Efficacy of herbal vs. chlorhexidine mouthwash on periodontal pathogens
Journal name: Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology
Original article title: Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of a herbal mouthwash and chlorhexidine mouthwash on select periodontal pathogens: An in vitro and ex vivo study
The Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology (JISP) publishes original scientific articles on periodontology (the study of supporting structures of teeth) and oral implantology. It is a bimonthly open-access journal with special issues for specific occasions.
This page presents a generated summary with additional references; See source (below) for actual content.
Summary of article contents:
Introduction
This study investigates the antimicrobial efficacy of a herbal mouthwash compared to chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash against specific oral bacteria linked to periodontal diseases. The increasing concern regarding the side effects of CHX, particularly with long-term use, has led to an interest in alternative solutions, such as herbal mouthwashes. Prior research has suggested that herbal extracts possess antimicrobial properties, but their effectiveness relative to CHX remains unclear. To address this gap, the study utilizes both in vitro and ex vivo tests to assess the antimicrobial impact of the herbal mouthwash on various standard bacterial strains.
Comparative Efficacy of Mouthwashes
The results indicate that while CHX exhibited stronger antimicrobial effects compared to the herbal mouthwash, especially against critical pathogens like Streptococcus mutans and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, no statistically significant differences were noted between the two mouthwashes in certain tests. For example, in vitro tests via broth dilution revealed no significant variation in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) between the two treatments, though CHX consistently demonstrated greater effectiveness across most bacterial strains. Conversely, the ex vivo testing showed that both mouthwashes were comparably effective against the mixed bacterial populations found in supragingival dental plaque, suggesting that the herbal mouthwash possesses some antimicrobial capability.
Conclusion
In conclusion, although CHX remains the superior antimicrobial agent in comparison to the herbal mouthwash, the latter also shows promising effectiveness against selected oral pathogens. The findings emphasize the need for careful consideration when interpreting in vitro results for in vivo applications, as methodological differences can affect outcomes. Furthermore, the herbal mouthwash may serve as a viable adjunct to mechanical oral hygiene practices, warranting further exploration in well-designed clinical trials to evaluate its long-term usage and efficiency against periodontal pathogens.
Original source:
This page is merely a summary which is automatically generated hence you should visit the source to read the original article which includes the author, publication date, notes and references.
Multazim Muradkhan Pathan, Kishore Gajanan Bhat, Vinayak Mahableshwar Joshi
Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology:
(A bimonthly open-access journal)
Full text available for: Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of a herbal mouthwash and chlorhexidine mouthwash on select periodontal pathogens: An in vitro and ex vivo study
Year: 2017 | Doi: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_382
Copyright (license): CC BY-NC-SA
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What was the aim of the study on herbal mouthwash?
The study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial effects of a herbal mouthwash compared to chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash, focusing on certain bacteria involved in periodontal diseases through in vitro and ex vivo testing.
What methods were used to test the mouthwashes' effectiveness?
The researchers used minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing through broth dilution and agar diffusion methods, along with ex vivo testing on supragingival dental plaque samples from healthy volunteers.
How did chlorhexidine compare to the herbal mouthwash?
Chlorhexidine showed significantly higher antimicrobial activity against certain bacteria compared to the herbal mouthwash, particularly against Streptococcus mutans and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, although both mouthwashes had similar effects overall.
What conclusion was reached regarding the herbal mouthwash's efficacy?
The study concluded that while chlorhexidine was more effective, the herbal mouthwash demonstrated antimicrobial action and could serve as an adjunct to mechanical cleaning, warranting further investigation in clinical trials.
What limitations were noted for the antimicrobial testing methods?
The study highlighted that antimicrobial testing results can vary based on methodology, emphasizing the need for careful interpretation and the importance of conducting in vivo studies for more accurate conclusions.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Efficacy of herbal vs. chlorhexidine mouthwash on periodontal pathogens”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Study (Studying):
In research, a 'study' represents a structured investigation of a particular topic, evident in the research detailed in the provided text. It involves systematic data collection, analysis, and conclusions derived from testing hypotheses concerning the effectiveness of herbal and chlorhexidine mouthwash against specific bacteria implicated in periodontal disease.
2) Disease:
'Disease' refers to a pathological condition affecting the body's normal functioning. In the context of the provided document, it highlights periodontal disease, which is detrimental to oral health. Understanding the microbial agents linked to such diseases is crucial for developing effective treatments, including the comparison of mouthwashes in controlling bacterial growth.
3) Species:
'Species' denotes distinct organisms that share common characteristics. The research identifies specific bacterial species such as *Streptococcus mutans* and *Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans*, crucial to the study. Recognizing these species is essential in evaluating their susceptibility or resistance to the antimicrobial effects of different mouthwashes, aiding in targeted oral health interventions.
4) Activity:
'Activity' indicates the functional efficacy of a particular agent. In this study, it pertains to the antibacterial activity of the herbal and chlorhexidine mouthwashes against various oral bacteria. Understanding the activity level helps determine which mouthwash provides better microbial control, thus informing clinical practice in dental hygiene and periodontal management.
5) Blood:
'Blood' in this context primarily refers to the blood agar media, a culture medium used for growing bacteria. The reference indicates the methods employed to assess bacterial growth and the efficacy of antimicrobial treatments. Utilizing blood-based media is critical for creating favorable conditions for the cultivation of fastidious oral bacteria in research.
6) Satva (Shatva):
'Satva' refers to the essence or extract derived from plants, commonly used in herbal formulations. In the study, *Mentha satva* and *Yavani satva* represent specific herbal components within the mouthwash. These components are believed to enhance antimicrobial properties, reflecting the integrative approach of using traditional herbal knowledge in modern dental care.
7) Table:
'Table' usually signifies a structured arrangement of data for clarity and comparison. Although not explicitly in the provided text, it can relate to how results are displayed during analysis—comparing the effectiveness of various mouthwashes against microbial species. Tables aid in simplifying complex data, making findings accessible for understanding treatment outcomes.
8) India:
'India' indicates the geographical context of the study, as the herbal mouthwash tested is manufactured by a company in Bengaluru, India. This highlights the significance of exploring local herbal remedies in oral health care and reflects the increasing interest in traditional forms of medicine as adjuncts to modern therapeutic practices.
9) Bibhitaka:
'Bibhitaka' or *Terminalia bellirica* is one of the herbal ingredients found in the tested mouthwash. Known for its medicinal properties, Bibhitaka is widely used in Ayurvedic medicine. Its inclusion reflects the interest in natural products for antimicrobial efficacy in oral health, indicative of a broader trend toward integrative health practices.
10) Nagavalli (Naga-valli):
'Nagavalli', referring to *Piper betle*, represents another herbal component of the mouthwash. Traditionally used for its aromatic and therapeutic properties, its inclusion points to the integration of traditional herbal remedies in modern dentistry, often valued for potential antimicrobial effects, reinforcing cultural practices in contemporary health treatments.
11) Hygiene (Hygienic):
'Hygiene' pertains to practices for maintaining health and preventing disease, particularly in oral health. The study emphasizes the importance of supplemental hygiene products, like mouthwash, alongside mechanical cleaning, in controlling dental plaque and bacterial levels, further highlighting the significance of oral hygiene in preventing periodontal diseases.
12) Yavani:
'Yavani', or *Trachyspermum ammi*, is an ingredient in the herbal mouthwash noted for its medicinal properties. Its presence signifies the study's assessment of multiple herbal extracts, showcasing a comprehensive approach to understanding the potential health benefits of such ingredients in improving oral hygiene and combating periodontal pathogens effectively.
13) Taila (Thaila):
'Taila' refers to oil, specifically *Gandhapura taila* in this context, a component in the tested mouthwash. Oils are often utilized for their antimicrobial properties and are integral in many herbal formulations. Recognizing the role of such elements showcases the blending of traditional practices with modern therapeutic strategies in dental care.
14) Pilu:
'Pilu', or *Salvadora persica*, is known for its role in oral health, often used in traditional oral hygiene practices (such as Miswak). Its use in the herbal mouthwash studied highlights the emphasis on natural agents believed to possess bacterial inhibition properties, which aligns with current trends toward holistic health solutions.
15) Miti:
'Miti' directly translates to 'earth' or 'soil', but in the context of the study, it may metaphorically represent the foundational aspects of indigenous knowledge related to herbal remedies. It reflects the cultural aspect of the study, connecting modern scientific inquiry to traditional practices in oral health care.
16) Gold (Golden):
'Gold' here informs the classification of chlorhexidine as the 'gold standard' of mouthwash in this study. This term signifies its established efficacy against microbial infections, establishing a benchmark against which the effectiveness of the herbal mouthwash can be objectively compared, stressing its importance in dental therapeutics.
17) Post:
'Post' often indicates subsequent actions or discussions regarding findings. In research, post-hoc analyses provide insights into data interpretation and allow for deeper understanding. In the context of the study, the term highlights the importance of thorough examination of results following initial tests to form comprehensive conclusions about mouthwash effectiveness.
18) Terminalia bellirica:
'Terminalia bellirica', known as Bibhitaka, is a key herb studied for its antimicrobial properties. Its relevance lies in exploring alternative dental treatments through herbal solutions. Research on such specific components can enhance knowledge on traditional medicine applications and their potential in modern health care, particularly in oral hygiene practices.
19) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
'Transformation' refers to significant changes in state or nature. In the context of the study, it can relate to bacterial adaptability within biofilms, which can alter drug susceptibility. Understanding transformation is crucial in developing effective treatments for infections, emphasizing the need for ongoing research in microbial behaviors in response to therapies.
20) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
'Antibiotic' signifies substances used to treat bacterial infections by inhibiting growth or killing bacteria. Although the study specifically evaluated mouthwashes, understanding antibiotics' general role in combating infections positions the research within the larger context of microbial management, highlighting the need for supplementary treatments that lessen reliance on synthetic antibiotics.
21) Pomegranate:
'Pomegranate' serves as an example of a recognized antimicrobial agent in traditional medicine. Though not the primary focus of the current study, its mention aligns with the broader context of integrating natural compounds into dental care, demonstrating the potential of various fruits and extracts in enhancing oral hygiene and preventing disease.
22) Discussion:
'Discussion' is a crucial section in research where findings are analyzed and contextualized. In the document, this part emphasizes interpreting the results of the mouthwash study, drawing connections with established literature while considering implications for practical dental hygiene recommendations, underscoring the necessity of reflecting upon research outcomes to inform future practices.
23) Developing:
'Developing' in the research context refers to the ongoing progress in creating effective antimicrobial solutions for oral health. This underlines the dynamic nature of scientific inquiry aimed at improving treatment options, particularly the growth in use of herbal alternatives alongside conventional methods, reinforcing the quest for optimal patient care strategies.
24) Knowledge:
'Knowledge' encompasses the understanding gained from research and experience, serving as a backbone for scientific inquiry. In this study, knowledge about herbal ingredients' antimicrobial properties contributes to developing effective dental treatments. Expanding this knowledge base around alternative therapies reflects a significant aspect of integrating traditional wisdom into contemporary clinical practices.
25) Himalaya (Hima-alaya):
'Himalaya' refers to the Himalaya Drug Company, indicating the origin of the herbal mouthwash. Its inclusion signifies the relevance of local industry in promoting traditional remedies within modern medicine, showcasing how regional companies can influence contemporary healthcare products, reflecting a growing market for herbal oral hygiene solutions.
26) Swelling:
'Swelling' denotes an abnormal enlargement, often related to inflammation. In the study, it hints at potential adverse effects associated with chlorhexidine use, linking back to the concept of balancing effective treatments while minimizing undesirable effects. This relevance stresses the need for thorough evaluations of both benefits and drawbacks of treatments in dentistry.
27) Surface:
'Surface' often pertains to the external layer or interface of objects, significant in oral health as it relates to plaque accumulation on teeth. The study investigates mouthwash effectiveness on various bacteria present on tooth surfaces, emphasizing the importance of targeting the right environments to achieve optimal antibacterial effects in preventing dental diseases.
28) Company:
'Company' refers to an organization involved in the production or commercialization of goods. It contextualizes the involvement of the Himalaya Drug Company in this study, highlighting a corporate contribution to the sector of herbal mouthwash—promoting recognition of such products within the broader pharmaceutical landscape as potential alternatives to conventional options.
29) Powder:
'Powder' relates to the ground form of certain ingredients used in the herbal mouthwash. Various herbal aspects, like the powders from plant components, indicate traditional applications and their intended effects. This highlights the importance of ingredient preparation in ensuring proper dosing and efficacy within herbal formulations for oral health.
30) Cotton:
'Cotton' in this context likely refers to the cotton rolls used in the sampling process to isolate teeth from saliva during the study's participant procedures. Its presence underscores the meticulous attention to hygiene and proper technique in collecting dental plaque samples, ensuring research integrity and accuracy in measuring mouthwash effectiveness.
31) Tulsi:
'Tulsi', or *Ocimum sanctum*, is known for its health benefits in traditional medicine, including antimicrobial properties. Its incorporation indicates a wider exploration of herbal remedies within the study. Highlights the trend toward combining botanical extracts for enhancing oral health and reflects a broader perspective on using natural products for therapeutic purposes.
32) Horse:
'Horse' in this context is referenced in conjunction with horse serum, which may be used in microbiological testing to assess MIC values. This points to the significance of media components in influencing antibacterial properties, denoting the intricate conditions under which oral pathogens are evaluated for potential treatments using various methodologies.
33) Visit:
'Visit' typically refers to an appointment or occurrence for consultation. In the context of the study, it relates to participant engagement in the research process for dental plaque collection. This element highlights participant involvement as essential for obtaining representative data regarding microbiological assessments, which is pivotal for achieving conclusive results.
34) Neem:
'Neem' refers to *Azadirachta indica*, another herb cited for its medicinal properties often employed in oral care. Although not the focal point of this study, mentioning neem aligns with the exploration of holistic approaches and herbs with demonstrated antimicrobial potential, further supporting the trend of integrating natural solutions in contemporary dental hygiene efforts.
35) Drug:
'Drug' signifies a substance used for medical purposes, which could include both conventional and herbal medications. In the study, discussing plant-derived components presents evidence of evolving perspectives toward herbal remedies as viable alternatives in treating dental diseases, underscoring the shift toward embracing integrated methods in managing health.
36) Male:
'Male' indicates the gender of participants involved in the study. Including demographic details adds context to research findings, assessing variations in responses based on gender. Understanding participant diversity is essential for ensuring comprehensive data, which can generate insights into the broader applicability of results across different population groups.