Hypoglycemic effects of white and red cabbage in diabetic rats

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Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Hypoglycemic effects of white cabbage and red cabbage (brassica oleracea) in stz induced type-2 diabetes in rats
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Original source:

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Author:

Alaa A. Gaafar, Hanan F. Aly, Zeinab A. Salama, Naima Z.Mohamed


World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:

(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)

Full text available for: Hypoglycemic effects of white cabbage and red cabbage (brassica oleracea) in stz induced type-2 diabetes in rats

Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research


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Summary of article contents:

Introduction

The study conducted by Gaafar et al. (2014) investigates the potential therapeutic effects of white cabbage and red cabbage (\(Brassica oleracea\)) on managing type 2 diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in male Wistar rats. Diabetes leads to various metabolic issues including dyslipidemia and oxidative stress that increase the risk of complications. The authors explore the biochemical, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of cabbage extracts to provide insight into their effects on markers associated with diabetic conditions, paving the way for natural dietary solutions in managing diabetes.

Hypoglycemic Effects and Lipid Profile Improvement

One of the central findings of the study is the hypoglycemic effect of both white and red cabbage extracts on diabetic rats. The administration of these extracts resulted in a significant restoration of blood glucose levels to normal values. Furthermore, the lipid profile of treated diabetic rats showed distinct improvements, with white cabbage leading to an increase in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, while red cabbage resulted in a decrease in LDL levels compared to untreated diabetic controls. However, both extracts managed to stabilize overall serum lipid levels, preventing the hyperlipidemic state commonly seen in diabetes, thereby highlighting the potential of these vegetables as supplementary treatments in diabetes management.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties

The research also emphasizes the antioxidant properties of the cabbage extracts, highlighting their role in mitigating oxidative stress, a key factor in diabetic complications. Treatment with both white and red cabbage extracts illustrated no significant change in glutathione (GSH) levels, yet the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels remained elevated, indicating persistent oxidative stress despite treatment. The study underscores how these extracts can affect inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP), further establishing their role as potential anti-inflammatory agents that could complement diabetes care.

Histopathological Observations

Histological evaluations revealed notable structural ameliorations in various organs of the treated diabetic rats. While diabetic rats exhibited severe histopathological changes, including hepatocyte degeneration and structural alterations in the kidneys and pancreas, treatments with white and red cabbage demonstrated an enhancement in tissue architecture. The administration of cabbage extracts appeared to ameliorate the cellular damage, showcasing their protective effects against STZ-induced pathological changes. Such findings reinforce the importance of dietary interventions in improving diabetic complications at the tissue level.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the study by Gaafar et al. reveals that both white and red cabbage extracts possess significant hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties that can beneficially influence the management of type 2 diabetes. While further investigation is warranted, these findings suggest that incorporating Brassica oleracea into dietary practices may offer a promising complementary strategy in diabetes care, potentially enhancing metabolic profiles and protecting against common diabetic complications. This research opens the door for future studies that could explore the long-term effects and mechanisms of action of these vegetable extracts in diabetic management.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What was the main purpose of the study on cabbages?

The study aimed to compare the hypoglycemic effects of white and red cabbages in managing streptozotocin-induced type-2 diabetes in rats, focusing on their potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

How were diabetes and its effects induced in the rats?

Diabetes was induced using a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight, leading to significant elevations in blood glucose and disturbances in lipid profiles.

What was the effect of cabbage extracts on liver function enzymes?

Diabetic rats exhibited elevated liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP). Treatments with white cabbage increased AST activity, while red cabbage had an insignificant impact, illustrating varying effects on liver function.

Did the cabbage extracts affect blood glucose levels in diabetic rats?

Yes, treatment with both white and red cabbage extracts restored blood glucose levels to normal in diabetic rats, highlighting their potential as hypoglycemic agents.

What were the antioxidant effects observed with cabbage treatments?

Red and white cabbage extracts did not significantly alter glutathione levels but showed varying impacts on malondialdehyde, suggesting different antioxidant capacities in counteracting oxidative stress.

What histopathological changes were noted in the diabetic rats' organs?

Histopathological examination revealed necrosis in pancreatic islets, hydropic degeneration in liver cells, and mild interstitial nephritis, indicating serious organ damage due to diabetes.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Hypoglycemic effects of white and red cabbage in diabetic rats”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Blood:
Blood is essential for transporting nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells and removing waste products. In the context of diabetes studies, monitoring blood glucose levels is crucial for assessing disease management and treatment efficacy through various interventions, including dietary modifications such as cabbage extracts.

2) Activity:
Activity refers to the effectiveness of agents in biological systems, such as the antioxidant or anti-inflammatory actions of compounds. In pharmacological studies, assessing the activity of natural products like cabbage extracts against diabetes-related oxidative stress provides insights into potential therapeutic strategies.

3) Drug:
A drug is a substance used for medical treatment, especially to relieve symptoms or cure disease. In this research, glibenclamide, an antidiabetic drug, serves as a reference to compare the therapeutic efficacy of natural extracts like cabbage on diabetes and associated complications.

4) Table:
Tables present organized data, making it easier to compare results across different experimental groups. In this study, tables summarize the effects of cabbage extracts on lipid profiles, enzyme activities, and blood glucose, providing a clear visual representation of findings for analysis.

5) Animal:
Animal models, such as STZ-induced diabetic rats, are crucial for studying human diseases in a controlled environment. This research employs male Wistar rats to assess the hypoglycemic effects of cabbage extracts, helping to evaluate their safety and potential as diabetes treatments.

6) Study (Studying):
A study systematically investigates a hypothesis using structured methods to gather data and analyze results. This study examines the efficacy of white and red cabbage extracts in managing type-2 diabetes symptoms, contributing to knowledge on plant-based treatments for metabolic diseases.

7) Food:
Food is vital for providing energy and nutrients necessary for health. In the context of this research, the impact of consuming brassica vegetables, particularly cabbage, on diabetes management emphasizes the importance of dietary choices in disease prevention and health maintenance.

8) Medicine:
Medicine encompasses practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent illness. The study highlights potential medicinal properties of cabbage extracts in managing diabetes, showcasing the role of phytochemicals in developing therapies and promoting health through natural products.

9) Disease:
Disease represents any condition causing discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to an organism. This research focuses on diabetes, a chronic condition characterized by high blood sugar levels, addressing its complications and potential dietary management strategies using natural remedies.

10) Flavonoid:
Flavonoids are bioactive compounds found in plants, known for their antioxidant properties. The study highlights the role of flavonoids in red cabbage as key contributors to its health benefits, particularly in reducing oxidative stress associated with diabetes.

11) Cancer:
Cancer refers to the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. Although not the primary focus of this study, the anticancer properties associated with cruciferous vegetables like cabbage suggest a broader perspective on their potential role in overall health and chronic disease prevention.

12) Egypt:
Egypt is the location where this research is conducted, which contextualizes the significance of local dietary practices and the availability of specific plant species, such as cabbages, in understanding their role in managing prevalent health issues like diabetes in the region.

13) Hand:
Hand may refer to the action of manual handling or preparing plant extracts in laboratory settings. In pharmacology, such physical interactions are often necessary to extract active components from plants, which are then tested for biological activity.

14) Inflammation:
Inflammation is a biological response to harmful stimuli, often contributing to chronic conditions like diabetes. The study identifies pro-inflammatory cytokines measured in the blood, indicating the impact of cabbages on inflammation, suggesting a potential therapeutic benefit in managing diabetes-related complications.

15) Diet:
Diet refers to the sum of food consumed by an individual or species. This research emphasizes the impact of dietary components, particularly brassicas like cabbage, on health outcomes in diabetic models, highlighting the significance of nutrition in disease management.

16) Pharmacology:
Pharmacology is the study of drug action on biological systems. This research investigates the pharmacological properties of cabbage extracts, aiming to identify their potential as therapeutic agents against diabetes, thereby contributing to the field of natural product pharmacology.

17) Accumulation (Accumulating, Accumulate):
Accumulation refers to the gradual gathering of substances over time. In the context of diabetes, lipid accumulation may indicate metabolic issues; the study assesses how cabbage extracts can influence lipid levels in diabetic rats and potentially prevent accumulation-associated complications.

18) Science (Scientific):
Scientific denotes adherence to rigorous methodologies and empirical approaches in research. This study applies scientific principles to explore health benefits of cabbage extracts, emphasizing evidence-based practices in developing diabetes treatments.

19) Indian:
Indian may refer to research aspects relevant to Indian dietary practices or inclusion of certain plants common in regional cuisines. The study might contribute insights applicable to various global contexts, particularly regarding the use of traditional remedies in managing diseases.

20) Water:
Water is essential for life and vital for biochemical processes. In pharmacological studies, the preparation of plant extracts often involves water as a solvent, which is highlighted in this research, demonstrating its importance in extracting bioactive compounds from cabbage.

21) Male (Mālē):
Male denotes the gender of the Wistar rats used in the experimental model. Gender differences can play significant roles in physiological responses, making it crucial to specify sex in studies involving animal models for accurate interpretation of results.

22) Line:
Line could refer to the lineage or strain of the rats used in the study. Specifying the strain is critical for reproducibility of results and understanding the genetic background influencing the reactions to treatments like cabbage extracts.

23) Post:
Post indicates actions taken after a certain event, such as 'post-treatment' effects measured in the study. This highlights the significance of evaluating outcomes after administering cabbage extracts to understand their impact on health indicators in diabetic rats.

24) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological relates to the interactions of drugs with biological systems. The study explores the pharmacological potential of cabbage extracts as natural remedies for diabetes management, aiming to contribute to knowledge on alternative therapeutic options.

25) Phytochemical:
Phytochemicals are bioactive compounds produced by plants, holding various health benefits. This study examines the phytochemical composition of white and red cabbages, highlighting their role in antioxidant activity and potential therapeutic effects against diabetes.

26) Measurement:
Measurement is a process to quantify specific attributes, such as blood glucose or enzyme levels. In this study, precise measurements of biochemical markers inform the analysis of the effectiveness of cabbage extracts in managing diabetic conditions.

27) Substance:
Substance refers to any matter with distinct properties. The cabbage extracts studied comprise various chemical substances, such as flavonoids and glucosinolates, which are investigated for their potential health benefits and therapeutic applications in diabetes.

28) Mustard:
Mustard may refer to other members of the Brassica family that share similar phytochemical properties. Understanding these relationships can expand the scope of natural product research and explore diverse dietary treatments for diseases like diabetes.

29) Company:
Company refers to the organizations that manufacture pharmaceutical or diagnostic products used in the study. Recognizing the products from established companies ensures the reliability and quality of reagents and kits utilized for biochemical analyses.

30) Species:
Species denotes distinct biological classification groups. In this research, referring to Brassica oleracea emphasizes the species of cabbage studied, contextualizing its relevance in nutritional and medicinal applications in diabetes treatment.

31) Garlic:
Garlic, a traditional herbal remedy known for its health benefits, may relate to synergistic effects when combined with cabbage extracts. Investigating diverse natural substances could enhance therapeutic approaches for managing metabolic diseases such as diabetes.

32) Edema (Oedema):
Oedema, or swelling due to fluid accumulation, is often a response to inflammation in tissues. The study may examine how cabbage extracts impact oedema in diabetic models, contributing to understanding their anti-inflammatory properties.

33) Beta (Bēṭa, Beṭa):
Beta refers to the beta cells of the pancreas, which produce insulin. Damage to these cells is a hallmark of diabetes. The study examines how interventions may aid in preserving beta cell function and overall pancreatic health in diabetic animals.

34) Rich (Ṛch):
Rich implies an abundance of nutrients or bioactive compounds. The study focuses on how brassicas, particularly red and white cabbages, are rich in antioxidant properties, positing them as beneficial dietary interventions for diabetes management.

35) Ocimum sanctum:
Ocimum sanctum, known as holy basil, is a plant studied for its medicinal qualities. Its inclusion may suggest exploration of various herbal remedies alongside cabbage extracts to evaluate compound synergies in managing diabetes effectively.

36) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
Transformation relates to significant changes, such as the biochemical changes observed post-treatment with cabbage extracts. Understanding these transformations illuminates mechanisms through which dietary compounds exert effects on metabolic processes in diabetic conditions.

37) Observation:
Observation is crucial within scientific research, focusing on monitoring and recording phenomena. This study involves detailed observations of physiological and biochemical alterations in diabetic rats treated with cabbage extracts, forming the basis for conclusions drawn.

38) Surrounding:
Surrounding may refer to the environmental context influencing the study's outcomes, such as dietary habits in Egypt. It informs the applicability and relevance of findings in local populations regarding diabetes and potential dietary interventions.

39) Agriculture:
Agriculture denotes the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. The findings related to c...cabages may spur interest in agricultural practices to promote health-beneficial crops, emphasizing sustainable strategies aligned with improving public health.

40) Discussion:
Discussion refers to the section summarizing and analyzing research findings, providing interpretations of results. This study elaborates on the implications of findings regarding cabbage extracts for diabetes care, contributing to ongoing scientific dialogue.

41) Srivastava (Sri-vastava, Shrivastava, Shri-vastava):
Srivastava is likely a reference to an author or researcher, reflecting the scientific legacy and contributions in the field. Collaborations or prior studies by the same author may support the current research's background and context.

42) Toxicology:
Toxicology is the study of harmful substances and their effects on living organisms. Understanding any toxic effects of cabbage extracts is crucial for evaluating safety before considering them as potential therapies for managing diabetes.

43) Knowledge:
Knowledge reflects the accumulated information and understanding of a subject. This study contributes to the existing knowledge base on natural interventions for diabetes, highlighting the importance of exploring plant-based remedies.

44) Fixation:
Fixation may refer to the preservation of biological samples for microscopic examination. This technique is vital in histopathology, allowing accurate analyses of tissue changes in diabetic rats after treatment, enhancing the study's reliability and validity.

45) Colouring (Coloring):
Coloring refers to the pigmentation found in plants, such as anthocyanins in red cabbage. These natural coloring agents also serve as antioxidants, thereby providing health benefits that are central to the study's focus on cabbage extracts.

46) Relative:
Relative indicates a comparison or connection between different entities. In this study, defining the relative efficacy of cabbage extracts compared to established treatments, such as glibenclamide, is crucial for understanding their potential role in diabetes management.

47) Account:
Account signifies providing detailed information or explanations of observations in this study. It emphasizes the importance of transparent data reporting and thorough discussion of results to support conclusions drawn regarding the health benefits of cabbage extracts.

48) Shukla (Śukla, Śuklā, Suklā, Sukla):
Shukla may refer to an author or researcher associated with relevant studies in the same field. This linkage highlights earlier research that may complement current findings regarding the health effects of natural substances on diabetes.

49) Mattar (Māṭṭār):
Mattar likely signifies another contributor in the research community, enhancing the collaborative nature of scientific studies. Recognition of various researchers underlines the multi-faceted approach needed to tackle complex health issues like diabetes.

50) Repair:
Repair relates to biological processes that restore health or function, especially in damaged tissues. The study examines the potential of cabbage extracts to promote repair mechanisms in diabetic rats, indicating their therapeutic benefits.

51) Medium:
Medium often indicates the environment or solution used for culturing or extracting biological materials. In this study, the aqueous medium utilized for extracting cabbage compounds is pivotal for evaluating their efficacy in managing diabetes.

52) Powder:
Powder implies the processed form of cabbage leaves used in creating extracts. The choice of powder extraction is essential for standardizing the dosage of bioactive compounds being tested for their potential health benefits in the study.

53) Ramma (Rammā):
Ramma may refer to an individual relevant in advancing knowledge in the field of medicinal herbs or pharmacology. Recognizing contributions by researchers named Ramma emphasizes collaborative efforts in uncovering the therapeutic potential of natural substances.

54) Mitra (Mitrā):
Mitra might indicate an author or researcher involved in similar research contexts. Acknowledging various contributors to scientific literature broadens the discussion around the applications of findings from the study, increasing its significance.

55) Kumar (Kumār):
Kumar signifies potential authorship or collaboration in research literature associated with the study. Recognizing diverse researchers in the field fosters a comprehensive understanding of the implications surrounding the use of natural remedies for diseases like diabetes.

56) Annal (Annaḷ, Aṇṇal, Aṉṉal, Annāḷ):
Annal refers to records or documentation of historical events or discoveries. This study may reference previous annals of research that provide context and validate findings related to cabbage extracts and their medicinal properties.

57) Sugar:
Sugar pertains to carbohydrates impacting blood glucose levels in diabetes. The study focuses on managing hyperglycemia, reinforcing the importance of dietary interventions to control sugar levels through natural products like cabbage extracts.

58) House:
House can signify the institutional setting where research occurs, underscoring the importance of collaborative environments in advancing scientific inquiry. Partnerships within research houses facilitate knowledge exchange and resources for tackling health issues.

59) Hela (Helā, Helá):
Hela likely refers to a specific cell line used in research, often associated with cancer studies. While not the main focus of the study, acknowledging various tools like cell lines demonstrates the diverse approaches in biomedical research.

60) Puri (Purī):
Puri may denote a researcher contributing to findings in pharmacology or medicinal studies. Mentioning various contributors like Puri enriches the broader context surrounding the research, connecting the importance of collective knowledge in the field.

61) Koya (Kōya):
Koya might refer to an author whose works focus on the pharmacological effects of natural products. Highlighting contributions such as Koya's reinforces the cumulative nature of scientific discoveries and the relevance of plant-based therapies.

62) Genu (Geṇu):
Genu may signify authenticity in claims made regarding the research on dietary interventions. Ensuring that the findings are genuine and supported by evidence is fundamental to the integrity of the study and its implications.

63) Seth:
Seth could indicate an author known for contributions in nutritional science or pharmacology. Mentioning contributors like Seth helps to create a comprehensive view of preceding research that informs and reinforces current study findings.

64) Sood:
Sood may relate to an expert in pharmacology or ethnic medicine. Referencing researchers like Sood acknowledges diverse perspectives and expertise that contribute to the holistic view of how natural products affect diseases.

65) Bang:
Bang could refer to an author or significant contributor to the discussion on plant-based interventions in medicine. Highlighting Bang's work illustrates collaborative efforts in progressing research toward understanding health benefits of traditional remedies.

66) Sign:
Sign signifies an indicator or symptom related to disease states, such as hyperglycemia. Identifying signs in diabetic rats helps in drawing connections between treatment efficacy and biological outcomes after administration of cabbage extracts.

67) Wine:
Wine, like many foods, may contain beneficial phytochemicals and antioxidants. In the context of this study, mentioning wine may serve as a comparison for discussing dietary sources rich in natural compounds, possibly impacting health outcomes in diabetic patients.

68) Chan (Chaṇ, Chaṅ):
Chan could signify a recognized author in nutrition or pharmacology research. Acknowledging contributions from various researchers like Chan fosters a comprehensive dialogue within scientific literature about the therapeutic potentials of natural compounds.

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