A review article on inhibitory effect of phyto medicine on rota virus

| Posted in: Science

Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: A review article on inhibitory effect of phyto medicine on rota virus
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Original source:

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Author:

Dr. Mohd. Wasiullah, Piyush Yadav, Ajay Yadav and Shashikant Maurya


World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:

(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)

Full text available for: A review article on inhibitory effect of phyto medicine on rota virus

Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research

Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20231-26748

Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved


Download the PDF file of the original publication


Summary of article contents:

Introduction

Rotavirus is a significant viral pathogen that primarily affects infants and young children, leading to severe diarrhea and dehydration. It is considered the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in children under the age of five, with estimates suggesting it contributes to around 200,000 deaths annually, predominantly in low-income countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that in 2004 alone, over 5 million deaths occurred in children due to rotavirus infections, highlighting its critical public health impact, especially in regions like South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.

Epidemiology of Rotavirus

Rotaviruses are ubiquitous and infect nearly every child globally by the age of three to five years. In 2003, around 114 million cases of rotavirus infection were reported in children, with a significant percentage resulting in hospitalizations due to severe diarrhea. Research indicates that children from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds and premature infants face a higher risk of hospitalization from rotavirus gastroenteritis. The infection tends to peak seasonally in temperate climates while remaining prevalent year-round in tropical regions, underlining the need for ongoing surveillance and preventive strategies.

Transmission and Diagnosis

Rotavirus spreads primarily through the fecal-oral route, requiring only a small number of infectious particles to initiate an infection. Effective sanitation measures are often insufficient at curbing rotavirus transmission, as evidenced by similar infection rates in countries with varying levels of sanitation. Diagnosis typically involves identifying the virus in a patient's stool using techniques such as enzyme immunoassay (EIA) or PCR. These methods ensure accurate rotavirus surveillance and are crucial for determining appropriate treatment regimens, particularly in differentiating rotavirus infections from other causes of gastroenteritis.

Treatment and Prevention

The treatment for rotavirus infections focuses on symptom relief and rehydration, as there is no specific antiviral cure available. Oral rehydration therapy is a critical intervention, especially in developing countries. Preventative measures include vaccination, which has been shown to significantly reduce severe disease and dehydration, even though it may not completely eliminate subsequent infections. Strategies to minimize exposure to the virus, including thorough handwashing and isolation of infected individuals, are essential components of managing rotavirus outbreaks in communal settings like hospitals and schools.

Conclusion

In conclusion, rotavirus remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide, necessitating comprehensive approaches for prevention and management. While effective vaccines have been developed and are being implemented, enhancing public awareness, improving sanitation, and ensuring access to healthcare are vital for reducing the burden of rotavirus infections. Ongoing research and monitoring will be crucial to adapt strategies as epidemiological patterns evolve, ultimately aiming to eliminate the severe health impacts posed by this pervasive pathogen.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What is rotavirus and who does it primarily affect?

Rotavirus is a leading cause of severe diarrheal infections in children under five years old, leading to significant mortality, particularly in low-income countries.

How is rotavirus transmitted among children?

Rotavirus spreads via the fecal-oral route, requiring only a small number of infectious particles, typically acquired through contaminated hands or objects.

What are common symptoms of a rotavirus infection?

Symptoms usually start with fever and vomiting, followed by watery diarrhea lasting three to seven days, possibly accompanied by abdominal pain.

What is the primary treatment for rotavirus infections?

There is no specific cure for rotavirus; treatment focuses on hydration and symptom relief, with oral rehydration salt solutions being commonly used.

How can rotavirus infections be prevented?

Preventive measures include thorough hand washing, avoiding contaminated food and water, and vaccination to reduce the risk of severe disease.

What vaccines are available for rotavirus?

Two live, attenuated rotavirus vaccines, Rotarix® and Rota Teq®, are effective in preventing severe rotavirus diseases and were licensed in 2006.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “A review article on inhibitory effect of phyto medicine on rota virus”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Viru:
Viru is often short for virus, which signifies a microscopic infectious agent. In the context of rotavirus, it highlights the pathogenic nature of the virus causing gastrointestinal illness primarily in children. Understanding the characteristics and behavior of viruses is crucial in epidemiology and developing strategies to mitigate infections.

2) India:
India plays a significant role in the global context of rotavirus infections, as it has a high incidence of diarrheal diseases caused by this virus among children. The country is a focal point for public health interventions and research on rotavirus vaccines and preventive measures aimed at reducing child mortality.

3) Medicine:
Medicines refer to drugs or substances used to treat or prevent illness. In the context of rotavirus, while no antiviral cure exists, treatments focus on hydration and supportive care. The study of effective medicines helps enhance public health responses and improve health outcomes for those affected by diarreheal diseases.

4) Hand:
Hands, which can spread rotavirus, are a significant vector in disease transmission. Maintaining good hand hygiene is essential to prevent infections, especially in children. Public health initiatives should prioritize educating parents and caregivers about the effectiveness of frequent handwashing in controlling the spread of rotavirus.

5) Developing:
Developing signifies countries with lower socioeconomic status that often face higher rates of infectious diseases like rotavirus. These nations may lack adequate healthcare infrastructure, sanitation, and access to vaccines. Focusing on developing countries is crucial for global health strategies aimed at reducing disease burden and improving child survival.

6) Disease:
Disease indicates an abnormal condition affecting the body, often leading to detrimental health effects. Rotavirus disease, characterized by severe diarrhea and dehydration, primarily impacts children under five. Addressing the disease involves understanding its epidemiology, developing vaccines, and implementing effective treatment protocols to reduce morbidity and mortality.

7) Account:
Accounts refer to the reporting and documenting of data related to rotavirus infections. Accurate accounts are crucial for understanding the disease's impact on public health, identifying high-risk groups, and formulating effective interventions. Continuous surveillance and data collection help inform healthcare policies and strategies aimed at reducing disease burden.

8) Family:
The family refers to the taxonomic group that includes similar species, emphasizing the categorization of viruses. Classifying rotavirus within the Reoviridae family aids researchers in understanding its genetic makeup and behavior, enabling effective vaccine development and targeted public health strategies for disease control.

9) Water:
Water is essential for life but also plays a crucial role in the transmission of rotavirus infections. The virus can be found in contaminated water, drastically impacting communities, particularly in developing regions. Ensuring access to clean drinking water is a vital public health goal to prevent rotavirus and other waterborne diseases.

10) Death:
Death signifies the grave outcome of severe rotavirus infections, particularly affecting young children. Understanding mortality rates associated with the virus underscores the urgent need for preventive measures and effective treatment options. Global health initiatives aim to reduce rotavirus-related deaths through vaccinations and improved healthcare access.

11) Blood:
Blood is often associated with severe cases of rotavirus, where complications such as dehydration may lead to serious conditions. Monitoring symptoms like blood in stool can be critical for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding these conditions helps healthcare providers respond promptly to prevent serious outcomes.

12) Food:
Food can be a medium for rotavirus transmission, especially when improperly handled or contaminated. Emphasizing safe food practices is crucial for preventing the spread of the virus, particularly in settings with vulnerable populations, such as infants. Public health education on food safety is essential in combating infectious diseases.

13) Sign:
Sign refers to the physical indicators that accompany rotavirus infections, such as diarrhea, vomiting, and fever. Recognizing the signs of rotavirus infections helps in timely diagnosis and treatment. Awareness of these symptoms is crucial for both parents and healthcare providers in managing this common pediatric illness.

14) Pain:
Pain is a common symptom experienced by children infected with rotavirus, often associated with abdominal discomfort due to gastrointestinal distress. Understanding the pain associated with rotavirus helps inform supportive care approaches and can improve patient management strategies to alleviate discomfort and improve overall care.

15) Salt (Salty):
Salt is vital in the context of rehydration therapy for rotavirus infections. Electrolyte imbalances caused by diarrhea necessitate the replacement of lost salts and fluids. Oral rehydration solutions that contain appropriate levels of salt are critical for preventing dehydration, especially in children suffering from severe diarrhea.

16) Drug:
Drug refers to medicine used to prevent or treat illnesses. In the case of rotavirus, the focus is on supportive therapies rather than antiviral drugs since no specific therapy exists. Research into effective drugs is essential for improving management options and developing new therapeutic strategies against rotavirus infections.

17) Transmission:
Transmission refers to how rotavirus is spread, primarily through the fecal-oral route. Understanding transmission dynamics is key to implementing effective prevention strategies. This includes promoting hygiene practices, safe food handling, and vaccination, all of which are crucial in minimizing the spread of rotavirus, particularly among young children.

18) Epidemic:
Epidemic denotes a rapid increase in disease cases within a specific area or population, such as those caused by rotavirus. Monitoring epidemic trends is critical for public health planning and response, enabling the targeted allocation of resources and the implementation of control measures to mitigate the effects of outbreaks.

19) Vomiting:
Vomiting is a common symptom of rotavirus infections, often preceding diarrhea. Recognizing vomiting as a symptom is essential for diagnosis. Understanding its implications helps guide treatment, particularly in managing dehydration and ensuring that affected individuals receive prompt medical attention and appropriate rehydration therapy.

20) Maurya:
Maurya likely refers to Shashikant Maurya, one of the authors associated with the research on rotavirus. Citing contributors is important in academic and scientific contexts, acknowledging their efforts and expertise in advancing knowledge about rotavirus and its impacts on health, particularly in the field of pharmaceutical research.

21) Reason:
Reason refers to the underlying causes of rotavirus infections, which are primarily linked to inadequate sanitation and hygiene practices. Understanding the reasons for infection propagation is essential for developing effective public health messages and programs aimed at educating communities on prevention strategies.

22) Crying:
Crying is a behavioral sign in children that may indicate discomfort, pain, or distress associated with rotavirus infection. Parents and caregivers should be attentive to changes in a child’s emotional state, as crying may lead to early recognition of illness, prompting timely medical intervention and necessary healthcare management.

23) Thirst:
Thirst is a significant symptom experienced during rotavirus infections due to dehydration. Recognizing excessive thirst is important as a warning sign of fluid loss, signaling the need for immediate rehydration. Public health messages should emphasize the importance of maintaining hydration in children suffering from diarrhea and vomiting.

24) Fever:
Fever is commonly associated with rotavirus infection and represents the body's response to infection. Identifying fever early can assist in diagnosing rotavirus. Knowing that fever can rapidly lead to dehydration in young children highlights the need for immediate intervention and prompt management strategies to improve health outcomes.

25) Study (Studying):
Study refers to a scientific investigation aimed at understanding rotavirus and its effects. Research studies are essential for developing vaccines, identifying effective treatments, and analyzing epidemiological trends. The knowledge gained from studies informs healthcare practices and can lead to improved preventive measures against rotavirus infections.

26) Genu:
Genu may refer to a typographical error or a less well-known term in this context and doesn't have a direct relevance to the discussion of rotavirus or its related themes. However, ensuring clarity in communication is important in academic and medical contexts to avoid misunderstandings.

27) Tear:
Tear can signify emotional and physical distress, particularly relevant in children suffering from rotavirus infections. Monitoring for signs such as excessive crying without tears may indicate serious dehydration and warrants immediate medical attention. Understanding the emotional indicators can aid caregivers in providing timely care.

28) Life:
Life emphasizes the importance of health and well-being. Rotavirus infections pose a significant threat to the lives of children, particularly in developing countries. Protecting children's lives through vaccination and healthcare access is a primary goal of global health initiatives aimed at reducing mortality and morbidity associated with this virus.

Other Science Concepts:

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Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘A review article on inhibitory effect of phyto medicine on rota virus’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:

Symptomatic treatment, Oral rehydration therapy, Severe dehydration, Immunologic Response, Faecal-oral route, Rotavirus vaccine, Rotavirus infection.

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