Spermicidal activity in vitro of bark extract of azadirachta indica in rats
Journal name: Ancient Science of Life
Original article title: Spermicidal activity in vitro of bark extract of azadirachta indica in rats
The ANSCI is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal focused on Ayurveda and traditional medicines. It publishes original research, reviews, and literary studies linking traditional knowledge with modern science, covering disciplines like botany, ethnomedicine, pharmacology, and clinical research.
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Original source:
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Vinita Bhargava, A.O. Prakash
Ancient Science of Life:
(A quarterly multi-disciplinary scientific research journal in Ayurveda)
Full text available for: Spermicidal activity in vitro of bark extract of azadirachta indica in rats
Year: 2000
Copyright (license): CC BY-NC-SA
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The study investigates the spermicidal activity of the ethanolic extract of the bark of Azadirachta indica, commonly known as Neem, on rat spermatozoa in vitro. Despite extensive research on Neem and its various parts, there has been a notable focus on neem oil as a contraceptive agent, with limited studies on the bark itself. The research aims to fill this gap by testing the potential of a 50% ethanolic extract of Neem bark, assessing its effectiveness in immobilizing spermatozoa.
Spermicidal Activity of Neem Bark Extract
The results of the study reveal that the ethanolic extract of Neem bark possesses significant spermicidal properties. In experiments using a wet drop method, the extract, when applied in a 1:1 ratio with spermatozoa suspension at a 10% concentration, achieved complete mortality of spermatozoa within 10 seconds. Similarly, a 1:2 ratio led to all spermatozoa being rendered inactive within 20 seconds. These findings suggest that the bark extract is not only effective but potentially offers a new natural alternative to conventional synthetic spermicides, which often cause irritation and unwanted side effects.
Conclusion
The investigation concludes that the ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica bark is a potent spermicidal agent when tested in vitro on rat spermatozoa. The study emphasizes the need for further exploration of plant-based contraceptives, particularly the bark of Neem, as a viable option due to its rapid action and effectiveness. As the search for safer contraceptive methods continues, this research has the potential to contribute significantly toward developing new herbal contraceptive formulations.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What was the aim of the study on Azadirachta indica?
The study aimed to evaluate the spermicidal activity of 50% ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica bark on rat spermatozoa in vitro, as previous research had focused more on Neem oil and other parts of the plant.
How was the spermatozoa suspension prepared for testing?
Healthy male Wistar strain rats were anesthetized, and a small incision was made to remove the testes. The contents of the cauda epididymis were flushed with Ringer’s Locke solution to create a spermatozoa suspension.
What were the key findings regarding motility of spermatozoa?
The study found that 100% mortality of spermatozoa occurred within 10 seconds when a 10% extract was mixed in a 1:1 ratio, while in a 1:2 ratio, all spermatozoa died within 20 seconds.
What is the significance of studying Neem bark extract?
The significance lies in identifying a natural, effective spermicidal agent from the bark of Azadirachta indica, which has been less studied compared to Neem oil, potentially providing a safer option for contraception.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Spermicidal activity in vitro of bark extract of azadirachta indica in rats”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Neem:
Neem, or Azadirachta indica, is a versatile plant known for its medicinal properties, especially in traditional medicine. The bark extract's spermicidal activity highlights its potential for contraceptive applications, indicating its relevance in fertility research and herbal medicine. Its historical significance and ongoing studies in reproductive health make it vital for scientific inquiry.
2) Activity:
In the context of this study, 'activity' refers to the spermicidal effects of the ethanolic extract of Neem bark on rat spermatozoa. Understanding such biological activities is essential for developing safe and effective contraceptive methods, demonstrating how natural substances can influence reproductive processes and highlighting the importance of rigorous scientific evaluation.
3) Glass:
The term 'glass' in this study pertains to laboratory equipment, specifically glass slides and cover slips, used for microscopic examination. Proper laboratory practices, including the use of clean glass apparatus, are crucial for ensuring accurate results in biological and chemical experiments, emphasizing standards in scientific research methodologies.
4) Azadirachta indica:
Azadirachta indica, commonly known as Neem, is a tree native to the Indian subcontinent. Its various parts, including leaves, seeds, and bark, are used in traditional medicine and research for their medicinal properties. This study focuses on the bark extract's efficacy as a spermicidal agent, showcasing its potential applications in reproductive health.
5) Water:
Water serves as a solvent and medium in biological experiments, facilitating the dilution of herbal extracts and creating spermatozoa suspensions for testing. In this research, water’s role underscores the necessity of maintaining physiological conditions for accurate outcomes, demonstrating how essential it is for laboratory procedures in zoological studies.
6) Zoology:
Zoology is the branch of biology that studies animals and their behavior, physiology, and classification. This study takes place within the School of Studies in Zoology, illustrating the discipline's role in researching animal models, like rats, to understand reproductive health, fertility mechanisms, and the effects of natural substances like Neem extract.
7) Incision:
An incision refers to a surgical cut made during the procedure to retrieve spermatozoa from the rat's testes. This term highlights the ethical considerations and technical skills involved in animal studies, which are crucial for ensuring the humane and effective collection of biological samples necessary for physiological research.
8) Sharman (Śarma, Sarmā, Sarma, Sharma, Śarman):
Sharma is likely referenced as an author of earlier studies discussed in the research. This indicates the interconnectedness of scientific literature, where past research influences current investigations. Citing established authors underscores the validity of the research practices and findings related to spermicidal activities, forming a continuum in scientific inquiry.
9) Discussion:
The discussion section of a research paper interprets and contextualizes the findings, comparing them with existing literature. Here, it addresses the implications of the spermicidal activity of Neem bark extract and its therapeutic potential. This part is essential for understanding the results within the broader landscape of contraceptive research and herbal medicine.
10) Irritation:
Irritation is a common side effect associated with synthetic spermicides, which can cause discomfort in users. The study mentions it to contrast the potentially milder effects of natural alternatives, like Neem extract. Aiming to reduce irritation could enhance user compliance and safety, highlighting the importance of developing effective herbal contraceptive options.
11) Itching:
Itching is another undesirable effect linked to chemical contraceptives, similar to irritation. Addressing this issue in contraceptive solutions is critical as it can affect user acceptability. The mention of itching emphasizes the need for safe, natural alternatives, such as Neem extract, that minimize side effects while maintaining efficacy in spermicidal action.
12) Science (Scientific):
Science encompasses the systematic study and investigation of natural phenomena. This research exemplifies the scientific method, emphasizing hypothesis testing, data collection, and analysis in exploring the medicinal properties of Neem bark extract. It highlights the necessity of rigorous scientific inquiry in understanding herbal compounds' biological effects and their potential applications.
13) Shukla (Śukla, Śuklā, Suklā, Sukla):
Shukla likely refers to a collaborator or author in previous cited studies, contributing to the broader scientific discussion surrounding spermicidal activities. Mentioning researchers emphasizes the collaborative nature of scientific research, where various contributions build a foundation of knowledge leading to further studies and advancements in herbal contraceptive methods.
14) Bitter:
Bitter compounds from the Neem plant are noted for potential adverse effects, particularly concerning palatability in animal studies. This term stresses the challenges faced in developing edible or palatable formulations of Neem-based contraceptives. Understanding bitter properties is essential in assessing the overall efficacy and safety of herbal formulations for human use.
15) Simha (Siṃha):
Sinha references a researcher whose past work may provide context or evidence supporting the current study. Such citations are critical in scientific literature to demonstrate credibility and continuity in research. This connects the study to a larger body of work focused on Neem’s contraceptive effects and herbal medicine.
16) Diet:
Diet is an important factor in animal studies, affecting growth, health, and reproductive outcomes. The rats in this study were maintained on a standardized diet, ensuring that nutritional variables did not influence the results. Understanding the interaction between diet and experimental outcomes is vital for designing robust biological studies.