Paneeya kshara in mutrashmari (urolithiasis)

a review article

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Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Paneeya kshara in mutrashmari (urolithiasis)
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Subtitle: a review article

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Author:

Dr. Ravindra Kumar Guleria, Dr. Arvind Kumar Lohar, Prof. Mahesh Dixit, Prof. Hari Mohan Meena, Dr. Namo Narayan Meena and Dr. Rajesh Kumar Soni


World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:

(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)

Full text available for: Paneeya kshara in mutrashmari (urolithiasis)

Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research

Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20237-27890

Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved


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Summary of article contents:

Introduction

Urolithiasis, commonly known as kidney stones or Mutrashmari in Ayurveda, is a prevalent condition characterized by the formation of stones in the urinary tract. The conventional medical approach to treating kidney stones often involves dietary management, hydration, and surgical procedures. However, the Ayurvedic practice offers alternative solutions, one of which includes the use of alkalis termed Kshara. This article reviews the role of Paneeya Kshara in treating urolithiasis, emphasizing its significance in maintaining the balance of Tridosha and rectifying the underlying causes of stone formation.

The Role of Kshara in Urolithiasis

Kshara, defined as alkalis, serves as an important therapeutic agent in Ayurvedic medicine, utilized for its properties of incision, puncture, and scarification to address Tridosha imbalances. Particularly in the treatment of Mutrashmari, Kshara is considered superior to traditional surgical procedures. It works by aiding in the expulsion of stone and alleviating symptoms associated with their presence in the urinary tract. Taking Kalyana Kshara, as stated in Ashtanga Hridaya, may contribute positively to the treatment of this condition, providing a unique approach to managing renal calculi and offering relief to patients.

Nutritional and Hydration Management

Modern science emphasizes the significance of dietary modifications and adequate hydration in preventing kidney stones. Studies have indicated that increasing water intake to at least 2 liters per day can reduce the recurrence of stone disease by 40-50%. The American Urology Association mentions employing shock wave lithotripsy and medical expulsion therapy for managing larger stones. While these approaches can address kidney stones temporarily, they do not prevent recurrence. Ayurveda complements these strategies with its own nutritional insights, prompting patients to maintain both proper hydration and dietary adherence as a proactive measure against urolithiasis.

Surgical and Para-Surgical Interventions

Various surgical and para-surgical techniques are employed in the management of urolithiasis. Minimally invasive procedures like shock wave lithotripsy and ureteroscopy have become standard in clinical practice. However, Ayurveda offers Kshara karma as a para-surgical procedure that addresses particular cases resistant to conventional methods. The formulation of Paneeya Kshara, which consists of medicinal alkalis, can offer effective results in managing Mutrashmari. This approach showcases the integration of traditional Ayurvedic treatments with modern surgical practices, allowing for a broader spectrum of patient care options.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the treatment of urolithiasis through Paneeya Kshara emphasizes the efficacy of Ayurvedic practices in managing kidney stones. The unique properties of Kshara allow for effective management of the condition, addressing both symptoms and underlying causes. While modern medical practices provide valuable insights into dietary management and surgical interventions, Ayurveda’s holistic approach offers complementary options that may enhance the overall treatment outcome for patients suffering from urolithiasis. This study highlights the potential benefits of integrating traditional Ayurvedic medicines with contemporary medical practices in the quest for improved patient care.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What is Kshara and its significance in treating urolithiasis?

Kshara, or alkaline substances, is valued in Ayurveda for treating urolithiasis, particularly Mutrashmari, due to its ability to balance Tridosha and aid in the removal and prevention of urinary stones.

What are the common methods of modern urolithiasis treatment?

Modern treatment methods include dietary modifications, increased hydration, shock wave lithotripsy, medical expulsion therapy, and minimally invasive surgical techniques like ureteroscopy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

How does Paneeya Kshara function in urolithiasis management?

Paneeya Kshara, as an internal alkali preparation, possesses properties like excision and cleansing, which helps alleviate symptoms of urolithiasis and facilitate the removal of urinary calculi.

What role does hydration play in preventing kidney stones?

Adequate hydration is crucial in preventing kidney stones, as increased water intake can reduce recurrence rates by maintaining urine volume of at least 2 liters per day.

What Ayurvedic herbs are used in Paneeya Kshara formulations?

Paneeya Kshara formulations may include various herbs like Patala (Stereospermum suaveolens), Apamarga, and Yava, each contributing diuretic, litholytic, and healing properties beneficial for treating urolithiasis.

What are some surgical options for removing urinary stones?

Surgical options for urinary stone removal include shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and, in rare cases, laparoscopic or open surgeries depending on the stone's size and location.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Paneeya kshara in mutrashmari (urolithiasis)”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Kshara (Ksara):
Ksharas refers to alkalies or medicinal substances derived from plants used in Ayurvedic treatments. Their unique properties make them effective in addressing various conditions and they exemplify Ayurveda's emphasis on natural remedies drawn from the environment for effective health management.

2) Disease:
Diseases in Ayurveda are categorized based on the imbalanced doshas, leading to a range of health issues. Ayurvedic practice aims to treat the root cause rather than symptoms, using herbal remedies, dietary changes, and lifestyle adjustments to restore balance and health.

3) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda, one of the oldest holistic healing systems from India, focuses on balance in the body's energy systems. Its practices prioritize the prevention of disease and promote health through personalized treatment plans, herbal medicines, dietary adjustments, and lifestyle recommendations based on individual constitution.

4) Nature:
In Ayurveda, nature refers to the natural elements that constitute everything, from the human body to medicinal plants. Understanding nature's laws allows practitioners to manipulate herbal properties to achieve therapeutic goals, emphasizing the harmony between humans and their natural environment for holistic healing.

5) Shalyatantra (Salyatantra, Shalya-tantra, Shalyatamtra):
Shalya-tantra is the Ayurvedic branch dedicated to surgery and its methodologies. It encompasses surgical procedures and para-surgical interventions to treat various ailments, using techniques and herbal formulations to minimize pain and promote healing after surgical or non-invasive treatments.

6) Tantra (Tantrism, Tamtra):
Tantra generally connotes a system or a set of principles applied in a traditional context. In Ayurveda, it highlights the disciplined practices and formulations that encompass therapeutic actions and medicinal preparations, underlying the importance of knowledge in effective treatment protocols.

7) Shalya (Salya):
Shalya translates to 'surgical' within the Ayurvedic context. It distinguishes the surgical interventions that can be utilized to treat ailments, particularly those unable to be managed through herbal or non-invasive methods, emphasizing a comprehensive care approach that includes surgical solutions.

8) India:
India is the birthplace of Ayurveda, a comprehensive health system with ancient roots. This rich cultural heritage influences contemporary practices through traditional remedies, philosophies, and holistic approaches to health, making Ayurveda widely recognized both locally and internationally as a healing system.

9) Guna:
Gunas denote the qualities or attributes of substances in Ayurveda, crucial for determining their therapeutic applicability. Understanding Gunas allows practitioners to tailor their interventions based on individual patient needs, ensuring personalized care that aligns with Ayurvedic principles.

10) Udaipur (Udaypur):
Udaipur, a prominent city in Rajasthan, India, is known for its rich heritage and as a center for Ayurvedic education. Institutions in Udaipur contribute significantly to the practice and perpetuation of Ayurvedic sciences, fostering knowledge transfer and therapeutic innovations in the field.

11) Patala:
Patala refers to a medicinal herb, identified as Stereospermum suaveolens, within Ayurvedic texts. Recognized for its therapeutic properties, it is included in various formulations aimed at treating conditions like urolithiasis. Its mention signifies the importance of plant-based remedies in Ayurvedic practice.

12) Karma (Karman):
Karma denotes actions or therapies within Ayurveda, signifying therapeutic procedures that can range from surgical approaches to herbal remedies. In this context, understanding good Karma is crucial for establishing effective treatment plans that address a patient's specific health needs.

13) Lekhana:
Lekhana is a therapeutic action in Ayurveda focused on scraping or eliminating excess tissues or doshas from the body. This process can help treat various conditions, emphasizing the importance of cleansing in promoting overall health and restoring balance.

14) Science (Scientific):
Ayurveda is often regarded as a science of life, emphasizing systematic approaches to health and wellness. It combines aspects of study and observation to form a comprehensive understanding of health, disease, treatments, and lifestyle management, guided by ancient texts and practices.

15) Ushna (Usna):
Ushna refers to properties of heat or warmth in Ayurvedic terminology. Therapies or herbs classified under Ushna are often utilized for conditions caused by cold or sluggishness, promoting circulation and metabolic activity to restore balance in the body.

16) Apamarga:
Apamarga, also known as Achyranthes aspera, is an Ayurvedic herb noted for its medicinal benefits. It is employed in treating various conditions including urolithiasis, due to its ability to cleanse and support renal functions, reflecting Ayurveda's reliance on herbal pharmacology in therapy.

17) Samhita:
Samhita refers to ancient texts compiling the principles and practices of Ayurveda. These texts serve as foundational literature for practitioners, offering guidelines for disease treatment, herbal formulation, surgical procedures, and philosophy, emphasizing the holistic approach of Ayurveda towards health.

18) Shastra (Sastra):
Shastra signifies 'scriptures' or 'textbooks' in Sanskrit. In Ayurveda, it refers to authoritative texts detailing theories, practices, and methods regarding health, disease management, and surgical procedures, establishing a scholarly basis for practitioners to follow in treating patients.

19) Ropana:
Ropana is an Ayurvedic term for healing or rejuvenation processes. It highlights the transformative aspect of treatments that aid in repairing damaged tissues and improving bodily functions, thereby promoting optimal health and recovery from various ailments.

20) Kumar:
Kumar is a common Indian name, signifying a youthful or young individual. In academic contexts, it may be used to denote researchers or practitioners in the Ayurvedic field, reflecting a commitment to learning and advancing traditional healthcare practices in modern settings.

21) Study (Studying):
In the realm of Ayurveda, study implies a systematic investigation into herbal practices, patient management, or successful treatment outcomes. Such research is crucial to validate traditional methods, adapt them, and incorporate evidence-based findings into contemporary Ayurvedic healthcare.

22) Rasa (Rasha):
Rasa refers to the taste or flavor of substances in Ayurveda, playing a crucial role in determining their therapeutic effects. Each taste corresponds to specific qualities (Gunas) that influence bodily functions, and understanding Rasa is essential for effective herbal prescriptions.

23) Pratisharana (Pratisarana):
Pratisarana denotes topical applications of medicinal substances in Ayurvedic treatment. It encompasses therapies involving external applications of herbal preparations to target localized ailments, reflecting the holistic aspect of Ayurveda in addressing both internal and external health issues.

24) Yavakshara (Yava-kshara, Yavaksara):
Yavakshara is an Ayurvedic formulation derived from barley, recognized for its medicinal properties. Used in various treatments, notably for urinary disorders, it is valued for its diuretic and rejuvenative qualities, exemplifying Ayurveda's extensive use of grains for health purposes.

25) Shodhana (Sodhana):
Shodhana denotes purification or detoxification processes in Ayurveda. It is aimed at cleansing the body of toxins and imbalances, thus restoring health. This method underlines the importance of preparing the body for further therapeutic interventions, ensuring a holistic treatment approach.

26) Varanasi (Varanashi):
Varanasi is a revered city in India, recognized for its spiritual significance and educational institutions. It is a hub for Ayurvedic studies, knowledge dissemination, and practice, preserving ancient traditions while promoting advances in holistic health sciences.

27) Madhura:
Madhura refers to sweetness in Ayurvedic terminology. It is one of the six tastes (Shadrasa) and possesses specific health benefits, including soothing and nourishing properties. Understanding Madhura is important in dietary prescriptions for restoring balance and promoting good health.

28) Kalpana:
Kalpana refers to the method of preparation of Ayurvedic formulations. It is critical in determining the efficacy of herbal medicines, highlighting how the right preparation can optimize the therapeutic effects and ensure successful patient outcomes in Ayurvedic practice.

29) Ashmari (Asmari):
Asmari refers specifically to urinary stones or calculi in Ayurvedic classification. It represents a significant health issue addressed with tailored treatments aimed at reducing symptoms, removing stones, and promoting kidney health, thereby reflecting the impact of Ayurveda in urological care.

30) Quality:
The quality of Ayurvedic medicines refers to their effectiveness, purity, and adherence to traditional preparation methods. Ensuring high-quality standards is critical in optimizing therapeutic outcomes and maintaining the integrity of Ayurvedic practices within healthcare settings.

31) Vedana:
Vedana signifies sensation or pain perception in Ayurveda. Understanding Vedana helps practitioners gauge the severity of ailments and tailor treatments accordingly. Effective pain management is a critical aspect of holistic healthcare approaches advocated in Ayurvedic practices.

32) Tikta:
Tikta refers to bitterness, one of the six tastes in Ayurveda. This taste is associated with detoxification and digestion, with remedies characterized by Tikta helping alleviate conditions of excess heat, toxins, and promoting overall bodily health through cleansing.

33) Mutra:
Mutra translates to urine in Sanskrit and is a vital aspect of Ayurvedic diagnostics. Analysis of Mutra can reveal underlying health issues, guiding teachings and herbal treatment plans, thereby forming an essential part of holistic health assessments in Ayurvedic practice.

34) Katu:
Katu refers to pungency in Ayurveda and is one of the six tastes. Katu substances are known for stimulating digestion and promoting circulation, thus understanding this taste can inform treatment choices for various digestive and metabolic issues in patients.

35) Pain:
Pain is a significant symptom that prompts individuals to seek treatment. In Ayurveda, pain is viewed as a manifestation of imbalanced doshas, guiding practitioners in assessing and diagnosing conditions, thus forming an essential consideration in treatment plans.

36) Life:
Life, as understood in Ayurveda, is a balance of physical, mental, and spiritual well-being. Ayurveda advocates a holistic approach to life, encompassing nutrition, exercise, and mental health, aiming for harmony and longevity through balanced living.

37) Ksharasutra (Ksarasutra, Kshara-sutra):
Kshara-sutra is a unique method in Ayurvedic surgery, employing a medicated thread infused with Kshara in treating anal and rectal diseases. This technique showcases the application of Ayurvedic principles in surgical practice, reflecting the blend of herbal medicine and surgical intervention.

38) Krimighna (Krmighna, Krimi-ghna):
Krimighna is a term in Ayurveda referring to substances or treatments with anti-parasitic properties. It plays a key role in addressing infections and imbalances caused by parasites, thus emphasizing the comprehensive approach Ayurveda takes toward disease causation and management.

39) Stambhana:
Stambhana refers to the action of arresting or stopping, particularly in the context of bleeding or secretion. This action is significant in managing acute conditions, emphasizing Ayurveda's ability to address immediate health concerns through appropriate treatment methods.

40) Substance:
Substances in Ayurveda encompass a broad range of herbal and mineral-based materials used for therapeutic purposes. Understanding the properties and classifications of these substances is essential for practitioners to create effective treatments tailored to individual health needs.

41) Tridosha (Tridosa, Tri-dosha):
Tridoshas are the foundational concept in Ayurveda, encompassing Vata, Pitta, and Kapha energies. Their balance dictates health and wellness, shaping individualized treatment approaches aimed at maintaining equilibrium and targeting specific health concerns effectively.

42) Shoshana (Sosana):
Shoshana refers to the action of drying or absorbing in Ayurvedic treatments. This property is utilized in conditions requiring the removal of excess moisture or toxins, demonstrating how the qualities of herbs guide treatment choices for optimal patient outcomes.

43) Vitiation (Vitiated):
Vitiated signifies a disturbed or altered state of the doshas, which underlies various health conditions in Ayurveda. Recognizing vitiation is crucial for accurate diagnosis and targeted treatments aimed at restoring balance and health through individualized approaches.

44) Incision:
Incision in an Ayurvedic context signifies surgical interventions performed to address ailments. This term highlights the evolution of Ayurveda in integrating surgical methods alongside medicinal therapies, reflecting a comprehensive approach to patient care and treatment methodologies.

45) Chedana:
Chedana refers to cutting or excising in Ayurvedic practices. It designates techniques used to remove or eliminate diseased tissues, reflecting the surgical aspects of Ayurveda and its emphasis on comprehensive treatments for various health conditions.

46) Bhedana:
Bhedana signifies splitting or dissecting tissues in Ayurvedic medical practice. This method is often involved in surgical interventions, highlighting the blending of surgical and herbal treatments necessary for effectively managing health issues within a holistic framework.

47) Hridaya (Hrdaya):
Hridaya, meaning heart, symbolizes not just the physical organ but also emotional and spiritual health in Ayurveda. It underscores the interconnectedness of emotional and physical wellness, influencing treatments that focus on both aspects for holistic healing.

48) Snigdha:
Snigdha refers to a quality characterized by being unctuous or oily. It often relates to substances that nourish and provide moisture to the body, possessing balancing properties that can counteract dryness and coldness in various health contexts.

49) Mutrala:
Mutrala indicates diuretic action in Ayurvedic terminology. Substances classified as Mutrala promote urinary flow and are typically used to treat urinary disorders, showcasing Ayurveda's approach to diseases affecting the urinary tract through herbal remedies.

50) Pungent:
Pungent refers to Katu, one of the six tastes in Ayurveda. It is associated with stimulating digestion and metabolism. The inclusion of pungent herbs in treatments highlights their role in enhancing bodily functions and addressing various digestive ailments.

51) Dahana:
Dahana refers to the burning action attributed to certain Ayurvedic treatments. It represents therapeutic actions that induce heat or cauterization, signifying interventions aimed at addressing specific conditions through heat application and fire's transformative power.

52) Sthana:
Sthana translates to 'location' or 'site' in Sanskrit. In Ayurveda, it contextualizes the significance of identifying where imbalances or conditions manifest in the body, guiding targeted therapeutic approaches for effective treatment outcomes.

53) Vipaka:
Vipaka indicates the post-digestive effects of food and drugs in Ayurveda. Understanding Vipaka helps in assessing how substances interact with the body's tissues and energies, guiding practitioners in their dietary and therapeutic prescriptions for optimal health.

54) Darana:
Darana refers to corroding or breaking down tissues in Ayurveda. This term signifies the methods employed to treat abnormal growths or accumulations through surgical approaches, emphasizing the efficacy of Ayurvedic practices in managing complex health conditions.

55) Family:
The family in an Ayurvedic context refers to the classification of herbal medicines based on their botanical characteristics. Understanding these families aids practitioners in selecting appropriate remedies for specific conditions, reflecting how nature's diversity can be leveraged in healthcare.

56) Sharman (Sarma, Sarman, Sharma):
Sharma is a common Indian surname, often associated with scholars or experts in Ayurvedic practices. It represents the legacy of knowledge and expertise passed down through generations, contributing significantly to the evolution and practice of Ayurveda in contemporary contexts.

57) Kapha:
Kapha denotes one of the three doshas (energies) in Ayurveda, associated with structure and stability. Imbalances in Kapha can lead to specific health issues, thus understanding it is crucial for addressing respiratory, digestive, and weight-related conditions in Ayurvedic treatments.

58) Sutra:
Sutra translates to 'thread' or 'aphorism' and refers to the concise principles guiding Ayurvedic practice. Sutras encapsulate complex ideas simply, aiding practitioners and students in memorizing essential teachings that form the bedrock of Ayurvedic medicine.

59) Kleda:
Kleda signifies moisture or the fluid body humors in Ayurveda. It plays a crucial role in the pathology of diseases that involve excess moisture, thus addressing Kleda is essential for managing conditions like Mutrashmari by promoting balance and proper hydration.

60) Virya:
Virya translates to potency or strength within the Ayurvedic context. It refers to the intrinsic power of substances to induce therapeutic effects. Understanding Virya helps practitioners evaluate how different herbs can impact health based on their active components.

61) Water:
The water referenced in Ayurvedic texts symbolizes life, cleansing, and health maintenance. Emphasizing the importance of proper hydration aligns with Ayurvedic teachings on balancing bodily doshas and preventing disease, promoting a holistic understanding of wellness.

62) Arshas (Arsa, Arsas, Arsha):
Arsha refers to hemorrhoids in Ayurveda. Recognized as a common ailment, Arsha is addressed through dietary modifications, herbal treatments, and Kshara therapy, showcasing Ayurveda's comprehensive approach to managing discomfort and promoting healthy digestive function.

63) Daha:
Daha refers to burning or heat sensation in the body, which is evaluated in Ayurveda to understand imbalances, particularly in Pitta dosha. Addressing Daha through appropriate treatments can alleviate discomfort and restore equilibrium augmented by personalized interventions.

64) Salt (Salty):
Salt is a vital component in Ayurvedic medicine, playing a critical role in balancing bodily functions and treatments. It is utilized in preparations to enhance flavors while contributing to health benefits, emphasizing the holistic understanding of essential elements in health care.

65) Drug:
Drug in Ayurveda refers to any substance used for therapeutic purposes, including herbs and minerals. This term encompasses a wide variety of formulations and emphasizes the holistic and multifaceted approach Ayurveda takes in addressing health conditions.

66) New Delhi:
New Delhi, the capital of India, is a city where traditional and modern practices coexist. It serves as a center for Ayurvedic institutions, promoting research and education, contributing toward integrating Ayurvedic practices within medical systems and public health strategies.

67) Stereospermum suaveolens:
Stereospermum suaveolens, the botanical name for Patala, is an important medicinal plant acknowledged in Ayurveda. Its properties are leveraged for treating various ailments, illustrating the significance of flora in therapeutic applications and the holistic approach Ayurveda takes toward health management.

68) Ashtangahridaya (Astangahrdaya, Ashtanga-hridaya):
Ashtanga-hridaya is a classical Ayurvedic text that consolidates knowledge on internal medicine. It forms a cornerstone of Ayurvedic education, providing comprehensive guidelines on treatment protocols and herbal formulations, aiding practitioners in delivering effective healthcare.

69) Cauterisation (Cauterization):
Cauterization refers to the application of heat to treat tissue or wound. In Ayurveda, it signifies interventions that aim to treat lesions or diseases through the application of heat, showcasing the innovative surgical practices integrated into traditional healing methods.

70) Tridoshahara (Tridosahara, Tridosha-hara):
Tridoshahara denotes substances or treatments that balance all three doshas: Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. It highlights the importance of comprehensive approaches in Ayurveda to restore harmony and health by addressing multiple imbalances simultaneously through targeted therapies.

71) Mutrakrichra (Mutrakrchra, Mutra-krichra):
Mutrakrichra refers to difficulties or disorders in urination within Ayurvedic classification. Understanding this condition allows practitioners to tailor treatments that alleviate symptoms, emphasizing Ayurveda's detailed classification and management strategies for urinary health issues.

72) Mahakashaya (Mahakasaya, Maha-kashaya):
Mahakashaya refers to a group or category of medicinal herbs in Ayurveda renowned for their broad-spectrum effects. This classification aids practitioners in identifying potent formulations beneficial for treating various ailments, showcasing Ayurveda's systematic approach to herbal medicine.

73) Vranaropana (Vrana-ropana):
Vranaropana denotes healing of wounds in Ayurveda. This term highlights the importance of promoting tissue repair and granulation, emphasizing therapeutic strategies employed for managing injuries and ensuring swift recovery of the affected areas.

74) Bhagandara (Bhagamdara):
Bhagandara refers to a specific anal disorder, often treated through surgical and non-surgical methods in Ayurveda. It signifies the complexities of gastrointestinal ailments addressed through integrative approaches that combine herbal interventions with surgical techniques.

75) Nadivrana (Nadi-vrana):
Nadi-vrana translates to wounds in vessels and is a significant condition recognized in Ayurvedic medicine. Addressing Nadi-vrana involves comprehensive approaches that emphasize healing and restoration through herbal treatments and lifestyle modifications to prevent recurrence.

[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 157]

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Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Paneeya kshara in mutrashmari (urolithiasis)’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:

Kshara, Shastrakarma, Shalyatantra, Tridosha, Mutrala, Vranaropana, Dietary modification, Kshara-Karma, Urolithiasis, Mutrashmari Urolithiasis, Acharya Sushruta, Ayurvedic Management, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Kshara kalpana, Paneeya Kshara, Clinical outcome, Kalyana Kshara, Shock wave lithotripsy, Ureteric calculi, Acarya Charaka.

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