Taxonomy, morphology, pharmacology, and chromatography of neem leaf extract.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Taxonomical, morphological, pharmacological, and chromatographic aspects of azadirachta indica (neem) leaves extract
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Harshika Singh, Dheeraj Sharma, Devesh Kumar Sharma and Dr. Neeraj Singh
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Taxonomical, morphological, pharmacological, and chromatographic aspects of azadirachta indica (neem) leaves extract
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20232-30973
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, is a revered plant in traditional medicine systems, particularly in Ayurveda, and is often hailed as a "panacea for all diseases." Known for its extensive range of biological activities, neem has been utilized for over 2000 years in various regions, primarily in India and its neighboring countries. The neem tree belongs to the Meliaceae family and is characterized by its significant medicinal properties found in various parts, including leaves, seeds, flowers, and bark. Neem is celebrated not only for its therapeutic qualities but also for its ecological benefits, serving as a natural pesticide and insect repellent across the globe.
Antioxidant and Pharmacological Properties
One of the notable features of neem leaves is their potent antioxidant activity, which plays a vital role in mitigating oxidative stress in biological systems. Research indicates that extracts from neem leaves, especially those obtained through ethanol and methanol, exhibit significant antioxidant properties, effectively neutralizing free radicals. These antioxidant compounds are essential in preventing cellular damage, thus promoting overall health. Furthermore, neem leaves have demonstrated remarkable pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, and immunomodulatory effects, making them beneficial in treating various diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and infections.
Extraction Methods and Their Importance
The extraction of active compounds from neem leaves is crucial for harnessing their medicinal properties. This process involves various methods, including maceration and the use of solvents like water and alcohol, which helps in isolating bioactive constituents such as glycosides, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Each solvent possesses distinct advantages and disadvantages, influencing the yield and quality of the extracts. For instance, water is a safe and cost-effective solvent but may promote microbial growth, while alcohol has better preservative qualities but is flammable. Understanding these extraction techniques is essential for maximizing the therapeutic potential of neem leaves.
Immunomodulatory and Antimicrobial Activities
Neem leaves are recognized for their immunomodulatory effects, enhancing the body's defense against infections by improving antibody production and removing toxins from the bloodstream. This natural immune-boosting quality makes neem an invaluable asset in traditional medicine. Additionally, neem exhibits notable antimicrobial properties, effective against various pathogens. Extracts have shown efficacy in combating bacteria, fungi, and viruses, making neem a promising candidate in the management of infectious diseases. Studies indicate that its components can inhibit cell growth in pathogens and contribute to the control of foodborne illnesses.
Conclusion
In summary, Azadirachta indica, or neem, is a multifaceted plant with a rich history in medicinal use. Its numerous bioactive compounds confer a wide range of health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory properties. The various extraction methods available for isolating these compounds play a critical role in preserving their efficacy. As research continues to unveil the potential of neem extracts, it opens pathways for the development of innovative, natural remedies that can complement conventional medicine while minimizing adverse health effects. The understanding of neem's pharmacological properties highlights its potential as a foundation for future therapeutic advancements.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is Azadirachta indica commonly known as?
Azadirachta indica is commonly referred to as 'Neem' or 'Indian lilac'. It is renowned for its wide range of medicinal properties and has been used in traditional medicine for over 2000 years.
What are the key therapeutic properties of neem leaves?
Neem leaves possess numerous therapeutic properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antibacterial effects. They are used in remedies for various ailments such as diabetes, skin diseases, and infections.
What is the historical significance of neem in medicine?
Neem has been utilized for thousands of years in traditional systems like Ayurveda and Unani, often referred to as a 'panacea' for numerous diseases, highlighting its importance in ancient medicine.
How are neem leaves typically extracted for medicinal purposes?
Medicinal compounds from neem leaves can be extracted using methods like maceration with water or alcohol. These solvents help in separating active ingredients such as flavonoids and alkaloids.
What are some typical home remedies involving neem leaves?
Common home remedies include using neem oil for arthritis relief, chewing neem leaves for dental health, and consuming neem tea to boost immunity and treat fevers.
How does neem exhibit antioxidant activity?
Neem leaves contain compounds that stabilize free radicals, preventing cellular damage. Extracts have shown significant antioxidant properties, helping in reducing oxidative stress and associated diseases.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Taxonomy, morphology, pharmacology, and chromatography of neem leaf extract.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Neem:
Neem is a significant tree in traditional medicine, recognized for its wide spectrum of biological activities. Its extracts are associated with therapeutic properties such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects, which contribute to various health benefits, showcasing its relevance in natural remedies.
2) Tree:
The tree denotes a living plant with limbs and branches. In this context, the neem tree’s ecological significance and medicinal properties are emphasized, affirming its role in biodiversity.
3) Neem tree:
Neem tree refers specifically to Azadirachta indica, revered for its therapeutic properties across different cultures. It is integral to various traditional medicinal systems, and its parts are utilized for treating ailments, thereby marking its significance in ethnopharmacology.
4) Activity:
Activity in pharmacological terms refers to the biological effects or responses elicited by a substance or treatment. This term underscores the significance of neem leaves and their extracts in exhibiting beneficial health effects, presenting a basis for further pharmacological exploration.
5) Azadirachta indica:
Azadirachta indica is the scientific name for neem, a tree renowned for its medicinal properties. The name reflects its taxonomy and underlines its importance in traditional medicine and modern research, contributing to discoveries regarding its therapeutic potentials.
6) Blood:
Blood is a vital fluid in the body responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, and waste products. In relevance to neem, it’s notable that certain neem extracts have been studied for their effects on blood sugar levels and overall health.
7) India:
India is the native region of the neem tree, thus playing a crucial role in its traditional application and cultural significance. The diversity of medicinal plants in India further highlights the importance of neem in Ayurvedic and other traditional health practices.
8) Water:
Water as a solvent plays a crucial role in the extraction of bioactive compounds from neem leaves. Its use signifies the blending of traditional practices with modern extraction techniques, emphasizing the importance of water in making medicinal applications accessible.
9) Medicine:
Medicines encompass substances utilized to treat illnesses. Neem tree extracts have been integrated into various medicinal formulations, highlighting its essential role in traditional and contemporary healthcare remedies.
10) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological relates to the study of drugs and their effects on biological systems. This term is pertinent when discussing neem’s various therapeutic properties, reinforcing its significance in the development of natural and effective medicinal products.
11) Genu:
Genu is a related term often used to denote a knee or bend in anatomical terms. Its inclusion here seems misplaced; however, it can signify anatomical locations in human or plant biology when contextualized.
12) Lucknow:
Lucknow is a city in India, recognized in this context as the location where significant research and studies regarding neem are conducted. It highlights the integration of academic disciplines and traditional knowledge in the area of pharmaceutical sciences.
13) Disease:
Diseases encompass various pathological conditions impacting health. Neem's role in the treatment or management of diseases highlights its importance in natural medicine and therapeutic approaches.
14) Species:
Species refers to the basic unit of biological classification that identifies a group of organisms capable of interbreeding. It underscores the biological diversity within the genus Azadirachta, emphasizing the significance of neem's species in ecological and medicinal studies.
15) Family:
Family is a higher taxonomic rank in the classification of organisms. The neem belongs to the Meliaceae family, stressing its particular biological relationships and shared characteristics with other plants in this family.
16) Insect:
Insects are various small arthropods, some of which can be pests. Neem is noted for its efficacy against insects, thus presenting it as a natural alternative for pest control in agriculture.
17) Indian:
Indian pertains to anything related to India, where the neem tree is originally from. It emphasizes the cultural and historical context surrounding neem within Indian traditional medicine, highlighting its deep-rooted usage in Ayurvedic practices.
18) Babu:
Babu is a term often used in Indian contexts to denote a person with a particular social status. Here, it likely refers to the educational institution developing knowledge in pharmacology related to neem, emphasizing human contributions to studying this plant.
19) Road:
Road often symbolizes pathways or routes. In this context, it might indirectly relate to accessibility to educational and research institutions in Lucknow, where studies on neem are being conducted.
20) Pharmacology:
Pharmacology is the branch of medicine that deals with the study of drugs and their interactions with biological systems. This is directly relevant to neem as it emphasizes the research into its therapeutic benefits and chemical properties.
21) Inflammation:
Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection. Neem possesses anti-inflammatory properties, making it significant in traditional and modern medicine for treating conditions associated with inflammation.
22) Container:
Container refers to any receptacle that holds substances. In the context of extracting neem's active constituents, it highlights the methods used for extraction and the care taken in handling medicinal materials.
23) Pesticide:
Pesticide refers to substances used to kill or control pests. The relationship between neem and natural pesticidal properties is significant, underscoring its role in promoting sustainable agriculture without harmful chemicals.
24) Margosa:
Margosa is another name for the neem tree. Its mention emphasizes the cultural and linguistic diversity surrounding the tree while reflecting its traditional uses within various regions.
25) Pouring:
Pouring refers to the action of transferring a liquid from one container to another. In the context of extracting compounds from neem leaves, it is a practical step that illustrates the techniques employed in pharmacognostic studies.
26) Bitter:
Bitter describes the taste profile of neem leaves. This characteristic is significant in both culinary and medicinal uses, as it often correlates with bioactive compounds that contribute to health benefits.
27) Sharman (Sarma, Sarman, Sharma):
Sharma is a common surname in India and may represent researchers involved in pharmacological studies of neem. Its appearance underlines the human aspect behind the scientific exploration of medicinal plants.
28) Nature:
Nature refers to the natural world and its organisms. The study of neem underlines the intersection between nature and human health, showcasing how natural resources can lead to therapeutic advancements.
29) Fever:
Fever is a common symptom of various illnesses, and neem is traditionally used to alleviate fevers. This highlights neem's relevance in ethnomedicine as a remedy against common ailments.
30) Death:
The death suggests an end, often associated with the cessation of biological functions. In a health context, understanding how to prevent disease-related deaths can be significant, which draws attention to neem’s potential health benefits.
31) Study (Studying):
The study refers to systematic research or analysis on a particular topic. It highlights the ongoing investigations into neem's multifaceted applications in medical science, sustaining the narrative of its traditional use.
32) Hair:
Hair is often associated with beauty and health. Neem leaves are used in natural remedies for hair health, particularly in combating dandruff and promoting scalp wellness.
33) Drug:
Drugs are substances used for medical purposes. Neem's extracts have been categorized among natural drugs, reinforcing its significance in pharmacological research for potential therapeutic applications.
34) Oil:
Oils derived from neem seeds are known for their various health benefits. The extraction of neem oil demonstrates its importance in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and agricultural applications as a natural remedy.
35) Food:
Food refers to substances consumed for nourishment. Neem's role can be tied to its preservation properties in food systems, showcasing the multifaceted benefits it offers beyond medicinal uses.
36) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibacterial terms are used interchangeably with anti-bacterial, capturing neem's effectiveness against harmful bacteria. This highlights the therapeutic potential of neem extracts in treating bacterial infections.
37) Observation:
Observation involves noting and recording phenomena to gain insights. Specifically for neem, observations can lead to critical understanding of its pharmacological activities and broader implications in health.
38) Performance:
Performance refers to effectiveness or functionality in action. This term can indicate the performance of neem in clinical studies, showcasing its efficacy in treating various health conditions.
39) Surrounding:
Surrounding implies the environment or context in which something exists. The surrounding social and ecological aspects can greatly influence the perception and use of neem in various communities.
40) Depression:
Depression refers to a mental health condition affecting mood and behavior. Research into neem's effects on depression highlights its potential as a natural remedy in mental health care.
41) Flavonoid:
Flavonoid, similarly to flavonoids, indicates a specific type of compound beneficial for health. Their antioxidant properties attributed to neem underline its significance in preventing cellular damage.
42) Picumarda (Picu-marda):
Picumarda is a vernacular name for neem. The reference stresses the diversity in nomenclature associated with this tree, reinforcing its cultural relevance across different regions.
43) Attacking:
Attacking in a biological context generally concerns the active engagement of pathogens toward a host. In relation to neem, it may relate to its protective effects against diseases.
44) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda is a traditional Indian system of medicine emphasizing natural remedies. Neem's extensive use in Ayurveda showcases its integral role in therapeutic practices and natural healing approaches.
45) Gujarati:
Gujarati refers to the language spoken in the Indian state of Gujarat and represents regional names for neem. It illustrates the cultural significance and linguistic diversity surrounding the tree.
46) Sanskrit:
Sanskrit is an ancient language of India, often utilized in traditional medicinal texts. The mention of neem in Sanskrit underlines its historic significance in the evolution of wellness practices.
47) Kannada:
Kannada is a language spoken in the southern Indian state of Karnataka. The inclusion of Kannada terms for neem reflects the regional diversity and the plant's significance across various cultures.
48) Bengali:
Bengali denotes the language spoken in the Indian state of West Bengal, along with its cultural relevance. It represents the multitude of names and uses of neem across diverse linguistic communities.
49) Quality:
Quality refers to the standard or grade of something. In the context of neem, it emphasizes the importance of high-quality extracts to ensure efficacy and therapeutic outcomes in research and application.
50) Heating:
Heating is a process used in the extraction of compounds. It is crucial for effectively obtaining bioactive constituents from neem, demonstrating the application of physical methods in herbal medicine.
51) Mineral:
Mineral refers to naturally occurring inorganic substances essential for various bodily functions. Neem does contain significant minerals, furthering its relevance as a nutritional and medicinal resource.
52) Arishta (Arista):
Arista is another vernacular name for neem, emphasizing cultural variations in naming. It signifies the plant's importance across different regions and underscores the diversity in traditional uses.
53) Aureus:
Aureus often refers to Staphylococcus aureus, a significant pathogen. The mention highlights neem’s antimicrobial potential against clinically relevant bacteria, reinforcing its role in traditional and modern medicine.
54) Cancer:
Cancer signifies a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. Neem is investigated for its potential anti-cancer properties, reflecting its relevance in future therapeutic applications.
55) Purity:
Purity refers to the degree of freedom from contaminants. In the context of neem, it is essential for ensuring the efficacy of extracts, thereby underpinning quality control measures in pharmacological research.
56) Filling (Filled):
Filled indicates a state of being full. It may signify the completion of processes, such as extracting neem's properties, thus reflecting methods used in herbal pharmacognosy.
57) Burning (Burn, Burned, Burnt):
Burned refers to the act of combustion. In terms of neem, burning leaves is a traditional practice for pest control, manifesting the tree’s utility beyond medicinal applications.
58) Botany:
Botany is the scientific study of plants. Neem falls within this domain, emphasizing the importance of understanding its taxonomy, biology, and ecological significance within plant sciences.
59) Kumar:
Kumar is a common surname in India. It may represent individuals conducting research on neem, further associating the human aspect with scientific exploration and discoveries.
60) Nimba:
Nimba is a traditional Sanskrit name for neem. Its reference signifies the historical importance of the tree in Ayurvedic and traditional medicine, emphasizing its deep-rooted cultural relevance.
61) Glass:
Glass refers to a solid material typically used for containers. In the context of extraction, glass containers are often used due to their chemical inertness, highlighting practical laboratory applications.
62) Sugar:
Sugar serves as a source of energy and is often related to dietary health. Neem extracts may play a role in managing blood sugar levels, emphasizing their significance in treating conditions like diabetes.
63) Ulcer:
Ulcer refers to a sore on the skin or mucous membrane. Neem is traditionally noted for its benefits in treating skin conditions, including ulcers, showcasing its therapeutic potentials.
64) Hindi (Himdi):
Hindi is one of the primary languages spoken in India. The reference emphasizes the usage of neem in diverse linguistic contexts, highlighting its cultural significance across different regions.
65) Table:
Table often refers to a structured arrangement of data. In scientific contexts, tables summarize findings, such as the pharmacological activities of neem, aiding in the communication of research results.
66) Fight:
Fight denotes the struggle against adversities. In the context of neem, it speaks to its potential role in combating diseases and the quest for better health outcomes.
67) House:
House refers to a structure designed for human habitation. The mention may highlight neem's protective roles in communities, such as pest control or health-related uses within household settings.
68) Cutan:
Sudan is a country in Africa. Inclusion here may indicate the global distribution and relevance of neem, highlighting its presence in various regions beyond its native habitat.
69) Pain:
Pain is an unpleasant sensory experience associated with tissue damage. Neem's potential analgesic properties highlight its relevance in pain management and treatment within traditional medicine.
70) Lily:
Lily is a term usually referring to a flowering plant. Its relevance here might be incidental, but it underscores the botanical diversity and connections between various plant species and their uses.
Other Science Concepts:
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