Pharmacognostic, phytochemical, and pharmacological review of Nyctanthes.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Pharmacognostic, phytochemical pharmacological review of nyctanthes arbor- tristi
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Priyanka K. Shinde, Anil B. Waghmode and Chandrashekhar J. Waghmare
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Pharmacognostic, phytochemical pharmacological review of nyctanthes arbor- tristi
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr202311-28512
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn., commonly known as "Parijat" or "Night Jasmine," is an important medicinal plant recognized in various traditional systems of medicine, including Ayurveda and Siddha. This herb is renowned for its extensive therapeutic uses, including anticancer, immunostimulant, and antiparasitic properties. Characterized by its fragrant flowers and diverse range of bioactive compounds, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is critically endangered in India, highlighting the need for research to understand its pharmacological potential better.
Anticancer Activity
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis exhibits significant anticancer properties, making it a subject of research within the pharmacological community. Initial studies indicated that extracts from its flowers demonstrated considerable cytotoxic effects, particularly against various cancer cell lines. Notably, a study conducted using a methanolic extract from the stem bark showed promising results when compared to 5-fluorouracil, a conventional chemotherapy drug, indicating that the extracts can reduce tumor cell proliferation. The ability of the plant's ethanolic, methanolic, and aqueous extracts to selectively increase toxicity in cancerous cells while maintaining a low toxicity profile for normal cells marks a significant finding in cancer treatment research.
Antimicrobial and Antiparasitic Properties
In addition to its anticancer effects, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis possesses noteworthy antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties. Research shows that the crude ethanolic extract of the leaves exhibits trypanocidal activity, extending the lifespan of infected mice and presenting a potential therapeutic avenue for treating Trypanosoma infections. Clinical studies also support its efficacy against malaria, demonstrating a successful treatment response in a significant percentage of patients without severe side effects. The plant's ability to combat various microbial threats raises its profile as a valuable antimicrobial agent.
Antidiabetic and Hepatoprotective Effects
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis has been associated with notable antidiabetic effects, wherein extracts resulted in significant improvements in biochemical markers associated with diabetes. The administration of extracts led to enhanced antioxidant enzyme levels and reduced markers of liver damage, emphasizing the plant's hepatoprotective capabilities. Given the global rise in diabetes and liver diseases, these findings suggest that Nyctanthes arbor-tristis may provide beneficial therapeutic effects in managing these conditions and highlight the importance of exploring traditional remedies for modern health challenges.
Conclusion
The extensive pharmacological activities demonstrated by Nyctanthes arbor-tristis illustrate its potential as a therapeutic agent across various health domains, including cancer therapy, infectious disease management, and metabolic disorder treatment. However, further clinical research is necessary to elucidate the specific bioactive compounds responsible for these effects and to understand their molecular mechanisms. Protecting this critically endangered species and promoting its sustainable use in pharmacology is crucial for both conservation efforts and advancing healthcare solutions derived from traditional medicinal practices.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and its significance?
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, known as 'Parijat,' is a critically endangered medicinal herb native to India, widely used in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties.
What are the key pharmacological activities of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis?
This plant exhibits various pharmacological activities including anticancer, antiparasitic, antimalarial, immunostimulant, hepatoprotective, antiviral, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic effects.
How is Nyctanthes arbor-tristis traditionally used in medicine?
In Ayurveda, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is used as a laxative, diuretic, anti-venom, digestive aid, and expectorant, treating various ailments related to vata and kapha imbalances.
What are the main chemical constituents found in Nyctanthes arbor-tristis?
Chemical constituents include alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, and saponins, with notable compounds such as naringenin, nyctanthic acid, and arbortristosides A and B.
What research has been conducted on Nyctanthes arbor-tristis?
Studies have shown its efficacy in treating various diseases, including cancer and infections, with promising results in experimental models for multiple pharmacological activities.
What is the conclusion about the potential of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis?
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis shows significant pharmacological potential. Future clinical research is necessary to explore its bioactive compounds and therapeutic mechanisms.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Pharmacognostic, phytochemical, and pharmacological review of Nyctanthes.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Activity:
Activity refers to the actions or functions that a substance or organism can perform, particularly in pharmacological contexts, where it pertains to the different therapeutic effects (like anticancer, anti-inflammatory) exhibited by compounds found in plants such as Nyctanthes arbor-tristis.
2) Study (Studying):
Study represents a systematic investigation into a particular subject or phenomenon. In the context of this research, it can refer to the scientific examinations conducted to understand the pharmacological properties of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and its various effects on health.
3) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological pertains to the study and application of drugs within the medical field. It encompasses the effects, mechanisms, and interactions of medicinal compounds, including those derived from plants like Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, which is revered for its multiple therapeutic activities.
4) Water:
The water signifies an essential resource for extraction processes in research. Understanding how water interacts with plant materials sheds light on the phytochemical properties of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis.
5) Rat:
Rats are commonly used as model organisms in scientific research, particularly in pharmacology and toxicology studies. They help in understanding the biological effects of different compounds, providing insights on the efficacy and safety of plant-based extracts like those from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis.
6) Parijata:
Parijata is another name for Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, a significant medicinal plant in Indian traditional medicine. This term underscores the cultural and historical relevance of the plant, symbolizing its esteemed status in Ayurveda for its extensive therapeutic properties.
7) Table:
Table serves as a structured arrangement to present information clearly and efficiently. In the context of scientific documentation, it offers comparative data or key findings regarding the phytochemical composition and activities of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, enhancing readability and understanding.
8) Observation:
Observation refers to the act of closely monitoring or examining phenomena to gather data. In pharmacognostic studies, observations about the plant's physical characteristics, effects, and chemical constituents contribute to validating its therapeutic potentials and broadening scientific knowledge.
9) Jasmine:
Jasmine is a common name often associated with fragrant flowering plants. In this document, it connects to Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, also known as Night Jasmine, highlighting its aromatic qualities, which play a significant role in its traditional medicinal applications.
10) Family:
Family signifies a classification in biological taxonomy. For Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, being part of the Oleaceae family underscores its shared characteristics with other plant species, which may have implications for its medicinal properties and uses in herbal therapies.
11) Powder:
Powder refers to a finely ground substance, commonly used in the formulation of herbal medicines. In phytochemical studies, powdered plant materials facilitate the extraction of bioactive compounds, allowing researchers to evaluate their medicinal properties effectively.
12) India:
India is the geographical origin of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, known for its rich biodiversity and traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda. The cultural significance of medicinal plants in India enhances their value in both holistic health and scientific research.
13) Rheumatoid arthritis:
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by joint pain and deterioration. Studying the effects of compounds from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis may reveal potential therapeutic benefits for managing inflammation associated with this debilitating condition.
14) Phytochemical:
Phytochemical refers to the bioactive compounds derived from plants. In the context of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, understanding its phytochemical constituents is essential for elucidating its medicinal properties and exploring new drug development opportunities.
15) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda is a traditional Indian system of medicine emphasizing holistic healing through natural remedies. The use of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis in Ayurveda illustrates the historical significance of plant-based treatments in managing various health conditions.
16) Medicine:
Medicines are substances used to treat illness and promote health. The development and evaluation of plant-based medicines, such as those derived from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, illuminate the potential for integrating traditional remedies into modern healthcare.
17) Maharashtra (Maharastra, Maha-rashtra):
Maharashtra is a state in India, serving as the location for several studies on Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. The region's rich flora supports the exploration of local medicinal plants and their applications in health care.
18) Flavonoid:
Flavonoid refers to a specific type of flavonoid compound, often contributing to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties of plants. Flavonoids in Nyctanthes arbor-tristis are studied for their significance in supporting health and wellness.
19) Disease:
Diseases indicate pathological conditions that affect health. The use of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis in treating various diseases highlights the plant's role in addressing health problems prevalent in traditional and modern contexts.
20) Species:
Species refers to the specific category into which living organisms are classified. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is identified as a distinct species within the Oleaceae family, with unique characteristics that inform its medicinal applications.
21) Allergy:
Allergy denotes an abnormal immune response to specific substances. The potential anti-allergic properties of compounds derived from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis spark interest in developing natural remedies to mitigate allergic reactions and support immune health.
22) Animal:
Animal refers to living organisms with complex cellular structures. In pharmacological contexts, studies on animals help determine the effects of herbal extracts, including those from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, on various health conditions.
23) Bitter:
Bitter describes a taste sensation often associated with certain medicinal properties. The bitter nature of some compounds in Nyctanthes arbor-tristis may contribute to its traditional uses in Ayurvedic medicine as an herbal remedy.
24) Virya:
Virya is a Sanskrit term referring to the potency or energy of a herbal substance. Understanding Virya in the context of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis aids in assessing its therapeutic efficacy in Ayurvedic practices.
25) Sugar:
Sugar often pertains to carbohydrates found in plants. The presence of sugars in Nyctanthes arbor-tristis can indicate its nutritional qualities and potential benefits in influencing metabolic processes within the body.
26) Blood:
Blood denotes the fluid that circulates through an organism's body, supplying nutrients and oxygen. Investigating the effects of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis on blood parameters may unveil its therapeutic roles in managing blood-related conditions.
27) Guna:
Guna refers to intrinsic qualities or attributes of substances in Ayurveda. The concept of Guna in Nyctanthes arbor-tristis emphasizes understanding its characteristics and therapeutic potentials in balancing bodily functions in traditional medicine.
28) Pune:
Pune is a significant city in Maharashtra, India, associated with various pharmacological studies and research institutions. Its vibrant academic environment contributes to the exploration of traditional medicinal plants like Nyctanthes arbor-tristis.
29) Viru:
Viru is not explicitly defined in the provided text but may refer to a biological or medicinal context emphasizing effects or qualities related to health, similar to the principles of Guna and Virya in Ayurveda.
30) Northern India:
Northern India refers to the region where Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is commonly found. The area's diverse flora showcases the cultural and medicinal reliance on indigenous plants for health and wellness.
31) Godavari (Go-davari):
The Godavari River, one of India’s longest rivers, supports biodiversity and agriculture in its vicinity. Understanding its ecological significance connects to the cultivation and conservation of medicinal plants like Nyctanthes arbor-tristis in the region.
32) Death:
Death refers to the cessation of life. Highlighting the therapeutic potentials of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis may offer insights into preventing life-threatening diseases and improving health outcomes.
33) Pharmacognostical:
Pharmacognostical pertains to the study of medicinal drugs derived from natural sources. This scientific discipline focuses on identifying and analyzing the bioactive compounds in plants like Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, paving the way for their integration into modern medicine.
34) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibacterial describes substances that combat bacterial growth and infections. Investigating the antibacterial properties of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis could lead to its application in treating infections and promoting better healthcare practices.
35) Raktakesara (Rakta-kesara, Raktakeshara):
Rakta-kesara refers to a synonym for Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, emphasizing its cultural and historical significance in traditional medicine. This term reiterates the plant's revered status in various Indian languages and medicinal systems.
36) Pharmacology:
Pharmacology is the study of drug action, encompassing the interactions between chemicals and biological systems. Understanding the pharmacology of bioactive compounds from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is crucial for developing effective therapies.
37) Inflammation:
Inflammation is a biological response to harmful stimuli, often associated with chronic conditions. The anti-inflammatory properties of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis highlight its potential role in treating diseases characterized by inflammation.
38) Parijataka:
Parijataka is an alternative name for Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. The use of this name reflects the cultural heritage and significance of the plant, particularly in traditional Indian practices and medicinal formulations.
39) Shephalika (Sephalika):
Sephalika is another name for Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, denoting its various vernacular references. This diversity in nomenclature signifies the plant's widespread recognition and use across different regions and cultures.
40) Knowledge:
Knowledge refers to the awareness or understanding gained through experience or education. In the context of phytomedicine, knowledge about the pharmacological properties of plants like Nyctanthes arbor-tristis informs their utilization in health practices.
41) Fragrance:
Fragrance refers to the pleasant smell emitted by certain plants like Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, often leading to its use in perfumery and traditional rituals. Understanding fragrance can also enhance the plant's appeal in herbal therapies.
42) Vitiation (Vitiated):
Vitiation indicates the process of becoming impaired or altered. Understanding vitiation concepts in Ayurveda helps in diagnosing health issues and selecting appropriate herbal treatments, including those derived from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis.
43) Himalaya (Hima-alaya):
Himalaya refers to the majestic mountain range that acts as a backdrop for rich flora. The biodiversity in the Himalaya provides a habitat for Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, enhancing its availability and use in traditional medicines.
44) Pushpaka (Puspaka):
Pushpaka is another name used for Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, highlighting its floral significance. This designation emphasizes the plant's aesthetic and therapeutic value in various cultural contexts.
45) Toxicity:
Toxicity refers to the degree to which substances can harm humans or animals. Evaluating the toxicity of herbal compounds from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is critical for ensuring their safety and efficacy in therapeutic applications.
46) Samudra:
Samudra is a Sanskrit term for ocean. In cultural narratives, referring to Parijata originating from the Samudra emphasizes the mythological significance of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and its revered status in Indian literature.
47) Marathi:
Marathi is a prominent language spoken in Maharashtra, India. The use of localized names for Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, including its significance in Marathi folklore and traditional medicine, highlights the cultural importance of the plant.
48) Kannada:
Kannada is another regional language spoken in Karnataka, India. The use of the word 'Parijata' in Kannada signifies the plant's local identity and relevance in traditional practices and medicinal applications.
49) Shephali (Sephali):
Sephali is a local name for Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, symbolizing its integration into cultural practices. This terminology enriches the understanding of the plant's significance across various Indian communities.
50) Kunkuma (Kumkuma):
Kumkuma refers to saffron, but in this context, it may relate to the bright colors of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis flowers. This association underscores the importance of visually striking plants in cultural and medicinal practices.
51) Quality:
Quality signifies the standard or degree of excellence of a substance. In herbal medicine, assessing the quality of extracts from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is essential to ensure their effectiveness and safety in therapeutic uses.
52) Heating:
Heating refers to the application of heat, often conducted during extraction processes in herbal medicine. Understanding how heating affects the bioactive compounds in Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is crucial for optimizing extraction techniques.
53) Soldier:
Soldier may refer contextually to resilience or defense mechanisms in both cultural and biological contexts. In the study of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, it symbolizes the endurance nature of traditional medicinal practices in contemporary healthcare.
54) Science (Scientific):
Science encompasses the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world. The scientific exploration of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis ties traditional knowledge with modern methodologies to validate its medicinal properties.
55) Kashmir:
Kashmir denotes a region in northern India known for its rich biodiversity. The presence of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis in this area underscores the plant's ecological significance and its contributions to regional traditional medicine.
56) Siddha:
Siddha refers to a traditional South Indian system of medicine that, like Ayurveda, utilizes natural substances for healing. The incorporation of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis in Siddha practices highlights its therapeutic relevance across multiple Indian medicinal frameworks.
57) Ruksha (Ruksa):
Ruksha is a term from Ayurveda indicating dryness, contributing to understanding the qualities of plants. Evaluating the Ruksha characteristic of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis aids in prescribing it for specific dosha imbalances in patients.
58) Kesara (Keshara):
Kesara often refers to the quality of being yellow or aspects connected with certain floral elements. In the context of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, it may denote floral beauty, connecting cultural and medicinal attributes of the plant.
59) Vipaka:
Vipaka is a term denoting the post-digestive effect of food and herbs in Ayurvedic medicine. Understanding the Vipaka of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis enhances the knowledge of its uses and applications in restoring health balance.
60) Pushpi (Puspi):
Pushpi is another term which signifies a flower. In relation to Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, it emphasizes the importance of flowering plants in traditional medicine and their contributions to aesthetics and healthcare.
61) Bengal (Bemgal):
Bengal refers to a cultural and geographical region in eastern India, known for its rich biodiversity. The presence of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis in Bengal further highlights the plant's widespread use and significance across diverse Indian cultures.
62) Forest:
Forest indicates a complex ecosystem comprising diverse flora and fauna. The ecological setting supports the growth of plants like Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, emphasizing the importance of forests in preserving medicinal biodiversity.
63) Medium:
Medium signifies a substance or environment in which reactions occur. In phytochemical research, examining the effects of different extraction mediums on Nyctanthes arbor-tristis may enhance the understanding of its therapeutic compounds.
64) Indian:
Indian pertains to the cultural, geographical, and botanical context of India, emphasizing the significance of indigenous plants like Nyctanthes arbor-tristis in traditional healthcare systems and their integration into modern pharmacology.
65) Killing (Killed):
Killed often refers to the outcome of interactions, particularly in experimental studies. Investigating effects of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis on health might reveal protective effects against conditions leading to mortality in animal models.
66) Kapha:
Kapha is one of the three doshas in Ayurveda, representing stability and water elements. The characteristics associated with Kapha inform the therapeutic uses of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, aiding in balancing this dosha's influence in individuals.
67) Rakta:
Rakta means 'blood' or 'red' in Sanskrit. Within Ayurvedic traditions, the properties associated with Rakta inform treatment strategies, highlighting the need for understanding these concepts in the context of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis.
68) Tikta:
Tikta refers to a bitter taste in Ayurvedic medicine, indicating the presence of bioactive compounds in plants. The Tikta property of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis can inform its medicinal applications and benefits.
69) Ushna (Usna):
Ushna pertains to the quality of warmth or heat in Ayurveda. The Ushna quality of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis may have implications for its uses in treating conditions related to cold or sluggishness.
70) Parja:
Parja is yet another vernacular name for Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, reflecting its cultural embedment in different regions of India. Local names signify the plant's importance in regional herbal traditions and practices.
71) Hindi (Himdi):
Hindi is one of the predominant languages in India. Documenting the local vernacular names for Nyctanthes arbor-tristis in Hindi emphasizes the plant's cultural significance and connectors within traditional Indian medicine.
72) Field:
Field denotes a specific domain of study or practice. The pharmacological field relating to Nyctanthes arbor-tristis encompasses both traditional and scientific perspectives, showcasing the progression of knowledge in herbal medicine.
73) Manca (Mamca):
Manja signifies a name associated with Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. Recognizing various local designations reinforces the cultural diversity in Afghanistan while reflecting the plant's herbal significance across different languages.
74) Coral:
Coral might reference the color or visual characteristics of the flowers of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. It underscores how aesthetics play a role in the plant's recognition and cultural significance in medicinal practices.
75) Genu:
Genu could relate to quality attributes in biological contexts. Evaluating the Genu of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis may promote an understanding of the plant’s specific characteristics relevant to traditional healers and pharmacologists.
[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 91]
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Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Traditional knowledge, Traditional medicine, Ayurvedic medicine, Pharmacological properties, Anti-inflammatory activity, Antioxidant activity, Phytochemical analysis, Pharmacognostic study, Macroscopic study, Hepatoprotective activity, Anticancer activity, Antiviral activity, Dosage form, Ethanolic extract, Anti-diabetic activity, Anti-arthritic activity, Bioactive compound, Sedative Properties, CNS Depressant Action, Anti-histaminic activity, TLC profiling, Sedative effect, Chemical constituent, Antimalarial activity, Anti-leishmanial activity, Immunostimulant activity, Antiparasitic activity, Plant part, Anti allergic effect.