Evaluation of pharmacognosy and phytochemicals in two plants.

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Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Evaluation of pharmacognostical end points and preliminary phytochemical screening of vitex negundo (sindhuwar) and cordia dichotoma (sleshmataka)- a research article
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Original source:

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Author:

Dr. Anamika Tuli, Dr. Bhawana Mittal, Dr. Ramesh Chandra Tiwari and Gaurav Sharma


World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:

(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)

Full text available for: Evaluation of pharmacognostical end points and preliminary phytochemical screening of vitex negundo (sindhuwar) and cordia dichotoma (sleshmataka)- a research article

Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research

Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20236-27876


Download the PDF file of the original publication


Summary of article contents:

Introduction

The research article by Tuli et al. (2023) focuses on the evaluation of pharmacognostical endpoints and preliminary phytochemical screening of two medicinal plants, Vitex negundo (Sindhuwar) and Cordia dichotoma (Sleshmataka). Both plants are recognized in Ayurveda for their therapeutic properties and are part of the traditional medicinal practices that often utilize natural remedies for a range of ailments. The study aims to analyze various pharmacognostical and phytochemical parameters to identify and characterize bioactive compounds within these plants, supporting their potential therapeutic applications.

Pharmacognostical Analysis

A significant aspect of the study involves the pharmacognostical evaluation of Sindhuwar and Sleshmataka. This includes gradual observations beginning with organoleptic characteristics such as color, appearance, odor, and taste. The macroscopic study revealed that Sindhuwar appears light ochre, while Sleshmataka is darker in color. Additionally, various physicochemical properties, including moisture content, pH, and different ash values, were systematically evaluated. The findings highlighted important parameters, such as the moisture content being 6.67% for Sindhuwar and 6.14% for Sleshmataka, which are essential for assessing their stability and quality as herbal medicines.

Phytochemical Screening and Active Compounds

The study also undertook a comprehensive phytochemical screening of both plants, revealing the presence of various bioactive compounds. Tests were conducted for carbohydrates, alkaloids, proteins, saponins, glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, steroids, and tannins. Notably, it was found that both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the plants yielded positive results for many of these phytoconstituents, showcasing their potential benefits. For instance, the presence of alkaloids was confirmed through multiple tests, emphasizing their relevance in providing therapeutic effects attributed to these plants in traditional medicine.

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Quantification

To enhance the analytical scope, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was employed to provide a semi-quantitative assessment of the extracts' components. The TLC profiling recorded distinct Rf values, ranging from 0.27 to 0.92 for Sleshmataka and 0.44 to 0.83 for Sindhuwar. This chromatographic analysis allows for the identification of active components present in the extracts and serves as a crucial step in their standardization, ensuring consistent quality and potency in medicinal preparations.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study effectively contributes to the understanding of the pharmacognostical and phytochemical profiles of Vitex negundo and Cordia dichotoma, providing essential information for their identification and standardization in Ayurvedic medicine. Through rigorous evaluation of their characteristics, the study supports the medicinal use of these plants and lays the groundwork for further research into their potential applications. This comprehensive analysis underscores the importance of traditional medicine in contemporary healthcare, highlighting the need for continued exploration of herbal remedies to discover novel therapeutic agents.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What plants are evaluated in this research study?

The study evaluates Vitex negundo, commonly known as Sindhuwar, and Cordia dichotoma, referred to as Sleshmataka, focusing on their pharmacognostical and phytochemical properties.

What is the purpose of the pharmacognostical evaluation?

The pharmacognostical evaluation aims to identify the physical and chemical properties of the plants, providing insights into their quality, purity, and active compounds for use in Ayurvedic medicine.

What are the key findings related to physicochemical analysis?

Key findings include moisture content, extractive values, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, and pH levels, which were assessed for both plant extracts to determine their stability and composition.

What phytochemicals were found in Vitex negundo and Cordia dichotoma?

Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, amino acids, proteins, saponins, glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, steroids, and tannins in both plants.

How was Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) utilized in the study?

TLC was used for semi-quantitative analysis of the extracts, helping to identify and quantify the presence of various phytoconstituents based on the Rf values observed.

What implications do the research findings have for Ayurvedic medicine?

The findings provide crucial information for the identification, standardization, and validation of plant materials used in Ayurvedic medicine, potentially aiding in further research and therapeutic applications.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Evaluation of pharmacognosy and phytochemicals in two plants.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Water:
The water aspect in herb studies is pivotal for extraction processes. Water serves as a solvent to dissolve and concentrate active ingredients from herbs, crucial for assessing their efficacy and therapeutic value in traditional medicine.

2) Drug:
Drugs in this context pertain to substances used for medical purposes, especially those derived from plants. Analyzing and identifying plant-derived drugs helps ascertain their effects and contributes to the credibility of traditional practices in contemporary medicine.

3) Study (Studying):
The study refers to the research undertaken to evaluate pharmacognostical parameters and phytochemical screening of Vitex negundo and Cordia dichotoma. It aims to provide a deeper insight into the medicinal potential and botanical characteristics of these plants.

4) Phytochemical:
Phytochemicals are compounds produced by plants, often responsible for their color, flavor, and disease resistance. This study emphasizes understanding various phytochemicals found in the targeted herbs and their implications for health and healing.

5) Cordia dichotoma:
Cordia dichotoma, known as 'Sleshmataka' in Ayurveda, belongs to the Boraginaceae family. It is traditionally recognized for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, making it a subject of study in pharmacognosy for its potential health benefits and bioactive compounds.

6) Medicine:
Medicines refer to therapeutic substances used to heal or prevent illnesses. The research highlights the significance of traditional herbal medicines, specifically those derived from plants studied, emphasizing their importance in primary healthcare systems, especially in developing countries.

7) Powder:
In the context of the study, powder refers to the processed form of plant materials used for analysis. Powdered samples allow for easier extraction of phytochemicals and narrower formulations, facilitating better assessment of the pharmacognostical properties and active constituents.

8) Calculation:
Calculation processes are crucial in determining various quantitative aspects of the plant extracts, such as moisture content, pH values, or extractive values. These computations provide essential data to support conclusions regarding the quality and efficacy of the herbal materials being studied.

9) Pharmacognostical:
Pharmacognostical relates to the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological properties of drugs derived from natural sources. The research incorporates pharmacognostical evaluation to ensure proper identification and standardization of herbal products, laying the groundwork for their safe use in medicine.

10) Shleshmataka (Slesmataka):
Shleshmataka is the Ayurvedic name for Cordia dichotoma, a plant associated with various medicinal properties. Understanding its traditional uses and active ingredients is crucial for integrating this plant into modern herbal practices and for promoting its potential health benefits.

11) Substance:
Substances refer to the various chemical entities present in the extracts. Studying these substances reveals their potential effects on health and their roles in herbal medicine, thus highlighting the importance of thorough research on plant materials.

12) India:
India is one of the countries where traditional medicine practices, including Ayurveda, are deeply rooted. The study focuses on Ayurvedic herbs prevalent in the Indian subcontinent, underscoring the rich biodiversity and the potential of native plants in modern health applications.

13) Flavonoid:
A flavonoid is a type of flavonoid compound characterized by their distinct chemical structure and health benefits. In this research, the focus on flavonoids addresses their roles as bioactive compounds that can enhance the efficacy of the plant extracts being studied.

14) Kashaya (Kasaya):
Kashaya refers to the astringent taste associated with certain herbal substances in Ayurveda. This quality can contribute to the therapeutic effects of plants, such as their ability to treat various diseases, thus providing an important context for the study's findings.

15) Family:
Family, in this context, denotes the botanical classification of the plants studied, such as the Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae families. Understanding the family structure helps establish relationships among species, thus facilitating broader discussions about their medicinal properties and uses.

16) Nature:
The nature of the plants studied reflects their inherent characteristics, such as their biochemical properties and ecological roles. Understanding the nature of these herbal materials is essential for exploring their medicinal applications and potential benefits.

17) Tikta:
Tikta refers to the bitter taste of certain herbs in Ayurveda, recognized for its ability to bolster digestion and detoxification. The study looks at the presence of tikta qualities within the plant extracts, which contribute to their traditional therapeutic uses.

18) Sugar:
In the context of phytochemistry, sugar generally refers to carbohydrate compounds that may be present in the studied extracts. Identifying sugars can indicate certain biological activities and contribute to overall understanding of the plant's nutritional or health benefits.

19) Table:
The term table refers to organized data presentations, which summarize the findings from the study's analyses. Tables are critical in conveying complex information clearly and effectively, aiding in the interpretation of results for both researchers and readers.

20) Katu:
Katu denotes the pungent taste in Ayurvedic medicine. This quality is thought to promote digestion and stimulate appetite. Understanding the presence and implications of katu in studied plants enhances the grasp of their physiological impacts.

21) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological pertains to the understanding of drug actions, including how plant-based compounds interact in biological systems. This research aims to bridge traditional knowledge and scientific insight by evaluating the pharmacological efficacy of the studied herbal plants.

22) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Anti-bacterial refers to the property of substances that inhibit the growth or destroy bacteria. The study examines the antibacterial potential of the extracts from the plants, contributing to the development of effective natural remedies for combating bacterial infections.

23) Discussion:
Discussion provides a space to interpret and contrast the findings of the study within the broader context of existing knowledge. It allows for critical analysis and helps to identify the implications and future directions of research.

24) Vishaghna (Visaghna, Visha-ghna):
Vishaghna refers to the property of certain herbs that helps neutralize poisons or toxins. This quality is explored in the study of plants used in traditional medicine, highlighting their roles in detoxification and protective effects against harmful substances.

25) Anamika:
Anamika, in this context, refers to Dr. Anamika Tuli, a primary researcher involved in the study. Recognition of contributors is essential for establishing accountability and expertise in the research process, facilitating further inquiry into the specific findings presented.

26) Tantra (Tantrism, Tamtra):
Tantra refers to a traditional system of understanding and practice in Ayurveda. It encompasses methodologies and principles guiding the application of medicinal plants, providing critical insights into how various substances are employed for health and healing.

27) Keshya (Kesya):
Keshya denotes the property related to hair health in Ayurveda. Herbs impacting keshya may promote hair growth or prevent hair loss, potentially highlighted in this study to emphasize the holistic nature of Ayurvedic medicinal use.

28) Vidhi:
Vidhi refers to procedural instructions or methods in the context of utilizing medicinal plants. This term is essential in traditional practices to ensure accurate application, highlighting the importance of methodology in achieving desired therapeutic effects.

29) Campu:
Campu is a term often used in herbal contexts referring to specific preparations or formulations. The study may explore these formulations to illustrate the application and efficacy of traditional remedies based on botanical extracts.

30) Glass:
Glass utensils are frequently used in laboratories for their chemical inertness and clarity. Proper laboratory equipment such as glass beakers or petri dishes is crucial for accurate experimental observations and measurements during phytochemical evaluations.

31) Line:
Line in a research context may refer to a baseline or demarcation within data presentations, helping differentiate between various experimental parameters. This is vital for clarity in illustrating results and guiding subsequent interpretations.

32) Dish (Dis):
Dish typically refers to lab glassware like petri dishes used to hold samples during experiments. Proper utilization of dishes ensures unhindered observation of reactions or growth, facilitating accurate data collection and results analysis.

33) Observation:
Observation refers to a careful assessment of the physical and chemical properties of the plants or their extracts. In this study, it encompasses aspects recorded during experiments that contribute to the understanding of the herbal materials' characteristics.

34) Katutikta (Katu-tikta):
Katu-tikta describes the combination of pungent (katu) and bitter (tikta) tastes in Ayurvedic medicine. This duality can influence the therapeutic actions of herbs, often formulated to achieve specific health benefits, accentuating the importance of flavor profiles in herbal remedies.

35) Developing:
Developing refers to the process of advancing knowledge, methodology, or applications, especially in the context of herbal medicine. It highlights the ongoing efforts to enhance understanding and optimize the use of traditional medicines in contemporary healthcare systems.

36) Rajasthan:
Rajasthan is a region in India known for its rich flora and traditional medicinal practices. The study may focus on local herbs found in Rajasthan, contributing insights into their traditional uses and potential therapeutic applications.

37) Picchila:
Picchila refers to the slimy or viscous texture associated with certain herbs. This property may influence the physiochemical interaction of the plant extracts in herbal formulations, impacting their therapeutic application in Ayurvedic practices.

38) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda is an ancient system of medicine originating from India, emphasizing natural and holistic healing. The study of the plants under this perspective integrates traditional knowledge with scientific inquiry, illustrating the significance of herbal remedies in wellness and health.

39) Dividing:
Dividing refers to the process of categorizing or classifying elements within research. In pharmacognostic studies, dividing materials into specific categories based on their properties facilitates better understanding and application of findings in medicinal practices.

40) Disease:
Disease refers to any condition negatively impacting health, and understanding the landscape of ailments guides the exploration of herbal remedies. The study emphasizes herbal interventions as preventative and curative measures against prevalent diseases.

41) Madhura:
Madhura denotes the sweet taste in Ayurvedic classification, often associated with calming and nourishing properties. Understanding madhura's presence in herbal materials helps in forming comprehensive therapeutic approaches according to Ayurvedic principles.

42) Snigdha:
Snigdha refers to a soothing, smooth quality related to certain plants or substances in Ayurveda. This quality suggests nourishing effects on tissues, important for evaluating the therapeutic potential and suitable applications of herbal extracts.

43) Chandra:
Chandra, typically a name or term signifying 'moon', may refer to Dr. Ramesh Chandra Tiwari in this study. Recognizing contributors in research strengthens the credibility of findings, linking competence and expertise to the information presented.

44) Heating:
Heating is a fundamental process in various herbal extractions and chemical analyses. Controlled heating can facilitate the extraction of active constituents and the conduction of reactions, essential for accurate assessments of phytochemical properties.

45) Science (Scientific):
Science denotes the systematic study of the natural world, which encompasses disciplines like pharmacognosy and phytochemistry. This research exemplifies the integration of scientific methodologies to validate and expand traditional herbal practices in contemporary medicine.

46) Surface:
Surface characteristics of plant materials can significantly influence their interaction with solvents during extraction processes. Understanding surface properties helps optimize extraction techniques and ensures effective isolation of active constituents from herbal sources.

47) Ruksha (Ruksa):
Ruksha refers to the dry quality associated with certain plants or their parts in Ayurveda. This property can enhance therapeutic applications, especially in addressing conditions characterized by excess moisture, showcasing the holistic evaluation of herbal materials.

48) Vipaka:
Vipaka refers to the post-digestive effect of a substance in Ayurveda, determining its long-term effects on the body. Recognizing vipaka enhances comprehension of how herbs influence health beyond their immediate properties, informing their medicinal uses.

49) Sharman (Sarma, Sarman, Sharma):
Sharma, often a surname, may refer to Gaurav Sharma, a contributor to the study. Acknowledging individual roles in research promotes transparency and varies perspectives within the collaborative process in scientific inquiry.

50) Purity:
Purity in herbal studies refers to the absence of contaminants and the presence of desired constituents. Ensuring the purity of plant materials is crucial for validating therapeutic claims and optimizing the safety and efficacy of herbal remedies.

51) Phala:
Phala refers to the fruit or outcome of a plant. In Ayurvedic practices, the significance of a plant's phala encompasses nutritional and medicinal values, highlighting the importance of understanding fruit-bearing species in therapeutic applications.

52) Laghu:
Laghu indicates the light or digestible quality of certain herbs in Ayurveda, relevant for understanding their suitability in different dietary contexts. Analyzing laghu attributes assists in forming comprehensive healing regimens that align with individual health needs.

53) Patra:
Patra refers to the leaves of the plants in Ayurveda, which play a crucial role in medicinal applications. Understanding the significance of patra informs the selection of plant materials for therapeutic purposes based on their properties.

54) Ushna (Usna):
Ushna indicates the hot quality associated with specific herbs. This property is vital in Ayurveda for determining the applicability of plants in various conditions, particularly those benefiting from warming energies, thus furthering the understanding of their traditional uses.

55) Virya:
Virya pertains to the potency of a substance and its capacity to produce physiological effects. Understanding virya enables better selection and application of plants for combating health issues, highlighting their efficacy in therapeutic practices.

56) Guru:
Guru denotes the heavy or solid quality found in certain herbs or substances, which can influence their purpose in treatments. Recognizing guru properties aids in the assessment of appropriate uses in Ayurvedic formulations.

57) Rasa (Rasha):
Rasa refers to the taste or essence of a substance, which is foundational in Ayurvedic pharmacology. Identifying the rasa of the herbs being studied contributes to characterizing their therapeutic implications and aligning them with specific health benefits.

58) Anga (Amga):
Anga is a term denoting the limbs or components in Ayurveda. When researching plant materials, analyzing their anga ensures comprehensive understanding and application of their healing properties within holistic therapeutic practices.

59) Guna:
Guna refers to the inherent qualities of substances as understood in Ayurveda, which determines their therapeutic value. Identifying the guna of studied herbs aids in their classification and informs their suitable applications within traditional medicine.

60) Shand (Sand):
Sand refers to the fine particulate matter that may contaminate herbal samples. Understanding the potential presence of sand is important for establishing quality control standards during herbal analyses, ensuring purity and efficacy of tested materials.

61) Soil:
Soil, as the medium in which plants grow, has implications for the quality and concentration of bioactive compounds in herbs. Investigating the relationship between soil health and plant properties can yield insights into optimizing medicinal plant cultivation.

Other Science Concepts:

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Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Evaluation of pharmacognosy and phytochemicals in two plants.’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:

Cordia dichotoma, Vitex negundo, Medicinal plant, Flavonoid, Positive health, Ayurvedic system of medicine, Herbal medicine, Organoleptic parameters, Preliminary phytochemical screening, Thin Layer Chromatography, Phytochemical analysis, Macroscopic study, Microscopic study, Water soluble ash, Moisture content, Total ash, Traditional System of Medicine, Active ingredient, Physicochemical analysis, Acid insoluble ash, Rf value, Extractive value, Alcohol-soluble extractive, Tannin, Pharmacognostical parameters, Aqueous extractive value, Phytoconstituents presence, Biochemical test, Saponin, Alkaloid, Phytoconstituent, Glycoside.

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