connection between plant sciences and advances in nanotechnology for potential medical applications.
17) Tree:
Calophyllum inophyllum is a tree species known for its medicinal properties, which are exploited in this study for nanoparticle synthesis. The recognition of trees as sources of bioactive compounds aligns with sustainable approaches in material science, emphasizing the importance of plant biodiversity.
18) Ocimum sanctum:
Ocimum sanctum, also known as Holy Basil or Tulsi, is referenced in the discussion as another plant utilized for green synthesis of nanoparticles. Its mention alongside Calophyllum inophyllum illustrates a broader exploration of medicinal plants in nanoparticle research, enhancing the study's contextual relevance.
19) Ficus benghalensis:
Ficus benghalensis is another plant species mentioned for its potential in synthesizing nanoparticles. This reference suggests an expanding frontier of utilizing diverse plant extracts in nanotechnology, encouraging further exploration of botanical resources for eco-friendly synthesis methods.
20) Syzygium cumini:
Syzygium cumini, commonly known as Jamun, is part of the discussion on various plants utilized for nanoparticle synthesis. Including this species demonstrates the versatility and ecological richness of local flora, offering more options for sustainable approaches to nanomaterial production.
21) Purification:
Purification refers to the processes applied to the synthesized silver nanoparticles to remove residues and ensure the quality of the final product. It is a critical step that affects the properties of the nanoparticles, ultimately influencing their effectiveness in antimicrobial applications.
22) Discussion:
Discussion is a critical section of the research that interprets the findings and compares them with existing literature. It provides context for the results, facilitating a deeper understanding of the implications of the synthesized silver nanoparticles and their potential applications in combating pathogens.
23) Substance:
Substance in this context highlights the importance of the chemical compounds derived from Calophyllum inophyllum used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Exploring these compounds is crucial for understanding their role in reducing silver ions and stabilizing the resulting nanoparticles.
24) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
Transform indicates the process through which silver ions are converted into nanoparticles through reduction facilitated by organic compounds in the leaf extract. This transformation is a fundamental aspect of green synthesis, showcasing how biological materials can produce nanostructured materials.
25) Species:
Species refers to the specific types of plants explored for their potential in synthesizing nanoparticles. In this study, Calophyllum inophyllum constitutes one such species, highlighting the significance of biodiversity in the quest for environmentally sustainable nanotechnology applications.
26) Surface:
Surface relates to the properties and characteristics of the synthesized silver nanoparticles, which play a pivotal role in their reactivity and interactions with bacteria and fungi. Understanding surface properties is essential for optimizing their antimicrobial efficacy and applications in medical settings.
27) Family:
Family denotes the taxonomic classification of Calophyllum inophyllum within the Guttiferae family. The significance of family helps in categorizing the plant based on shared characteristics, which is essential in botany and impacts the potential use of various species in biotechnological applications.
28) Nature:
Nature reflects the essential elements of the environment, which are leveraged in green synthesis methods for producing silver nanoparticles. This concept reinforces the need for environmentally friendly approaches in the application of nanoparticles for medical and industrial uses, advocating for sustainable practices.
29) Powder:
Powder refers to the final physical form of the dried silver nanoparticles obtained after the purification process. The resulting powder can be utilized in various applications, including antimicrobial agents in medicine, demonstrating the practical utility of green-synthesized materials.
30) Saxena (Sakshena, Saksena):
Saxena is attributed to a researcher whose work on silver nanoparticles is acknowledged within the study. Citing Saxena serves to enhance the scholarly dialogue on nanoparticle synthesis and validates the current research within a broader scientific framework, linking it with established knowledge.
31) Cotton:
Cotton, in the context of this study, relates to the cotton swabs used in the agar well diffusion method for antimicrobial testing. This practical aspect underlines the hands-on methodologies needed to assess the effectiveness of synthesized nanoparticles against pathogenic microorganisms.
32) Campu (Campū, Cāmpu):
Campu references the botanical origins of materials sourced from specific locations, where natural resources are crucial for studies like this. Highlighting the campus’s biodiversity facilitates the positioning of research within the local context of medicinal plant usage.
33) Shalem (Śāḷēṃ, Śāleṃ):
Salem is another district in Tamil Nadu, reflecting the geographical context relevant to the research. The mention of various local regions, including Salem, emphasizes the importance of regional biodiversity and access to indigenous plant species for scientific explorations.
34) Tulsi:
Tulsi, or Ocimum sanctum, is recognized for its health benefits and potential in green synthesis processes. Its mention underscores the culture of integrating traditional medicinal practices with contemporary scientific research in synthesizing nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties.
35) Ulcer:
Ulcer references a medical condition for which treatments could be developed using the silver nanoparticles synthesized in this study. Highlighting its therapeutic implications connects the research to real-world applications in treating infections and wounds, showcasing the significance of the findings.
36) Field:
Field relates to the scientific discipline or practical area of study concerning the research. In this case, it represents the intersection of botany, pharmacy, and nanotechnology, indicating the collaborative nature of modern scientific inquiries.
37) Study (Studying):
Study refers to the overall research conducted to explore the synthesis and application of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts. This term encapsulates the systematic approach taken to examine both the methodology and potential impacts of findings on antimicrobial practices.
38) Cina (Cīna, Cīnā, Ciṉa, Ciṉā, Cīṉā, Cinā):
China is referenced in the context of the global application of silver nanoparticles in public places for their antimicrobial properties. This mention situates the research within a broader international discourse about the role and effectiveness of nanotechnology in public health.
39) Lamp:
Lamp signifies the equipment used to dry the samples prepared for SEM analysis. The inclusion of this term illustrates the technical aspects of the experimental methods employed, highlighting the attention to detail required for accurate characterization of synthesized nanoparticles.
40) Pose:
Pose indicates the potential risks and challenges associated with conventional methods of synthesizing nanoparticles, which may involve toxic substances. Recognizing these issues underlines the importance of adopting eco-friendly methods like green synthesis to mitigate environmental and health hazards.
41) Pain (Paiṇ):
Pain references the medicinal properties associated with Calophyllum inophyllum, which is mentioned to have pain-relieving attributes. This connection illustrates the dual role of the plant in traditional medicine and its modern applications in nanotechnology, enhancing the therapeutic prospects of synthesized nanoparticles.