An overview on cervical cancer
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: An overview on cervical cancer
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Chinmaya Keshari Sahoo, K.Satyanarayana, Prakash Kumar Nayak, Kishan Ranjan Sahoo, Mrutyunjay Champati
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: An overview on cervical cancer
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Cervical cancer is the second most common malignancy in women globally and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries. The disease often disproportionately affects the elderly, economically disadvantaged, and women who do not participate in screening programs. Common risk factors for cervical cancer include young age at first sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners, history of sexually transmitted diseases, and smoking. The primary causative agent of cervical cancer is infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), predominantly types 16 and 18. Screening methods, primarily the Papanicolaou (Pap) test, remain crucial for early detection.
Importance of HPV in Cervical Cancer Development
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most significant risk factor for the development of cervical cancer. Certain high-risk HPV types are strongly associated with cervical malignancies. While HPV infections are prevalent and often self-limiting, chronic infections with high-risk HPV can lead to precancerous changes and subsequently invasive cervical cancer. Regular screening and advancements such as HPV vaccinations can help mitigate the risk of developing cervical cancer by promoting the immune response against these viral types.
The Role of Screening and Prevention
Regular screening via Pap tests and HPV testing is vital for detecting cervical precancers before they progress to cancer. The Pap test collects cervical cells for microscopic examination, while HPV testing identifies the presence of the virus. Preventive measures, including the HPV vaccine, provide promise in reducing cervical cancer incidences, especially among young women prior to sexual maturity. Such programs emphasize the importance of awareness and accessibility to screening, particularly in underserved communities.
Diagnosis and Treatment Options
Cervical cancer diagnosis often follows abnormal Pap test results, leading to further assessments such as colposcopy and biopsy. The staging of cervical cancer involves understanding tumor extent, lymph node involvement, and distant spread, utilizing systems like FIGO. Treatment encompasses various modalities, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, tailored to the stage of cancer and the patient's overall health. For early-stage cancers, options such as hysterectomy and less invasive procedures may be explored, while advanced stages may require a combination of therapies.
In conclusion, cervical cancer poses a significant health challenge worldwide, exacerbated by various risk factors including HPV. Prevention through vaccination and regular screening continues to be paramount in decreasing incidence and mortality rates. Ongoing education for both women and healthcare providers is essential in managing and addressing cervical cancer effectively.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the primary cause of cervical cancer?
The primary cause of cervical cancer is infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly high-risk types like HPV 16 and 18, which are linked to most cervical cancer cases.
What are the common types of cervical cancer?
The most common types of cervical cancer are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, with squamous cell carcinoma comprising about 80% of cases.
How can cervical cancer be prevented?
Cervical cancer can be prevented through regular screening with Pap tests, HPV vaccination, and avoiding exposure to HPV by practicing safe sex.
What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?
Common symptoms of cervical cancer include abnormal vaginal bleeding, unusual vaginal discharge, and pain during intercourse.
What tests are used to diagnose cervical cancer?
Diagnosis often begins with an abnormal Pap test, leading to further tests like colposcopy, biopsy, and HPV testing to confirm the presence of cancer.
What treatments are available for cervical cancer?
Treatment options for cervical cancer include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies, depending on the stage and extent of cancer.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “An overview on cervical cancer”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Cancer:
Cancer refers to a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and division, leading to the formation of tumors. In the context of cervical cancer, it is specifically the malignancy that arises in the cervix, primarily due to risk factors like HPV infection, smoking, and immunosuppression.
2) Drug:
Drugs are chemical substances used to diagnose, treat, or prevent diseases. In the context of cervical cancer, specific drugs like cisplatin are used in chemotherapy and radiation to enhance treatment efficacy. Understanding drug interactions, side effects, and administration is essential for effective cancer management.
3) Blood:
Blood is a vital body fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and immune cells throughout the body. In cervical cancer treatment, blood cells may be affected by chemotherapy, leading to low blood counts, which can increase infection risk. Regular monitoring of blood parameters is crucial during treatment.
4) Chemotherapy:
Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs to kill cancer cells or inhibit their growth. It is commonly used to treat advanced cervical cancer and is often combined with radiation therapy. Efficacy, side effects, and patient tolerance are important factors in its administration.
5) Incision:
An incision is a cut made in the skin or tissue during surgical procedures. In cervical cancer surgeries, incisions vary based on the surgical method, such as laparoscopic or abdominal hysterectomy. Proper technique is crucial to minimize complications and promote healing.
6) Inci (Iñci, Imci, Incī):
Inch is a unit of measure commonly used to describe size or distance in the imperial system. In medical contexts, dimensions of tumors or surgical instruments may be referenced in inches, facilitating clear communication among healthcare professionals regarding procedures and measurements.
7) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
Transformation refers to the process by which normal cells undergo changes that can lead to cancerous growth. In cervical cancer, the transformation typically occurs at the transformation zone of the cervix, where precancerous changes related to HPV infection initiate malignancy.
8) Nausea:
Nausea is a common side effect of cancer treatments, particularly chemotherapy. It involves the sensation of an urge to vomit and can significantly impact a patient's quality of life. Effective management strategies are essential to help maintain patients' comfort during treatment.
9) Irritation:
Irritation refers to discomfort or inflammation caused by various factors, including cancer treatments. Patients undergoing radiation therapy may experience irritation in the treatment area, impacting skin and mucosal tissues. Managing irritation through pain relief or topical therapies is crucial for patient care.
10) Substance:
A substance is any material with a specific composition. In the context of cervical cancer, substances can include carcinogens like those found in cigarette smoke that increase cancer risk, as well as therapeutic agents like chemotherapy drugs used to treat cancer.
11) Vomiting:
Vomiting is the expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth, often seen as a side effect of chemotherapy. Managing vomiting through antiemetic medications is critical to improve the patient’s quality of life and compliance with treatment protocols.
12) Swelling:
Swelling refers to an abnormal enlargement due to fluid accumulation, often occurring in response to surgery, radiation, or tumor growth in cervical cancer patients. Monitoring and managing swelling, especially post-surgery, is essential for recovery and overall patient comfort.
13) Reason:
A reason provides the underlying justification for an action or occurrence. In cervical cancer, understanding the reasons behind the development, progression, and recurrence of the disease informs treatment decisions and patient education strategies.
14) Sugar:
Sugar, particularly in the context of diet, can impact overall health and disease management. Some studies suggest that high sugar intake may influence cancer cell metabolism. Nutrition plays an essential role in supporting patients undergoing treatment for cervical cancer.
15) Diet:
Diet refers to the kinds of foods consumed regularly by an individual. A balanced and nutritious diet can aid in maintaining health during cervical cancer treatment and recovery, potentially influencing outcomes and the patient's overall wellbeing.
16) Hand:
Hand often symbolizes skill and manual dexterity in medical procedures. Surgeons rely heavily on their hands during various interventions for cervical cancer, such as biopsies and hysterectomies, where precision is critical for favorable patient outcomes.
17) Inflammation:
Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection, often causing redness, swelling, and pain. In cervical cancer, inflammation can be linked to HPV infection and immune response. Understanding inflammation's role aids in the diagnosis and treatment planning.
18) Medicine:
Medicine encompasses both the science of diagnosing and treating diseases and the substances used in treatment. In cervical cancer, medicine includes interventions like chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and pain management strategies designed to enhance patient care.
19) Mutation:
Mutation refers to changes in the DNA sequence that can lead to cancer. Specific mutations associated with oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes play a critical role in the development of cervical cancer, primarily influenced by HPV and environmental factors.
20) Activity:
Activity in the context of cervical cancer may relate to cellular activity, patient physical activity, or treatment modalities. Understanding the activity level of patients can help enhance energy management and optimize recovery during and after cancer treatment.
21) Keshari (Keśarī, Kesarī, Kesari, Keśāri, Kesha-ari):
Keshari refers to Chinmaya Keshari Sahoo, one of the authors of the reviewed article on cervical cancer. His contributions, alongside other researchers, focus on providing vital insights and information regarding cervical cancer's diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
22) Anxiety:
Anxiety is a common emotional response among cervical cancer patients, stemming from diagnosis, treatment uncertainty, and side effects. Addressing anxiety through psychological support and clear communication is essential for enhancing patient outcomes and quality of life.
23) Desire:
Desire reflects an individual's longing or wish, which may relate to personal goals and health aspirations during cancer treatment. Supporting patients' desires for quality care and life can enhance psychological wellbeing and treatment adherence.
24) Fear:
Fear is a natural, often overwhelming response to uncertainty and perceived threats. In cervical cancer, fear of diagnosis, treatment, and potential outcomes can significantly impact patients' emotional health. Effective communication and support strategies can help mitigate fear.