Synthesis and antimicrobial study of 3,5-diaryl-4,5-dihydro-isoxazoles
structure-activity and relationship
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Synthesis, charactrization and antimicrobial activity of 3,5-diaryl-4,5-dihydro-2-isoxazoline derivatives
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Subtitle: structure-activity and relationship
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Ravi R. Vidule and Madhav M. Kendre
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Synthesis, charactrization and antimicrobial activity of 3,5-diaryl-4,5-dihydro-2-isoxazoline derivatives
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20238-28160
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Isoxazoline compounds have garnered attention in medicinal chemistry due to their diverse biological applications. These five-membered heterocyclic compounds, comprising nitrogen and oxygen, serve as essential building blocks in the synthesis of various biologically active derivatives. The recent study conducted by Ravi R. Vidule and Madhav M. Kendre explored the synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of novel 3,5-diaryl-4,5-dihydro-2-isoxazolines derived from substituted chalcones. This research identifies potential applications of isoxazolines in the pharmaceutical and agricultural sectors, as they function as fungicides, insecticides, and drugs, among other uses.
Synthesis of Isoxazoline Derivatives
A significant focus of the research was the synthesis of 3,5-diaryl-4,5-dihydro-2-isoxazolines (2a-d). The authors reported that these derivatives were synthesized using substituted chalcone compounds (1a-d) in a reaction with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in ethanol, facilitated by acetic acid in an acidic medium. The process involved refluxing the mixture for 2.5 hours, followed by cooling, filtration, and crystallization the synthesized products. Characterization confirmed the structures through FT-IR, NMR, LCMS, and elemental analysis. These methods underscored traditional synthetic techniques combined with contemporary analytical methods, signifying their reliability in organic synthesis.
Antimicrobial Activity Assessment
The antimicrobial potential of the synthesized isoxazoline derivatives was assayed against various microorganisms, focusing on both antibacterial and antifungal activities. The compounds were tested against gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, as well as gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Among the synthesized compounds, a and b demonstrated significant antibacterial activity, specifically against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, while none of the compounds showed effectiveness against Salmonella typhi. This emphasized the compounds’ selective antimicrobial activity and opened avenues for further exploration of their biological efficacy.
Characterization Techniques
An essential aspect of this research was the application of advanced characterization techniques to validate the synthesis of isoxazolines. The study utilized infrared spectroscopy (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) to analyze the properties of the synthesized compounds. The IR spectra supported the cyclization process of the isoxazoline formation, while NMR spectra provided insights into the distinct signals corresponding to molecular protons within the compounds. These characterization methods not only confirmed the successful synthesis of the isoxazolines but also provided a deeper understanding of their molecular structures, aiding future research in tailored drug design.
Conclusion
In summary, the study by Vidule and Kendre has successfully synthesized a novel series of 3,5-diaryl-4,5-dihydro-2-isoxazolines, characterized them using sophisticated analytical techniques, and evaluated their antimicrobial properties. The promising antimicrobial activities against specific bacterial strains highlight the potential of isoxazoline derivatives in therapeutic applications. This research not only contributes to the current literature on isoxazoline compounds but also paves the way for exploring their role in developing effective antimicrobial agents in an era of rising antibiotic resistance. Future studies could explore optimizing the antimicrobial efficacy of these compounds further and examining their mechanisms of action against target microorganisms.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What are isoxazolines and their significance in pharmaceuticals?
Isoxazolines are five-membered heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen and oxygen. They serve as synthetic building blocks for biologically active derivatives, including drugs with antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties.
How were 3,5-diaryl-4,5-dihydro-2-isoxazolines synthesized?
The synthesis involved the condensation of substituted chalcones with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in ethanol using an acidic medium and refluxing. The products were purified through crystallization.
What methods confirmed the synthesis of isoxazoline derivatives?
The synthesized derivatives were characterized using FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, LCMS, and elemental analysis to confirm their structures and purity.
What antimicrobial activities were tested for synthesized isoxazolines?
Antibacterial activity was assessed against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, while antifungal activity was tested against various fungi using standard methods, including the Agar cup method.
Which bacteria were used in the antibacterial screening of isoxazolines?
The antibacterial activity of synthesized compounds was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi.
What antifungal activities were exhibited by isoxazoline derivatives?
The selected isoxazoline derivatives showed significant antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum, highlighting their potential as effective antifungal agents.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Synthesis and antimicrobial study of 3,5-diaryl-4,5-dihydro-isoxazoles”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Activity:
Activity refers to the biological action or effectiveness of a substance, particularly in the context of pharmaceuticals or antimicrobial compounds. This term is critical in pharmacology as it indicates how a compound interacts with biological systems to exert its therapeutic effects, including its role in treating infections by inhibiting microbial growth.
2) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibacterial describes substances that inhibit or kill bacteria. This term is essential in microbiology, pharmacology, and medicine, as it focuses on developing treatments for bacterial infections. Antibacterial compounds are vital for public health, preventing and treating diseases caused by bacteria, and combating antibiotic resistance.
3) Water:
Water is a universal solvent, crucial in chemical reactions, including synthesis in medicinal chemistry. In the context of drug synthesis, water serves as a medium for various reactions and purification processes. Its role is vital to achieving desired chemical properties and ensuring biological compatibility with therapeutics.
4) Table:
Table typically refers to a structured arrangement of data, essential for presenting experimental results clearly and concisely. In scientific literature, tables summarize key findings, such as yields, activities of synthesized compounds, and comparative analysis, facilitating easier interpretation of results and supporting discussions about efficacy and correlations in research.
5) Drug:
Drugs, in plural form, encompass a range of therapeutic compounds used for treating diseases and improving health. This term emphasizes the importance of pharmaceutical development, regulation, and the study of various chemical entities to combat illnesses and enhance patient care worldwide.
6) Discussion:
Discussion is a section in scientific articles where authors interpret results, examine implications, and situate findings within the context of existing research. This critical analysis fosters understanding in readers, highlights significance of the work, addresses limitations, and may suggest avenues for future research.
7) Aureus:
Aureus refers specifically to Staphylococcus aureus, a common bacterium often associated with various infections. Understanding the characteristics and effects of this pathogen is crucial in microbiology and infectious disease, as it is a target for antibacterial drugs and a common cause of healthcare-associated infections.
8) Science (Scientific):
Science refers to the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experimentation. This term underscores the foundation of research methodologies and the quest for knowledge, emphasizing empirical evidence and the scientific method’s role in advancing understanding across disciplines.
9) Medium:
Medium in this context refers to the environment or substance in which chemical reactions occur. In microbiology, it often refers to the nutrient solutions used for growing microorganisms, crucial for studying antimicrobial activity and the efficacy of synthesized compounds in laboratory experiments.
10) India:
India is a country in South Asia, notable for its rich history in scientific research, particularly in pharmaceuticals and natural product chemistry. The reference to India highlights the geographical context of the research presented, suggesting local expertise and the integration of traditional practices with modern scientific methodologies.
11) Loha:
Loha is a town in India, which provides context for the research's institutional affiliation. Mentioning Loha underscores the local academic contributions to scientific advancements in chemistry and medicinal studies from regional institutions, reflecting the blend of local resources and academic inquiry.
12) Shri (Sr, Sri):
Shri is a title of respect in Indian culture, often prefixed to names or titles, indicating deference. Its inclusion emphasizes cultural norms within the academic context and recognizes the individuals' contributions, enhancing the importance of collaboration and respect in scientific communities.
13) Desire:
Desire highlights the aspirations or goals driving scientific research. In pharmacology, it often pertains to the aim of creating effective therapeutic agents. This term underlines the motivations behind experimentation and the pursuit of innovations in drug development to address health challenges.
14) Observation:
Observation refers to the act of monitoring and recording data during experiments. This term emphasizes the methodological aspect of scientific inquiry, contributing to accurate data collection, which is paramount in reproducibility and reliability in research findings, ensuring that valid conclusions can be drawn.
15) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
Transform refers to the process of change, particularly in chemistry, where substances undergo structural or functional modification during reactions. This term highlights the dynamic nature of chemical synthesis and the conversion of starting materials into new compounds, a fundamental aspect of drug development and research.
16) Purity:
Purity refers to the absence of impurities in a substance, critically influencing the safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals. This term is essential in chemistry as it relates to the quality and reliability of synthesized compounds, which must meet strict standards before clinical application.
17) Ravi (Ravin):
Ravi is a personal name, often indicating the author or researcher involved in the study mentioned. Its inclusion humanizes the scientific work, emphasizing collaboration and individual contributions to the field, fostering a connection between the researchers and the advancements discussed.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Synthesis and antimicrobial study of 3,5-diaryl-4,5-dihydro-isoxazoles’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Therapeutic agent, Antimicrobial activities, Antimicrobial activity, Nutrient agar, Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria, Melting point, Antifungal activities, Chalcone, Sodium acetate.