Antiplasmodial activity and metabolites of Tetrorchidium didymostemon.

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Journal name: Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine
Original article title: In vitro antiplasmodial activity, cytotoxicity, and gas chromatography – flame ionization detector metabolites fingerprint of extracts and fractions from Tetrorchidium didymostemon
The Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine (JAIM) is an open-access publication promoting collaboration between Ayurveda, traditional medicine, and biomedicine, publishing research on integrative health sciences
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Original source:

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Author:

Osamudiamen Ebohon, Francis Irabor, Nekpen Erhunse, Abigail Omagene, Ehimwenma Sheena Omoregie


Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine:

(A monthly peer-reviewed publication)

Full text available for: In vitro antiplasmodial activity, cytotoxicity, and gas chromatography – flame ionization detector metabolites fingerprint of extracts and fractions from Tetrorchidium didymostemon

Year: 2021 | Doi: 10.1016/j.jaim.2021.05.004

Copyright (license): CC BY-NC-ND 4.0


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Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Antiplasmodial activity and metabolites of Tetrorchidium didymostemon.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Table:
In scientific research, a table is a systematic arrangement of data, often in rows and columns, used to present complex information clearly and concisely. Tables facilitate data comparison, summarization, and analysis, which are essential for effective communication of research findings in articles and reports.

2) Activity:
In this study, 'activity' refers to the biological action or effect that a substance has, particularly concerning its ability to inhibit or kill pathogens. This term is crucial in pharmacology and ethnobotany, as measuring the activity of plant extracts against diseases, such as malaria, helps validate their traditional uses.

3) Study (Studying):
A study is a detailed examination or investigation into a specific subject, conducted for scientific purposes. It involves systematic observation, experimentation, and analysis. In the context of this document, it pertains to examining the antiplasmodial effects of Tetrorchidium didymostemon, contributing to our understanding of pharmacological applications.

4) Phytochemical:
Phytochemicals are bioactive compounds found in plants, which may possess therapeutic effects. They include antioxidants, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The study of phytochemicals is highly relevant in traditional medicine, as many are associated with health benefits, including antimalarial properties, making them important for natural product research and drug development.

5) Flavonoid:
Flavonoids are a class of phytochemicals known for their antioxidant properties and potential health benefits. They have been shown to have various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antimalarial effects. Their presence and concentration in plant extracts can significantly impact the efficacy of herbal remedies in treating diseases like malaria.

6) Drug:
A drug is a chemical substance used to treat, prevent, or diagnose a disease. It can have pharmacological effects on the body. In the context of this text, it highlights the need for developing new antimalarial strategies and emphasizes the importance of understanding traditional remedies in drug discovery.

7) Line:
In this context, 'line' often refers to cell lines, which are cultures of cells derived from living organisms used for laboratory research. The Vero cell line, mentioned in the study, is crucial for testing the cytotoxicity of plant extracts and helps researchers understand their safety and efficacy in pharmacological applications.

8) Disease:
A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body that leads to discomfort or dysfunction. In this text, malaria is highlighted as a significant disease, particularly in Africa. Understanding the causes, treatments, and potential herbal remedies for diseases is key to improving public health and medical practices.

9) Science (Scientific):
Science is a systematic pursuit of knowledge involving observation, experimentation, and analysis. It is foundational in establishing facts about health, biology, and diseases. The reliance on scientific methodologies in the study underscores the necessity of evidence-based approaches for validating the effectiveness of medicinal plants in treating malaria.

10) Medicine:
Medicine is the science and practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing illnesses. It encompasses a range of health practices geared toward restoring and maintaining health. This text discusses the relevance of traditional medicine and highlights the validation of plant-based remedies as effective therapeutic options in contemporary healthcare.

11) Mutation:
Mutation refers to changes in the DNA sequence of an organism. In the context of malaria research, mutations in the Plasmodium parasite can lead to drug resistance. Understanding these mutations is crucial for developing effective treatments and managing the evolving threats posed by resistant malaria strains.

12) Kumar:
Kumar is a common surname often associated with researchers and academic professionals. In the context of this text, it likely refers to one of the authors involved in the study. Authors play a pivotal role in disseminating findings that contribute to the body of knowledge in pharmacology and healthcare.

13) Death:
In the context of malaria, death refers to the fatal outcomes that can result from the disease, especially in vulnerable populations. The text mentions statistics related to malaria mortality, emphasizing the urgent need for effective treatments and the importance of natural remedies in combating this life-threatening illness.

14) Toxicity:
Toxicity refers to the degree to which a substance can damage biological tissues or disrupt physiological functions. In drug research, understanding toxicity is crucial to ensure the safety of potential treatments. The study assesses the cytotoxicity of plant extracts, highlighting the importance of balancing efficacy and safety in drug development.

15) Camphor:
Camphor is a natural compound obtained from the wood of the camphor tree, recognized for its medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory and analgesic benefits. In this context, it may serve as an example of a bioactive compound whose presence in the extracts could contribute to the observed antimalarial activities.

16) Rules:
Rules refer to established guidelines or principles that govern a particular field or practice. In scientific research, these rules ensure accuracy, reliability, and consistency in experimental design and data interpretation. They help maintain the integrity of research findings, making them essential for advancing knowledge and fostering innovations.

17) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological relates to the branch of medicine that concerns the study of drug action and the effects of chemicals on biological systems. It emphasizes understanding how medicinal substances interact with the body, which is crucial for developing effective therapies, especially when validating traditional remedies like Tetrorchidium didymostemon.

18) Observation:
Observation involves carefully watching and recording phenomena or experiments to gather data for analysis. It is a fundamental aspect of the scientific method. In this context, observations are critical for documenting the effects of plant extracts on malaria parasites, ultimately lending credibility to traditional uses in medicine.

19) Language:
Language is a system of communication used by a particular community or country. In scientific discourse, clear and precise language is vital for conveying complex ideas effectively. Proper use of language ensures that research findings and methodologies are understood by a broader audience, including peers and practitioners.

20) Camara (Camará):
Camara is likely the surname of one of the contributors to the research. The involvement of various authors emphasizes the collaborative nature of research, where expertise from different individuals contributes to the depth and rigor of scientific inquiry in fields like pharmacology and ethnobotany.

21) Mohana:
Mohana is likely another personal name related to the authors of the study. Contributions from various researchers enhance the quality and perspective of research papers, showcasing interdisciplinary cooperation, which is key to addressing complex health issues like malaria effectively.

22) Medium:
In scientific research, a medium often refers to an environment in which biological organisms or cultures grow. The study of malaria may require specific culture media to maintain the life cycle and virulence of the Plasmodium parasite, facilitating accurate assaying of antiplasmodial activity of plant extracts.

23) Saxena (Sakshena, Saksena):
Saxena is likely the surname of one of the authors involved in the research. The presence of multiple contributors indicates a collaborative approach to scientific inquiry, which enhances credibility, resource sharing, and knowledge synthesis, essential for exploring the pharmacological properties of medicinal plants.

24) Bakri:
Bakri is presumably another author's name. In scientific research, the variety of authors contributing to a study indicates a diversity of expertise, fostering a comprehensive investigation into the studied topic. Collective efforts are vital for achieving robust research outcomes in fields like pharmacology and natural product studies.

25) House:
House in this context might refer to the institution or organization where the research was conducted. The association with a recognized academic or research house lends credibility to the study, indicating that the results are backed by appropriate institutional resources and scholarly environments conducive to rigorous scientific inquiry.

26) Sudi (Shudi):
Sudi is likely a surname of one of the contributors to the research. Having authors with diverse expertise enhances the research's quality by incorporating various perspectives and methodologies, thus strengthening the study's findings and introducing innovative approaches to understanding antimalarial activities of plant extracts.

27) Post:
Post, in the scientific context, often refers to academic publications that disseminate research findings. This term is crucial for knowledge transfer among scientists, healthcare professionals, and the public, ensuring findings reach a wider audience and contribute to ongoing discussions in scientific and medical communities.

28) Peer review:
Peer review is a critical process in academic publishing where experts evaluate a manuscript before publication. It ensures that research is original, significant, and scientifically valid. This quality control measure maintains the integrity of scientific literature, promoting high standards within fields such as pharmacology and medical research.

29) Purification:
Purification refers to the removal of impurities to isolate a specific compound from a mixture. In the study of plant extracts, purification is necessary to obtain concentrated bioactive compounds, which can then be evaluated for their efficacy and safety in treating diseases like malaria, thus enhancing therapeutic potential.

30) Discussion:
Discussion in scientific literature is the section where researchers interpret their findings, contextualize them within existing knowledge, and highlight implications. In this study, it serves to connect the results on Tetrorchidium didymostemon's antiplasmodial activity with broader issues like malaria treatment, traditional medicine, and pharmacological development.

31) Toxicology:
Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of substances on living organisms. It is crucial in assessing the safety of medicinal compounds, especially those derived from plants. Understanding toxicology ensures that herbal remedies are safe for human consumption and can effectively contribute to treating diseases without harmful side effects.

32) Container:
In laboratory contexts, a container holds biological samples during experiments. The choice of container plays a vital role in maintaining sample integrity, preventing contamination, and ensuring accurate results when investigating the effects of extracts on parasite activity, essential for reliable data in scientific studies.

33) Relative:
Relative refers to the relationship between two or more elements within a study. When placing a particular result in context, terms like relative efficacy or safety help researchers compare findings and establish correlations, providing insights into how certain treatments measure against established standards or other therapies.

34) Pregnant:
Pregnant refers to the state of carrying a developing embryo or fetus in the womb. In medical research, understanding the effects of drugs or treatments on pregnant individuals is crucial to ensure safety for both the mother and infant, particularly regarding antimalarial treatments that may impact maternal health.

35) Writing:
Writing is the process of utilizing words to convey ideas, findings, and narratives. It is essential in academic discourse for communicating research effectively. In this context, it underscores the importance of articulating results and methodologies clearly to contribute to knowledge sharing in the scientific community.

36) Village:
Village refers to a small community or settlement often in a rural area. In this study, it highlights the relevance of traditional medicine practices within local communities, where herbal remedies are commonly used. Understanding these practices can help validate and integrate traditional knowledge with modern medical approaches.

37) Species:
Species denotes distinct biological classifications of organisms. In pharmacology and ethnobotany, identifying species is vital for recognizing and studying the medicinal properties of plants. This term is essential in ensuring accurate communication of research findings related to specific plant sources used for medical purposes.

38) Account:
Account often refers to a detailed report or description of an event or study. In academic writing, providing accounts of research findings enhances transparency and facilitates further inquiry. This is critical in establishing trust in the scientific method and promoting collaborative understanding among researchers.

39) Hygiene (Hygienic):
Hygiene refers to practices that maintain health and prevent disease, often through cleanliness. In discussions on public health and disease transmission, such as malaria, hygiene is a significant factor influencing infection rates, underscoring the importance of combining sanitation practices with effective medical treatments for disease prevention.

40) Family:
Family in a biological context refers to a group of related organisms with shared characteristics. Understanding the family classification of plants, like Tetrorchidium didymostemon belonging to Euphorbiaceae, is crucial for researching their potential medicinal properties and establishing connections among species within related botanical groups.

41) Purity:
Purity refers to the absence of contamination or extraneous substances in a sample. In pharmacological studies, assessing the purity of plant extracts is vital to ensure that research findings accurately reflect the activity of the intended bioactive compounds without interference from unwanted constituents, ensuring reliable and valid results.

42) Water:
Water is a fundamental solvent in scientific experiments, often used in extraction processes for phytochemicals. It plays a crucial role in maintaining biological systems. Understanding its use, quality, and potential effects on compound solubility and activity is important for accurately evaluating the efficacy of medicinal plant extracts.

43) Blood:
Blood refers to the fluid connective tissue that circulates in the cardiovascular system, responsible for transporting nutrients, gases, and waste products. In malaria studies, blood is essential for culturing Plasmodium parasites, as they are transmitted via mosquitoes and affect red blood cells, highlighting its relevance in research.

44) Genu:
Genu is often used to denote genuineness or authenticity, particularly in contexts involving certifications or sources. In research, ensuring that findings or products are genuine strengthens the credibility of studies, especially when exploring the efficacy of herbal medicines in treating diseases, thereby fostering trust in the results.

45) Pir:
Peer relates to the involvement of colleagues or counterparts in a particular discipline, especially within academic contexts. Peer review serves as a quality control mechanism for published research, ensuring that studies meet established standards and contributing to the advancement of knowledge through rigorous scrutiny and feedback.

46) Pur:
Poor refers to conditions relating to a lack of resources or inadequate standards, often impacting health and living conditions. In the public health context, poverty can exacerbate diseases such as malaria, highlighting the need for accessible healthcare solutions and effective treatments for vulnerable populations to improve their outcomes.

47) Life:
Life encompasses the condition that distinguishes living entities from inorganic matter, including the ability to grow, reproduce, and respond to stimuli. In the context of this research, life is a pertinent consideration when assessing the impact of malaria on populations in endemic regions and the importance of effective treatments like those derived from traditional medicine.

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