Ethanolic extract of Andrographis and papaya leaves: antimicrobial, larvicidal, acaricidal.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Antimicrobial, larvicidal and acaricidal activities of the ethanolic extract of andrographis paniculata and carica papaya leaves
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The study conducted by Venkatalakshmi et al. aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial, larvicidal, and acaricidal activities of the ethanolic extracts of Andrographis paniculata and Carica papaya leaves. These plants have a long-standing history in traditional medicine due to their extensive pharmacological properties. The present research highlights their potential as sources for new therapeutic agents against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, mosquito larvae, and cattle ticks.
Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts
The findings indicate that the ethanolic extracts of both Andrographis paniculata and Carica papaya exhibited notable antimicrobial activity. The extracts were assessed using the disc diffusion method against five bacterial strains, including Clostridium perfringens and Klebsiella pneumoniae, as well as two fungal strains, Microsporum ferruginem and Trichophyton interdigitatae. The most pronounced antimicrobial effect was observed against Trichophyton interdigitatae, where the extract outperformed the standard antibiotic Erythromycin in certain cases. This suggests a strong synergistic effect between the two plants, reinforcing their potential as effective antimicrobial agents.
Larvicidal Properties of Plant Extracts
The research revealed compelling larvicidal properties of the ethanolic extracts against mosquito larvae of Aedes aegypti. Various concentrations of the extract (ranging from 0.25 mg/ml to 3.00 mg/ml) demonstrated a clear dose-dependent mortality effect on the larvae. Notably, complete mortality was observed after 6 to 12 hours with higher concentrations, establishing the extracts as effective larvicides. This finding emphasizes the utility of these plant extracts in mosquito control, presenting a natural alternative to synthetic insecticides, which often pose environmental hazards.
Acaricidal Activity Against Cattle Ticks
Additionally, the study investigated the acaricidal activity of the extracts on Rhipicephalus annulatus, an economically significant tick species affecting cattle. The extracts exhibited marked acaricidal effects in a dose-dependent manner, with significant mortality recorded at various time intervals post-exposure. At higher concentrations, mortality rates reached up to 100% within 8 hours of treatment. These results highlight the potential of Andrographis paniculata and Carica papaya extracts as natural alternatives for managing tick infestations in livestock, contributing to sustainable agricultural practices.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the study underscores the promising antimicrobial, larvicidal, and acaricidal activities of Andrographis paniculata and Carica papaya, indicating their potential as safer, biodegradable alternatives to synthetic chemicals in pest control and disease management. Further research is needed to isolate the active compounds responsible for these bioactivities and to evaluate their effectiveness in field conditions. The results advocate for exploring these natural plant-based products as viable options for combating microbial, mosquito, and tick-borne diseases while mitigating the risks associated with conventional synthetic agents.
Original source:
This page is merely a summary which is automatically generated hence you should visit the source to read the original article which includes the author, publication date, notes and references.
S. Krishnaveni and P.Venkatalakshmi
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Antimicrobial, larvicidal and acaricidal activities of the ethanolic extract of andrographis paniculata and carica papaya leaves
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
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FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What were the main activities evaluated in this study?
The study assessed the antimicrobial, larvicidal, and acaricidal activities of ethanolic extracts from Andrographis paniculata and Carica papaya leaves against various pathogens and parasites.
Which microorganisms were tested for antimicrobial activity?
Antimicrobial activity was tested against five bacterial strains and two fungal strains, including Clostridium perfringens, Serratia marscenens, and Trichophyton interdigitate.
How was larvicidal activity tested in this study?
Larvicidal activity was evaluated using IV instar larvae of Aedes aegypti with different concentrations of the extracts, observing mortality rates after 8 to 24 hours of exposure.
What was the outcome of the acaricidal activity tests?
The extracts showed significant acaricidal activity against Rhipicephalus annulatus ticks, with increased mortality rates observed in a dose-dependent manner over 8 to 24 hours.
What phytochemical compounds were identified in the extracts?
The ethanolic extracts contained alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and more, suggesting their potential medicinal properties.
What conclusions can be drawn from this research?
The study indicates that Andrographis paniculata and Carica papaya extracts provide promising alternatives to synthetic chemicals for microbial and pest control but warrant further investigation under field conditions.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Ethanolic extract of Andrographis and papaya leaves: antimicrobial, larvicidal, acaricidal.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Activity:
The term 'activity' refers to the biological effects exerted by the ethanolic extracts of Andrographis paniculata and Carica papaya. These activities include antimicrobial, larvicidal, and acaricidal functions, showcasing the plants' potential in controlling pathogens and pests in various applications, including medicinal and agricultural fields.
2) Study (Studying):
The word 'study' signifies a structured investigation aimed at exploring the antimicrobial, larvicidal, and acaricidal properties of plant extracts. It emphasizes the systematic approach taken to gather data, analyze results, and discuss the implications of the findings, contributing to the understanding of these plants' potential uses.
3) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
The term 'antibiotic' denotes substances that inhibit the growth of or destroy bacteria. In this research, Erythromycin is mentioned as a standard antibiotic to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of the plant extracts, highlighting their potential as natural alternatives in combating bacterial infections and influencing antibiotic resistance.
4) Water:
In the context of this study, 'water' refers to the solvent used to prepare the plant extracts and the environment for testing larvicidal activity. Specific quantities of tap water were utilized to maintain consistency in experimental setups, ensuring that tests for mosquito larvae were reliable and reproducible.
5) Table:
The word 'table' is used to organize and present data clearly. In the study, tables summarize qualitative phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial activity, and larvicidal and acaricidal effects, facilitating easy comparison and understanding of results, enabling researchers to visualize patterns and draw conclusions effectively.
6) Post:
The term 'post' is used in the context of timings during which measurements are recorded, such as 'post inoculation' times for observing larval and parasite mortality. It indicates the intervals after treatment when assessments are made, crucial for determining the efficacy of the extracts over time.
7) Drug:
The term 'drug' refers to substances used for medical purposes, highlighting the potential for the plant extracts to develop new therapeutic agents. This study focuses on exploring natural alternatives to synthetic drugs with antimicrobial, larvicidal, and acaricidal properties, aiming for safer and effective health solutions.
8) Pharmacological:
The word 'pharmacological' relates to the effects of drugs in the body, underscoring the studies on the medicinal properties of the plant extracts. It emphasizes the relevance of evaluating the extracts in terms of their therapeutic roles and mechanisms, contributing to the broader field of drug discovery.
9) Phytochemical:
The term 'phytochemical' denotes bioactive compounds derived from plants, which are investigated for their health benefits. The study detected various phytochemicals in the extracts, emphasizing their potential roles in antimicrobial and pest control activities, making them subjects of interest for future therapeutic development.
10) Tamilnadu (Tamil-nadu, Tamilnāḍu):
This term references the Indian state where the plant materials were collected. Tamilnadu is significant for its rich biodiversity and traditional knowledge of medicinal plants, contributing to the cultural context of the study. Understanding regional biodiversity is crucial for exploring local resources for drug development.
11) Flavonoid:
Flavonoids are a class of phytochemicals known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Their presence in the plant extracts studied indicates potential health benefits, suggesting that these compounds could contribute to antimicrobial or larvicidal activities, reinforcing the need for further investigations into their specific roles.
12) Disease:
The term 'disease' encompasses the various health issues that the extracts aim to address, including microbial infections and pest-borne conditions. Exploring the extracts' potential in treating or preventing diseases highlights their therapeutic relevance and aligns with traditional uses of the plants in folk medicine.
13) Powder:
In the study, 'powder' refers to the processed form of dried plant leaves used for extracting bioactive compounds. The conversion of leaves into a powder ensures maximum surface area for solvent extraction, vital for obtaining a concentrated extract with potential medicinal properties for further testing.
14) Sugar:
The mention of 'sugar' pertains to a specific phytochemical detected in the extracts. As a compound, sugar plays various roles in biological processes and can have health implications, making its presence noteworthy in understanding the overall benefits and biological activities of the plant extracts studied.
15) Insect pest:
The term 'insect pest' refers to the target organisms for the larvicidal and acaricidal testing, specifically mosquito larvae and cattle ticks. This study aims to explore natural alternatives to synthetic pesticides for controlling these pests, contributing to sustainable agriculture and reducing environmental impacts of chemicals.
16) Biodegradable:
In the context of this study, 'biodegradable' refers to the environmental advantage of plant-based insecticides over synthetic alternatives. Developing biodegradable solutions is crucial for minimizing pollution and ecological damage, highlighting the importance of exploring plant extracts with potential as environmentally safe pest control agents.
17) Krishnaveni (Kṛṣṇaveṇī, Krishna-veni):
This word likely refers to one of the authors of the study, providing credibility and recognition for the research conducted. The named author contributes to the collaborative effort in the study, emphasizing the importance of teamwork and expertise in scientific research and exploration.
18) Calculation:
The term 'calculation' indicates the process used to quantify results, such as mortality rates of larvae and parasites. This aspect of the study emphasizes the importance of precise data analysis to derive meaningful conclusions, supporting the reliability and validity of the findings presented in the research.
19) Observation:
The term 'observation' highlights the critical component of scientific research where researchers assess the outcomes of experiments. In this context, observing the effects of plant extracts on microorganisms and pests under specific conditions leads to insights into their efficacy, guiding future applications and studies.
20) Discussion:
The term 'discussion' in the study refers to the section where results are interpreted and contextualized within existing literature. This part is crucial for sharing insights, drawing conclusions, and suggesting future research directions, allowing the authors to articulate the significance of their findings and implications.
21) Developing:
The word 'developing' stresses the ongoing efforts to create new solutions or products, particularly in drug discovery. In this context, it signifies the aim to explore natural plant extracts as potential alternatives to synthetic chemicals, advocating for novel approaches to treating diseases and managing pests sustainably.
22) Container:
In the study context, 'container' refers to the vessels used for preparing and storing plant extracts. The choice of container is critical for ensuring safe handling and proper conditions during extraction and storage, influencing the quality and efficacy of the resultant extracts for subsequent analysis.
23) Thanjavur:
Thanjavur is a location from where the plant materials were collected, contributing geographical significance to the study. The region's biodiversity and traditional knowledge related to medicinal plants underscore the cultural and environmental context of the research, emphasizing its relevance in utilizing local resources for healthcare.
24) Rasayana (Rasa-ayana, Rasāyana, Rāsāyana):
Rasayana in traditional medicine refers to rejuvenation and longevity-promoting practices. This term highlights the cultural significance and historical context of using natural herbs in healing, reinforcing the study's examination of Andrographis paniculata and Carica papaya within the framework of traditional therapeutic practices.
25) Toxicity:
The term 'toxicity' pertains to the harmful effects of substances, particularly synthetic insecticides. A focus on developing plant extracts with low toxicity levels ensures safer alternatives for both consumers and the environment, indicating a move toward more sustainable practices in medicinal and agricultural applications.
26) Medicine:
The word 'medicine' underscores the study's emphasis on exploring natural products for health benefits. It relates to the potential use of the extracts as therapeutic agents in treating diseases and conditions, advocating for the integration of traditional knowledge and modern science for improved healthcare solutions.
27) Relative:
The term 'relative' is often used to compare different entities or measures within the research, such as examining the effectiveness of extracts relative to standard antibiotics. This comparative analysis is essential for assessing the potential impact and viability of natural solutions against recognized standards.
28) Village:
The inclusion of 'village' denotes the specific rural area where the plant materials were sourced. This context not only showcases the source of biological diversity but also highlights the importance of local and traditional practices in utilizing natural resources for health and medicinal purposes.
29) Species:
In this study, 'species' relates to the specific plants (A. paniculata and C. papaya) and organisms (such as fungi and insects) examined. Understanding the biological classification is crucial for accurately describing their properties and interactions, thereby supporting the scientific exploration and application of these species.
30) Surface:
The mention of 'surface' likely refers to the application surfaces for testing the effects of extracts on organisms, emphasizing the significance of the area through which bioactive compounds interact with organisms, ultimately affecting their efficacy in antimicrobial, larvicidal, and acaricidal activities.
31) Family:
The term 'family' is relevant in biological classification, particularly in referencing the Acanthaceae family to which Andrographis paniculata belongs. Understanding the taxonomic relationships among plants facilitates research into their shared properties, aiding in the identification of beneficial compounds and their applications.
32) Bitter:
The term 'bitter' describes one of the sensory characteristics of Andrographis paniculata, known for its strong taste. This attribute reflects the plant's medicinal potential in traditional practices, often linked to its therapeutic effects and biochemical properties that may contribute to its observed bioactivities.
33) Insect:
The term 'insect' refers to the target organisms in the study's larvicidal and acaricidal assessments. Understanding the role and behavior of insects is crucial for developing effective control strategies, particularly in identifying alternatives to synthetic pesticides for managing pest populations in agricultural and public health contexts.
34) Egypt:
This term likely relates to the species under study, specifically Aedes aegypti, an important mosquito vector. Acknowledging this context emphasizes the ongoing global health concerns associated with vector control and the importance of discovering effective, environmentally friendly strategies for managing mosquito populations.
35) Glass:
The inclusion of 'glass' pertains to materials used in the laboratory settings, specifically glass beakers for conducting larvicidal assays. The choice of glass as a material ensures chemical compatibility and enables accurate measurement and observation, significantly impacting the reliability of experimental outcomes.
36) Field:
In this study, 'field' refers to the broader context in which the results may be applied, particularly focusing on the application of findings in real-world agricultural or medicinal settings. Evaluating efficacy under field conditions is essential for translating laboratory results into practical solutions.
37) Death:
The term 'death' signifies the endpoint being measured in the study's experiments, specifically in assessing mortality rates of larvae and parasites. Understanding mortality outcomes is crucial for evaluating the effectiveness of extracts and their potential as natural insecticides and acaricides.
38) Acrid:
The term 'acrid' characterizes the strong taste or smell of certain compounds, particularly in Andrographis paniculata. This sensory feature is often tied to the plant's biological activities, correlating with traditional uses and inviting exploration of its active ingredients that contribute to its medicinal properties.
39) Jang:
The mention of 'Jang' references previous work or methods utilized in the extract preparation, giving credit to established protocols. Acknowledging these procedures enhances the credibility of the research and illustrates the methodology used to ensure consistent and reliable results in the study.
40) Sign:
The term 'sign' denotes a measurable indication that helps diagnose mortality or efficacy in study contexts. Recognizing signs of effectiveness, such as inactivity or specific physical changes in organisms, is critical for accurately interpreting the results and determining the impacts of the tested extracts.
41) Lamp:
In the context of the study, 'lamp' refers to the light source used during observations under a microscope. Proper illumination is essential for accurately assessing and documenting the morphological changes, behaviors, or death of organisms, which contributes to the overall quality and validity of the findings.