Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: A holistic approach on keeta visha
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
This page presents a generated summary with additional references; See source (below) for actual content.
Subtitle: an ayurvedic review
Original source:
This page is merely a summary which is automatically generated hence you should visit the source to read the original article which includes the author, publication date, notes and references.
Dr. Shubhangi R. Nalawade and Dr. Vaibhav S. Patil
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: A holistic approach on keeta visha
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr202311-28734
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
Download the PDF file of the original publication
Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Agadatantra is an integral branch of Ayurveda focusing on poisons and their antidotes, particularly concerning bites from snakes, insects, spiders, and other creatures. One major focus within Agadatantra is the exploration of Keeta Visha, or insect poison, which encompasses a range of living organisms that can affect human health through their venoms. This review delves into the definitions, classifications, and treatment strategies associated with Keeta Visha, attempting to provide a holistic understanding of its implications in Ayurvedic medicine.
Classification of Keeta Visha
A key concept within the study of Keeta Visha is its classification based on the types of organisms causing envenomation. Keetas, or insects, can be broadly divided into various categories according to their Dosha Prakruti or constituent humors, which is central to Ayurvedic diagnosis and treatment. The classification identifies four main types—Vayavya (Vatika), Agneya (Paittika), Soumya (Kaphaja), and Sannipatika (intermix). These classifications affect how the poison manifests in individuals and further inform the right therapeutic measures needed to counteract the specific venom's effects.
Symptoms of Keeta Visha
Symptoms associated with Keeta Visha vary significantly depending on the type of Keeta involved and the corresponding Dosha affected. The clinical manifestations can range from mild reactions—such as localized pain and itching—to severe systemic reactions that mimic symptoms associated with snake bites. Notably, the Pranahara type of Keeta Visha can lead to symptoms that affect all three Doshas, resulting in substantial changes in bodily functions, such as fever, involuntary muscle contractions, and even loss of consciousness. Understanding these symptoms is crucial for appropriate diagnosis and immediate management.
Treatment Approaches in Ayurveda
In Ayurvedic practice, the treatment of Keeta Visha is multifaceted and highly individualized. The texts emphasize employing therapeutic measures that counteract the specific Dosha imbalances caused by the Keeta poison. For instance, Vatika Visha necessitates therapies like the application of sugar paste and oil massage, while Paittika Visha requires cooling treatments to alleviate the burning sensations typically associated with it. Furthermore, the treatment protocols highlight the importance of using a diversity of Ayurvedic herbal formulations capable of neutralizing the effects of venom, underscoring the holistic treatment philosophy intrinsic to Ayurveda.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the complexities surrounding Keeta Visha reflect both the rich tradition of Ayurvedic medicine and the need for modern practitioners to adapt ancient wisdom to contemporary medical practices. A comprehensive understanding of the various types of poisons, their symptoms, and the corresponding treatments is essential to effectively managing cases of Keeta Visha. As our knowledge of these venoms continues to evolve, a synergistic approach that combines classical texts with modern scientific insights will be vital in addressing the challenges posed by insect poisoning in clinical practice.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the branch of Ayurveda that studies poisons?
Agadatantra is the branch of Ayurveda focusing on snake, insect, and various poisons, as well as their treatment.
What substances are categorized as Visha in Ayurveda?
Any substance that enters the body and vitiates bodily tissues, leading to health deterioration, is termed Visha.
What types of poisons are under Jangama Visha?
Jangama Visha includes animal poisons like snake poison, insect poison, rat poison, and rabies.
How are Keeta Visha types classified in Ayurveda?
Keeta Visha types are classified based on Dosha Prakruti, differentiating between Vayavya, Agneya, Soumya, and Sannipathika.
What symptoms indicate a Pranahara Keeta bite?
Signs of a Pranahara Keeta bite include severe pain, swelling, coloration changes, and systemic symptoms similar to snake venom effects.
What treatments are recommended for Keeta Visha?
Treatment for Keeta Visha involves opposing measures to aggravated Doshas, with methods tailored to specific Dosha predominance.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “A holistic approach on keeta visha”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Visha (Visa):
Visha refers to any substance that can cause harm or death by vitiating bodily tissues when it enters the body. It is a crucial concept in Ayurveda, particularly in the field of Agadatantra, as it encompasses various types of poisons, including those from animals and plants, highlighting the importance of understanding toxicity and its treatment.
2) Dosha (Dosa):
Dosha is a fundamental concept in Ayurveda, representing the three bodily humors: Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. Each dosha influences physical and mental processes. Understanding dosha balance is vital for diagnosing disorders, including those caused by poisons, as imbalances can lead to various health issues and affect treatment approaches in Ayurvedic medicine.
3) Samhita:
Samhita refers to classical texts or compilations in Ayurveda, serving as authoritative sources of knowledge. These texts encompass descriptions of diseases, treatments, and pharmacology. The three main Samhitas are Charaka, Sushruta, and Vagbhata, each providing insights into different aspects of Ayurvedic healing, including the treatment of visha (poison).
4) Pain:
Pain is a bodily sensation often associated with injury or disease. In Ayurvedic terms, understanding pain, especially the types and locations, is essential for diagnosing the underlying cause of health issues, such as those arising from visha exposure. Different types of pain can indicate which dosha is affected and help determine treatment strategies.
5) Animal:
Animals represent a broad category that may include poisonous species relevant to Ayurvedic studies, including snakes, rats, and insects. Understanding the interactions between humans and these animals is crucial when dealing with conditions arising from animal-related toxins in Ayurveda.
6) Vatika:
Vatika refers to a category of keetas (insects) whose poison primarily affects the Vata dosha. Understanding the characteristics and symptoms associated with Vatika keeta visha is essential for Ayurvedic practitioners to provide appropriate treatment and manage symptoms that may arise from insect bites or stings that lead to Vata imbalance.
7) Insect:
Insects play a significant role in visha within Ayurveda, as many can produce venom that may adversely affect human health. Recognizing the various insects that fall under keeta visha helps Ayurvedic practitioners devise proper management strategies to treat symptoms effectively following envenomation.
8) Burning (Burn, Burned, Burnt):
Burnt refers to the condition resulting from excessive heat or chemical reactions affecting tissues. In Ayurveda, understanding burns helps practitioners evaluate the severity of injuries, particularly those associated with toxic exposures, and outline treatment protocols accordingly.
9) Manda (Mamda):
Manda refers to a mild or less potent type of poison. In the context of keeta visha, manda visha may produce comparatively lighter symptoms than severe types. It is crucial for Ayurvedic practitioners to identify the potency of the poison to formulate appropriate treatment plans and ensure patient safety.
10) Jangama (Jamgama):
Jangama denotes animal-based poisons, as categorized in Ayurvedic texts. This classification emphasizes the poisons derived from living organisms, such as venomous snakes, insects, and others. Understanding jangama visha is essential for effective treatment and management of symptoms resulting from animal encounters.
11) Agneya:
Agneya refers to a category of keeta visha affecting the Pitta dosha. The term highlights the relationship between the type of poison and its potential effects on the body’s natural balance. Ayurvedic treatments for Agneya visha focus on cooling principles to alleviate the Pitta-related symptoms experienced by the victim.
12) Vata:
Vata is one of the three doshas representing the elements of space and air. Its qualities include movement, dryness, and irregularity. In Ayurveda, Vata governs various bodily functions, and its imbalance can lead to numerous health issues. Recognizing Vata’s role is essential for effective treatments, especially in the context of poisonings.
13) Sign:
Sign refers to the observable symptoms or manifestations resulting from a health condition, including those arising from keeta visha. Proper identification of signs enables Ayurvedic practitioners to analyze the affected dosha and tailor treatments accordingly, emphasizing the integral connection between symptoms and underlying imbalances in the body.
14) Adhishthana (Adhisthana):
Adhishtanas are defined entry sites for toxins within the body. Understanding varied adhishtanas allows Ayurvedic practitioners to evaluate potential risks and devise tailored approaches for treatment depending on the entry point of visha, enhancing safety and efficacy in the healing process.
15) Swelling:
Swelling is a physical manifestation often associated with inflammation and can occur as a reaction to visha exposure. In Ayurvedic treatment, understanding the cause and nature of swelling plays a critical role in correctly identifying the underlying dosha imbalance and facilitating effective interventions to reduce inflammation and promote healing.
16) Samgraha (Sangraha):
Sangraha refers to comprehensive compilations or collections in Ayurvedic literature, including information on poisons and their treatments. These texts are crucial for practitioners to review various diseases, treatment methods, and the overall scope of Ayurvedic medicine, aiding in informed clinical decisions.
17) Kaphaja:
Kaphaja describes poisons that primarily affect the Kapha dosha in Ayurveda. Understanding kaphaja visha is vital for practitioners as it emphasizes the symptoms related to the imbalance of Kapha, facilitating appropriate treatment measures, including those that promote the reduction of excess Kapha in the body.
18) Nature:
Nature describes the intrinsic characteristics and qualities of substances, including poisons. Understanding the nature of visha, including its potency and effects on bodily doshas, is crucial in Ayurveda for diagnosing conditions and determining the most suitable treatment options based on the poison’s properties.
19) Pitta:
Pitta is one of the three doshas, symbolizing the forces of metabolism and transformation based on fire and water elements. A balanced Pitta is essential for proper physiological functions. Ayurvedic treatment strategies focus on managing Pitta imbalances, particularly when addressing conditions like Agneya visha that provoke Pitta symptoms.
20) Sarpa:
Sarpas refers to serpents in broad Ayurvedic contexts, symbolizing the potential hazards associated with their venom. Understanding sarpas enables practitioners to diagnose and treat conditions stemming from snake bites or encounters with poisonous reptiles.
21) Ushna (Usna):
Ushna represents a quality denoting heat or heat-producing substances, often linked to Pitta dosha. In Ayurvedic treatments, understanding the ushna nature of poisons helps practitioners tailor interventions to cool the body, balance doshas, and relieve symptoms associated with excessive heat from toxic substances.
22) Rat:
Rats, when referred to in the context of poison, likely relate to mooshika visha, which consists of toxins produced by rats. Recognizing the specific poisonous effects associated with rat exposure is essential for practitioners to diagnose and treat conditions effectively arising from rat encounters and their toxins.
23) Burning sensation:
Burning sensation indicates an acute distressing symptom associated with toxin exposure, particularly under the influence of Pitta dosha in Ayurveda. Treatment seeks to alleviate this symptom by restoring balance through cooling interventions and assessing the overall state of the affected doshas.
24) Sushruta-samhita (Susruta-samhita):
Susruta Samhita is one of the foundational texts of Ayurveda, presenting surgical techniques, medicinal properties, and detailed classifications of poisons. Its relevance lies in providing practical guidance for practitioners to address health issues and manage snake bites, injuries, and other ailments classified under visha.
25) Jangamavisha (Jangamavisa, Jangama-visha, Jamgamavisha):
Jangama-visha refers specifically to poisons derived from animals in Ayurveda, encompassing venom from snakes, insects, and other living creatures. Understanding jangama visha is essential for practitioners to diagnose and treat conditions arising from animal toxins while implementing effective management strategies for affected individuals.
26) Dushivisha (Dusivisa):
Dushivisha refers to harmful poisons that adversely affect the body, leading to chronic ailments. In Ayurveda, recognizing the characteristics and symptoms of Dushivisha is essential for practitioners to diagnose conditions accurately and apply suitable treatments aimed at restoring health and eliminating the long-term effects of toxic exposures.
27) Vitiation (Vitiated):
Vitiation refers to the disturbance or imbalance of the body's natural state, often due to toxins or poison in Ayurveda. Understanding vitiation is essential for practitioners as it establishes the basis for diagnosis and choosing appropriate treatments to restore balance and enhance overall health.
28) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda is a holistic system of medicine that focuses on balance among the body, mind, and spirit, utilizing natural treatments and herbal remedies. Understanding its principles, including concepts like dosha, visha, and treatments, enables practitioners to provide comprehensive care tailored to individual needs.
29) Vagbhata:
Vagbhata is a prominent Ayurvedic physician and author, credited with composing texts that encompass wisdom on treating diseases, pharmacology, and methodologies in Ayurveda. His work is crucial for practitioners in informing treatment modalities related to visha and understanding the broader principles of Ayurvedic practice.
30) Damshtra (Damstra):
Damshtra refers to the fangs or teeth of venomous animals through which poison is delivered into the body. Understanding this term is significant in Ayurveda, especially for addressing snake bites, as it highlights the entry mechanism of visha and the need for targeted treatment in such cases.
31) Sambuka (Shambuka):
Sambuka is a type of venomous insect mentioned in Ayurvedic texts. Understanding the characteristics and potential dangers associated with sambuka is essential for practitioners to raise awareness of its toxic effects and ensure appropriate treatment in case of bites or stings.
32) Agada:
Agada refers to the Ayurvedic branch concerning poisons and their treatments. It encompasses subjects like toxicology, antidotes, and therapeutic measures to counteract various poisons like visha. Understanding Agada is necessary for practitioners aiming to address poisoning cases and ensure patient safety.
33) Kapha:
Kapha is one of the three doshas known for its qualities of stability and lubrication. In Ayurveda, an imbalance can lead to health issues manifesting in various forms. Understanding Kapha's influence helps practitioners devise remedies when dealing with symptoms derived from keeta visha.
34) Mukha:
Mukha refers to the mouth or entrance through which venom can enter the body. In Ayurvedic practice, understanding the entrance routes for poisons is essential for determining the type of treatment and interventions needed to counteract the effects of toxins and support recovery.
35) Table:
Table represents a structured presentation of information, often used to summarize data in Ayurvedic texts regarding substances, symptoms, or treatment methods. Utilizing tables aids practitioners in quickly accessing essential details to facilitate accurate diagnoses and treatment decisions.
36) Daha:
Daha refers to a burning sensation often experienced in conditions such as Pitta imbalances or following toxin exposure. In Ayurveda, recognizing this symptom is key for practitioners to tailor treatments designed to alleviate discomfort and restore the body’s natural balance.
37) Ashtangasamgraha (Astangasamgraha, Astangasangraha, Ashtanga-samgraha, Ashtanga-sangraha, Ashtangasangraha):
Ashtanga Sangraha is an important Ayurvedic text authored by Vagbhata, covering topics ranging from anatomy to disease treatment, offering valuable insights into herbology and the management of visha. Its teachings are of significant relevance for practitioners in guiding clinical practices.
38) Maharashtra (Maharastra, Maha-rashtra):
Maharashtra is a state in India known for its diverse cultural and medicinal practices, including Ayurveda. Understanding the regional context allows Ayurvedic practitioners to tailor remedies and treatments, including those for visha, considering local flora and fauna.
39) Agadatantra (Agada-tantra, Agadatamtra):
Agadatantra is a specialized branch of Ayurveda focused on toxicology concerning poisons, their sources, classifications, and corresponding treatments. Mastering Agadatantra equips practitioners with the knowledge necessary to effectively identify and manage poisoning cases, enhancing patient care.
40) Snake-bite:
Snake-bite refers to an injury caused by the fangs of a snake injecting venom. In Ayurveda, snake-bite is treated with specialized methods outlined in texts such as Susruta Samhita, emphasizing the importance of prompt intervention and toxicity identification in management strategies.
41) Substance:
Substance refers to any material, whether organic or inorganic, that can affect bodily functions when absorbed. In Ayurveda, recognizing the nature and effects of various substances, including poisonous ones, is crucial for developing effective treatments to counteract harmful effects.
42) Lakshana (Laksana):
Lakshanas refer to the signs and symptoms that appear as indicators of health disorders, including those arising from visha. Identifying specific lakshanas helps Ayurvedic practitioners develop precise diagnoses and directed treatment strategies.
43) Ashtanga (Astanga, Ashtan-anga):
Ashtanga refers to the eight branches of Ayurveda, covering diverse areas of practice, treatments, and knowledge. Understanding Ashtanga is fundamental for practitioners to offer comprehensive care that addresses various health concerns, including those arising from poison exposure.
44) Vomiting:
Vomiting is a symptom often associated with toxin ingestion or bodily imbalances. In Ayurveda, practitioners must identify the underlying cause of vomiting to tailor treatments, whether due to visha or other conditions, ensuring proper restoration of health and balance.
45) Entering:
Entering refers to the process through which substances, including poisons, enter the body, affecting health. Understanding how poisons enter the body is critical in Ayurveda for preventing and managing visha cases by identifying entry points and formulating appropriate treatments.
46) Mushika (Musika):
Mooshika refers to rats in Ayurvedic literature, which are associated with specific toxic effects. Understanding the nature of mooshika visha is key for practitioners to recognize symptoms and effectively manage conditions arising from rodent exposures or bites.
47) Vrishcika (Vrscika):
Vrscika denotes scorpions in Ayurvedic texts, particularly referring to their venom and effects. Understanding vrscika visha is essential for practitioners to address symptoms resulting from scorpion stings effectively and recognize the characteristics associated with these poisonous creatures.
48) Kanabha:
Kanabha refers to another venomous insect in Ayurveda. Identifying kanabha is important for practitioners as it provides insights into its specific effects and symptoms, which are essential for managing cases of envenomation and guiding treatment strategies.
49) Kitibha:
Kitibha refers to specific small creatures within the Ayurvedic context, likely associated with venom or toxicity. Understanding kitibha aids practitioners in recognizing symptoms from bites or stings typically caused by these small creatures and determining appropriate treatments.
50) Species:
Species indicates the different classifications of living organisms, including those that may produce visha. Understanding various species relevant to Ayurveda, especially poisonous ones, helps practitioners formulate targeted treatment strategies based on the characteristics and effects of specific organisms.
51) Itching:
Itching is a symptom frequently seen in conditions caused by visha, indicating irritation or allergic reactions. In Ayurveda, addressing itching involves identifying the underlying cause and selecting treatments aimed at restoring skin balance and alleviating discomfort for affected individuals.
52) Lepana:
Lepana refers to herbal pastes or applications used in Ayurveda for external treatment. Understanding lepana is essential for practitioners who wish to utilize topical remedies to alleviate symptoms caused by visha and promote healing in affected body areas.
53) Sparsha (Sparsa):
Sparsa refers to the contact or touch by which poisons may enter the body, often related to stings or bites. Ayurveda emphasizes the significance of understanding sparsa to implement preventive measures and effective treatments for envenomation scenarios.
54) Spider:
Spider refers to arachnids that can deliver venom through bites. In Ayurveda, understanding the effects of spider poisons allows practitioners to diagnose and treat conditions arising from spider bites, aligning with overall principles of managing keeta visha.
55) Nakha:
Nakha refers to the nails or claws of potentially venomous animals, which can inflict wounds. Understanding nakha and its role in envenomation aids Ayurvedic practitioners in assessing injury severity and devising suitable treatment strategies.
56) Vidhi:
Vidhi indicates the methods or procedures to be employed in treatments within Ayurvedic practice. Understanding proper vidhi helps practitioners effectively address visha and other health issues by following established protocols based on classical texts.
57) Mutra:
Mutra refers to urine, which is a bodily waste that may have toxic implications in certain contexts, particularly in Ayurveda. Recognizing the significance of mutra can assist practitioners in diagnosing conditions and tailoring treatments effectively based on toxicity levels.
58) Tunda (Tumda):
Tunda indicates a tail or appendage of animals, which may play a role in envenomation or injury. In Ayurveda, understanding tunda can aid in identifying how poisons are delivered to the body and tailoring treatment strategies accordingly.
59) Shopha (Sopha):
Shopha denotes swelling or edema, commonly occurring in response to toxicity or injuries. Recognizing shopha aids practitioners in devising treatments that specifically address swelling and promote healing in affected tissues.
60) Shringi (Shrimgi, Shrngi, Srngi):
Srngi indicates a particular type of poisonous creature, possibly associated with insects. Understanding srngi is crucial for practitioners to identify specific effects and symptoms linked to this keeta, ensuring appropriate diagnosis and treatment.
61) Water:
The water is an essential element for life and can be involved in toxic situations. In Ayurveda, understanding water's role assists practitioners in assessing environmental impacts on health and identifying appropriate therapies for recovery in cases of poisoning.
62) Blood:
Blood signifies a crucial bodily fluid that can be impacted by poisons, leading to symptoms of toxicity. Recognizing blood's role in Ayurvedic diagnostics is essential for understanding the systemic effects visha may cause and developing effective treatment protocols.
63) Luta:
Luta refers to a specific poisonous entity, possibly associated with certain toxins. Understanding luta allows Ayurvedic practitioners to recognize symptoms and provide managing strategies tailored to symptoms stemming from this particular poison.
64) Indu (Imdu):
Indu may refer to a lunar quality related to harmony and balance within Ayurveda. Understanding this concept helps practitioners in creating holistic treatment plans that aim to restore balance among the doshas after exposure to visha or other ailments.
65) Yoga:
Yoga in Ayurveda refers to integration of various therapeutic practices aimed at restoring balance, health, and well-being. Understanding the application of yoga helps practitioners apply corrective measures when addressing symptoms resulting from poisons and enhances overall treatment strategies.
66) Vega:
Vega denotes movement or urges within the body. In Ayurveda, understanding vega is paramount when addressing health concerns, as it guides practitioners towards identifying specific dosha imbalances and determining appropriate therapeutic measures based on the body’s responses.
67) Shuka (Suka):
Suka refers to bristles or projections from certain animals, which may play a role in interactions leading to visha. Understanding suka is essential for Ayurvedic practitioners as it aids in identifying potential toxins delivered through such means and informing treatment plans.
68) Shava (Sava):
Sava denotes the remains or remnants of living creatures after death which may relate to toxic incidents post-mortem. Recognizing sava's implications helps practitioners contextualize how exposure to decay or dead matter may influence health disorders in patients dealing with toxicity.
69) Life:
Life represents the essence of living beings, crucial in Ayurveda that posits maintaining health as integral to spiritual and physical well-being. Understanding life within the context of poisons emphasizes the importance of protective measures and effective treatments to safeguard health.
70) Insect poison (Insect venom):
Insect poison encapsulates the toxic substances produced by various insects, which can lead to health issues upon exposure. Knowledge of the specific effects of insect poison enables Ayurvedic practitioners to diagnose and treat symptoms efficiently and effectively, restoring health to affected individuals.
71) Snake poison (Snake venom):
Snake poison represents the venom delivered through the fangs of snakes, capable of causing severe health repercussions. Recognizing its effects in Ayurveda is vital for practitioners in providing appropriate emergency management and treatment strategies tailored to counteract snakebite symptoms.
72) Study (Studying):
Study refers to the dedicated exploration of topics, such as poisons and their effects in Ayurveda. Engaging in thorough study enables practitioners to enhance their understanding and informs better clinical practices concerning the management of visha.
73) Horripilation:
Horripilation refers to the physiological response of goosebumps typically occurring during stress or from toxins. Understanding this reflex in Ayurveda can assist practitioners in recognizing symptoms associated with visha while also informing treatment strategies and responses to patient complaints.
74) Alarkavisha (Alarkavisa, Alarka-visha):
Alarka-visha refers to the category of poisons derived from rabies or associated infections. Understanding such toxins is pivotal for practitioners in recognizing symptoms and determining appropriate treatment to manage conditions related to such severe infections.
75) Sarpavisha (Sarpa-visha, Sarpavisa):
Sarpavisha refers to venom specifically from snakes impacting health due to bites. Recognizing its significance in Ayurveda enables practitioners to manage snakebite cases effectively, focusing on symptoms and therapeutic measures geared towards counteracting the poison's effects.
[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 243]
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘A holistic approach on keeta visha’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Adhishthana, Vaya, Visha, Shopha, Sthavaravisha, Karnika, Jangamavisha, Arochaka, Mandavisha, Agadatantra, Ayurved, Jwara, Snake poison, Insect poison, Holistic approach, Dosha aggravation, Keeta visha, Vayavya keetas, Agneya keetas, Dosha Prakruti.
Concepts being referred in other categories, contexts and sources.