Pharmaceutico-analytical study of samanya and vishesh shodhana of parada

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Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Pharmaceutico-analytical study of samanya and vishesh shodhana of parada
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Author:

Dr. Mamta Devi and Dr. Ravneet Kaur Chahal


World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:

(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)

Full text available for: Pharmaceutico-analytical study of samanya and vishesh shodhana of parada

Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research

Doi: 10.20959/wjpr202313-29058


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Summary of article contents:

1. Introduction

Rasashastra is a significant branch of Ayurveda focused on the study of metal and mineral-based formulations, primarily concerning their origin, types, properties, and therapeutic applications. Among these substances, Parada (mercury) is highly valued for its therapeutic efficacy, but poses risks due to its natural impurities and toxic effects. The purification process, known as Shodhana, is essential for eliminating undesirable elements and enhancing the medicinal properties of Parada, making it suitable for various medicinal applications. This study conducted a detailed pharmaceutico-analytical investigation of Samanya and Vishesh Shodhana processes of Parada, adhering to classical Ayurvedic texts, particularly Rasa Tarangini.

2. Samanya Shodhana Process

The Samanya Shodhana is the general purification method aimed at enhancing the safety and efficacy of Parada. In this traditional process, Ashudha Parada (impure mercury) is mixed and triturated with an equal quantity of Sudha (lime powder) for 36 hours. Following this, it undergoes additional trituration with a paste of garlic (Lashuna) and Saindhava Lavana (rock salt) for another 36 hours. Throughout this process, the Parada changes color and loses its impurities, ultimately yielding a purified product (Shuddha Parada). The results showed a significant loss of weight indicating the removal of impurities, alongside a notable transformation in appearance and texture, which validated the effectiveness of this purification technique.

3. Vishesh Shodhana Process

The Vishesh Shodhana process focuses on the targeted removal of specific impurities (Doshas) from Parada through the use of particular herbs and substances. In this detailed purification method, different agents are selected based on the type of Dosha to be eliminated, where each agent is typically used in a quantity equal to 1/16th of the Parada. For instance, to eliminate Naga Dosha (related to lead), the mixture includes Grahadhuma, Ishtika Churna, and Haridra Churna along with Ghritakumari Swarasa (aloe vera juice). The Shuddha Parada is further treated with these specific substances, triturated for 12 hours, and subsequently washed with Kanji (fermented liquid). This focused purification yields a refined mercury preparation that is considered significantly safer for medicinal use.

4. Analytical Observations

Analytical analyses conducted on the purified Parada indicated a reduction in mercury content from 99.8% in its raw form to 99.21% post-purification. This decrease highlights the alteration of mercury's chemical composition following the Shodhana procedures. Observations during the purification process revealed that after mixing with lime, the mercury took on a grey hue and showed structural changes. Additionally, the loss in Parada during the processes was attributed to physical handling, spillage, and possible evaporation. Careful monitoring during washing and separation was crucial to minimize further loss, ensuring a higher yield of purified mercury for subsequent medicinal formulations.

5. Conclusion

The study validates the essentiality of purification processes in transforming Ashudha Parada into a viable medicinal agent. Through the meticulous application of Samanya and Vishesh Shodhana methods, notable removal of impurities was achieved, enhancing the quality of mercury for therapeutic purposes. The slight reduction in mercury content indicates permissible trace elements may be introduced during the purification process. The findings from this research serve as a significant reference for future studies aiming to standardize procedures for the safe and effective use of Ayurvedic metal and mineral formulations.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What is the focus of the study conducted by Dr. Mamta Devi and Dr. Ravneet Kaur Chahal?

The study focuses on the pharmaceutico-analytical purification process of Parada (mercury) using classical methods referenced in Rasa Tarangini, evaluating its organoleptic characteristics and therapeutic potential after purification.

What is Shodhana and why is it important for Parada?

Shodhana is a purification process that removes impurities (Doshas) and enhances the therapeutic efficacy of drugs like Parada, which may contain harmful impurities due to their natural sources.

What were the key materials used in the purification of Parada?

Key materials included Ashudha Parada (impure mercury), Sudha (lime powder), Lashuna (garlic), and Saindhava Lavana (rock salt), all utilized in various sequences for effective Shodhana.

What were the methods employed in the purification process?

Purification methods included Samanya Shodhana, where Parada was triturated with lime and other herbs, and Vishesha Shodhana, which targeted specific Doshas using distinct herbs for further refinement.

What was the percentage of weight loss observed during purification?

The total weight loss during the purification process of Parada amounted to approximately 43.07% due to the removal of impurities and spillage during handling.

What was the finding regarding the purity of Parada after processing?

After purification, the mercury content in Parada was found to be 99.21%, slightly reduced from 99.8%, indicating some trace elements were introduced from the purification media.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Pharmaceutico-analytical study of samanya and vishesh shodhana of parada”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Parada:
Parada, or mercury, is a significant substance in Rasashastra, known for its therapeutic properties when processed correctly. It is used in various Ayurvedic formulations, and significant purification processes, like Shodhana, are required to make it safe for medicinal use due to its natural impurities and potential toxicity.

2) Dosha (Dosa):
In Ayurvedic medicine, 'Dosha' refers to impurities or defects found within substances, including Parada. The classification of Dosha helps in understanding how to purify and enhance the therapeutic value of medicines. Different types of Doshas, such as natural and chemical, must be addressed during the purification process.

3) Shodhana (Sodhana):
Shodhana signifies the purification process essential in Ayurvedic practices, especially for metals like Parada. This process removes various Doshas and enhances the substance's properties, allowing it to be safely incorporated into drugs. Shodhana techniques vary depending on the material being purified and the desired outcome.

4) Rasa (Rasha):
Rasa refers to the essence or flavor of a substance in Ayurvedic terminology. In the context of Rasashastra, Rasa encompasses the therapeutic and energetic qualities of metals and minerals, influencing their medical applications. Understanding Rasa is crucial for utilizing substances like Parada effectively in formulations.

5) Devi:
Dr. Mamta Devi is one of the authors and a P.G. Scholar in Rasa Shastra studies. Her involvement in this research highlights the academic pursuit of understanding the medicinal applications of Ayurveda, particularly in utilizing metals like Parada for therapeutic purposes, emphasizing the integration of traditional knowledge and modern studies.

6) Haridra:
Haridra, known as turmeric, is often used in purification processes within Ayurveda. It is recognized for its anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and detoxifying properties. In the context of Shodhana, Haridra supports the removal of impurities from substances like Parada, making them safer for medicinal use.

7) Water:
The water is vital in Ayurveda not only for drinking but also for processes such as purification and preparation of medications. Its temperature and quality affect the efficacy of Shodhana and other processes that involve the treatment of substances, ensuring maximal efficacy and minimal loss.

8) Purification:
Purification is a central theme in Ayurvedic practices, particularly concerning metals like Parada. The aim of purification is to remove harmful impurities or Doshas, thereby enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of the substance. Procedures such as Shodhana are elaborated in classical texts to ensure safe and effective medicinal applications.

9) Saindhava (Saimdhava):
Saindhava, or rock salt, is utilized in Ayurvedic preparations for its cleansing and purifying properties. When used in the Shodhana process, it assists in the removal of impurities from metals like Parada, contributing to its safe application in medicinal formulations and promoting overall health benefits.

10) Powder:
Powder is a form of material that is often employed in the preparation of Ayurvedic medicines. In the Shodhana context, various powders, like Sudha and Haridra, are used during the trituration of Parada to enhance its purification process, creating a finer substance suitable for further pharmaceutical use.

11) Sudha:
Sudha, or lime powder, plays a crucial role in the purification process of Parada. It is employed in trituration to amalgamate with mercury, facilitating the removal of impurities. The interaction with Sudha alters the physical form of Parada, assisting in achieving desired therapeutic qualities.

12) Samanya:
Samanya refers to the general purification techniques outlined in Ayurvedic texts. This type of Shodhana involves using common ingredients and methods applicable to various substances, aiding practitioners in standardizing purification processes like that of Parada, ensuring consistent results and safety before use in formulations.

13) Lavana:
Lavana, or salt, is essential in Ayurveda for balancing tastes and enhancing the therapeutic effects of preparations. Used alongside other ingredients in the purification processes, Lavana aids in the effective removal of impurities from Parada, ensuring it can be safely integrated into medicinal formulations.

14) Visheshashodhana (Visesasodhana, Vishesha-shodhana):
Vishesha-shodhana refers to specialized purification methods directed at removing specific Doshas from substances like Parada. This targeted approach involves unique ingredients and procedures, ensuring that therapeutic properties are maximized and that the final product is free from harmful impurities, thus safe for consumption.

15) Saindhavalavana (Saindhava-lavana, Saimdhavalavana):
Saindhava-lavana combines the benefits of rock salt with other medicinal properties to enhance purification processes. In the context of Shodhana, it plays a role in improving the safety and therapeutic potential of substances like Parada. Its use underscores the integration of various ingredients in Ayurvedic practices.

16) Vishesha (Visesa):
Vishesha signifies specialized methods or characteristics within Ayurveda, particularly for processes aiming at higher efficacy. In the context of purification, Vishesha methodologies are applied to treat specific Doshas in substances like Parada, allowing for a tailored approach to enhance medicinal availability and safety。

17) Ishtika (Istika):
Ishtika is a term used in Ayurveda referring to specific materials used in the purification of metals. Its role in the context of Shodhana underscores the diversity of ingredients implicated in enhancing the process of removing Doshas, thus contributing to the overall efficacy of preparations like Parada.

18) Lashuna (Lasuna):
Lashuna, or garlic, is well regarded in Ayurveda for its antibiotic, antifungal, and purifying properties. In the context of metal purification, Lashuna is employed for Shodhana procedures to help detoxify substances like Parada, thus enhancing its safety and effectiveness in various medicinal applications.

19) Vanga (Vamga):
Vanga refers to tin, another metal that, like Parada, may require purification to ensure safety for medicinal use. Understanding the Shodhana processes related to Vanga enables Ayurvedic practitioners to effectively develop and utilize remedies that incorporate this metal, expanding the therapeutic applications within the Ayurvedic pharmacopeia.

20) Study (Studying):
The study outlined in the document focuses on the purification of Parada through various Shodhana processes, detailing methodologies and observations. The robust findings aim to contribute to understanding the therapeutic applications of purified materials in Ayurveda, supporting safety and efficacy in the use of metals in medicine.

21) Naga (Nag):
Naga refers to lead, a toxic metal that presents specific challenges in its use within Ayurvedic formulations. The purification process for Naga is addressed in classical texts to mitigate its harmful effects and enhance its medicinal value, underscoring the importance of careful Dosha removal in Ayurvedic practices.

22) Ghritakumari (Ghrtakumari, Ghrita-kumari):
Ghritakumari, or Aloe vera, is valued in Ayurveda for its soothing and healing properties. Its incorporation in the purification of metals like Parada aids in the detoxification process, promoting better assimilation of the primary substance and enhancing the overall therapeutic benefit of the final medicinal preparations.

23) Shuddha (Suddha):
Shuddha means purified in Ayurvedic context. It denotes that a substance, like Parada, has undergone the necessary purification processes to remove harmful Doshas, rendering it safe for therapeutic applications. The pursuit of Shuddha materials is integral to ensuring effective and safe Ayurvedic treatments.

24) Yantra (Yamtra):
Yantra refers to the instruments or tools used in Ayurvedic processes, particularly in the context of Shodhana and Mardana. Proper use of Yantra is crucial to ensuring the efficacy of purification techniques applied to substances like Parada, contributing to the successful preparation of safe and effective medicinal compounds.

25) Garlic:
Garlic, known for its wide medicinal application, is utilized in Ayurveda for its purifying properties. In the context of Shodhana, garlic facilitates the detoxification of metals by aiding in the removal of harmful elements, thereby contributing to the enhanced safety and therapeutic efficacy of preparations like Parada.

26) Kanji (Kamji):
Kanji is an Indian fermented drink made from rice or lentils, commonly employed in Ayurvedic practices. It is used in the purification of substances like Parada to facilitate the removal of residual impurities post Trituration, enhancing the overall effectiveness and safety of the final medicinal product.

27) Table:
In the context of this study, tables serve as a means to systematically present data and findings related to the Shodhana processes of Parada. They provide visual representation for comparing results, clarifying the impacts of various purification techniques on the effectiveness of the treated substances.

28) Drug:
Drugs in Ayurveda refer to substances crafted for therapeutic use, which include a range of natural and processed ingredients. Understanding the preparation of these drugs, especially through purification processes like Shodhana for metals and herbs, ensures that they deliver effective health benefits while minimizing adverse effects.

29) Khalvayantra (Khalva-yantra):
Khalvayantra is an essential Ayurvedic apparatus utilized for the process of trituration of substances. Its design facilitates the grinding and mixing of materials like Parada, making it a critical tool in the Shodhana process to ensure that the resultant products meet the standards required for medicinal use.

30) Rasashastra (Rasa-shastra, Rasasastra):
Rasa-shastra represents the comprehensive study of metals and minerals in Ayurveda. It encompasses the knowledge and methodologies related to the extraction, purification, and therapeutic application of these substances. Rasa-shastra underscores the discipline’s capacity to blend spirituality, science, and medicinal practices for optimal health.

31) Aupadhika:
Aupadhika refers to impurities or defects that may arise from external sources in Ayurvedic substances. Identifying and addressing Aupadhika in materials like Parada is essential to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicinal preparations, and purification processes are designed to remove these unwanted contaminants effectively.

32) Mineral:
Minerals, as essential components in medicine, require careful handling and purification in Ayurveda. Studying minerals like Parada underscores their significance in therapeutic formulations and highlights the importance of processes like Shodhana to mitigate potential toxicity and enhance their health benefits safely.

33) Ankola (Amkola):
Ankola refers to a herbal ingredient used during the Vishesha Shodhana of Parada. Its inclusion underscores the importance of specific herbal elements in the detoxification process, allowing the removal of targeted Doshas while enhancing the therapeutic properties that result from the purification of metals.

34) Nagaja (Naga-ja):
Nagaja is a term associated with a specific type of impurity projected from the presence of lead. In Ayurvedic texts, understanding the removal of Nagaja through precise Shodhana methods is vital to prepare safe formulations utilizing metals like Parada, highlighting the need for careful therapeutic preparation.

35) Punjab:
Punjab, a region in India, is highlighted as the geographical context for the study conducted on Parada in the paper. The relevance of regional Ayurvedic knowledge showcases the integration of traditional healing practices while providing a cultural backdrop for the exploration of herbal and metallic drugs in medicine.

36) Wool:
Wool, particularly fine sheep wool, is utilized in the Shodhana process for its ability to absorb impurities from metals like Parada. Its absorptive properties contribute significantly to the purification techniques, aiding in the removal of specific Doshas and enhancing the efficacy of final medicinal preparations.

37) Shuddhaparada (Suddhaparada, Shuddha-parada):
Shuddha-parada denotes purified mercury that has undergone rigorous Shodhana processes to remove harmful impurities. This substance is rendered safe for therapeutic use in Ayurvedic preparations, emphasizing the stringent purification protocols necessary for integrating metals responsibly into health treatments.

38) Observation:
Observation refers to the act of meticulously watching and noting processes and outcomes during the study. In this research, observation plays a vital role in assessing the changes that occur during the Shodhana of Parada, providing insights necessary for ensuring efficacy and safety in medicinal preparations.

39) Bhaishajya (Bhaisajya):
Bhaishajya signifies medicine in the Ayurvedic tradition, encompassing all therapeutic practices and substances used for healing. The purification methods discussed highlight the significance of preparing Bhaishajya materials effectively to achieve optimal health outcomes, especially with metals like Parada, emphasizing safety and efficacy.

40) Triphala (Tri-phala):
Triphala, a combination of three fruits, holds a significant place in Ayurvedic medicine due to its detoxifying and restorative properties. Its inclusion in discussions surrounding Shodhana processes showcases its role as a potential adjunct in purifying formulations, promoting health by assisting in the cleansing of impurities from other substances.

41) Training:
Training, particularly in the context of Ayurveda, refers to the formal education and practical experience imparted to practitioners regarding the understanding and application of therapeutic methodologies. Proper training ensures that knowledge about processes like Shodhana is effectively passed on for correct usage in clinical practices.

42) Shastra (Sastra):
Shastra refers to the body of knowledge or scripture that guides the practices within Ayurveda. It encompasses texts that outline various methodologies, including the purification processes for metals like Parada. Shastra is foundational for practitioners to accurately apply Ayurvedic principles and ensure safe therapeutic interventions.

43) Mardana:
Mardana denotes the trituration process used in Ayurvedic practice to create fine powders of substances like Parada. This technique is crucial both in the preparation of herbal formulations and the purification process, enhancing the bioavailability and therapeutic qualities of the final product through mechanical processing.

44) Kalpana:
Kalpana refers to the preparation of various formulations in Ayurveda. It emphasizes the creative aspect of combining different substances, both herbal and mineral, to achieve specific therapeutic objectives. Understanding Kalpana is essential for producing effective Ayurvedic medicines and enhancing their healing capabilities.

45) Kushtha (Kustha):
Kustha denotes skin diseases in Ayurveda. The importance of ensuring that metals like Parada are properly purified to avoid aggravating any Kustha conditions during therapeutic application emphasizes the critical need for rigorous purification controls in the manufacturing of Ayurvedic medicines.

46) Visha (Visa):
Visha represents toxic substances within Ayurvedic literature. The relevance of Visha in the context of purification highlights the potential dangers associated with unrefined materials like Parada, necessitating processes like Shodhana to ensure that toxic substances are mitigated, promoting safe medicinal use within Ayurveda.

47) Mala:
Mala refers to waste or impurities that can contaminate substances used in Ayurvedic formulations. The discussion on Shodhana processes emphasizes the importance of removing Mala to ensure that substances like Parada are safe and effective for therapeutic use, highlighting the delicate balance needed in Ayurvedic medicine.

48) Post:
Post indicates the stages or procedures that follow certain processes in this study, emphasizing the importance of subsequent steps after main methodologies. This term is crucial for organizing the thoughts and sequences involved in the preparation and purification phases of Parada in Ayurvedic medicine.

49) Nature:
Nature embodies the inherent characteristics and quality of substances evaluated in Ayurveda. The nature of metals like Parada necessitates careful purification to eliminate impairing impurities, thereby aligned with Ayurveda's holistic principles and ensuring the safe application of these metals in health and medicine.

50) Substance:
Substance in the Ayurvedic context refers to the foundational materials used in therapeutic formulations. In this study, understanding the specific substances involved in Shodhana procedures emphasizes the care taken to purify and enhance their properties to promote health and wellbeing effectively.

51) Tridosha (Tridosa, Tri-dosha):
Tridosha represents the fundamental bodily principles of Vata, Pitta, and Kapha in Ayurveda. Discussions related to Tridosha emphasize the need for purification processes to ensure that medicinal substances do not disturb these balances, particularly when metals like Parada are incorporated into Ayurvedic formulations.

52) Indrayan:
Indrayan is a herb mentioned in Ayurveda, often used in the purification protocols of metals. Its application in contexts like Vishesha Shodhana underscores the utility of plant-based substances in effectively detoxifying metals like Parada, showcasing Ayurveda's holistic approach to purification and therapeutic efficacy.

53) Prakopa:
Prakopa refers to the aggravation of Doshas within the body or in substances. Understanding the principles of Prakopa is critical in Ayurvedic practice, especially when preparing medications from metals such as Parada, as managing these aggravations ensures effective therapeutic intervention and optimal health outcomes.

54) Trikatu (Tri-katu):
Trikatu, a combination of three spices, is frequently used in Ayurvedic formulations to enhance digestion and absorption. Its relevance in the context of purification signals its potent ability to assist in the Shodhana of substances like Parada, highlighting the integrative approach of Ayurveda in using multiple ingredients for optimal effects.

55) Mustard:
Mustard, used in various Ayurvedic preparations, possesses properties that can aid in detoxifying and purifying substances. Incorporating mustard into the Shodhana processes helps address specific impurities in metals like Parada, thus reinforcing the effectiveness and safety of the completed Ayurvedic formulations.

56) Tankana (Tamkana):
Tankana, or borax, is utilized in purification processes within Ayurveda for its medicinal properties. Its application in the Shodhana of metals like Parada emphasizes the diverse range of herbal and mineral agents used to cleanse substances, ensuring they can be safely used for therapeutic purposes.

57) Kshara (Ksara):
Kshara refers to alkaline substances used in Ayurvedic practices for detoxification and purification. When applied in processes like Shodhana, Kshara helps neutralize acidic impurities in metals like Parada, ultimately enhancing their qualities and making them suitable for safe therapeutic use.

58) Kalka:
Kalka refers to a paste made from specific herbs or roots that is used in various Ayurvedic treatments. In the context of purification, Kalka assists in the detoxification processes, aiding in the removal of particular Doshas from metals like Parada for safe medicinal utilization.

59) Giri:
Giri refers to mountains in Sanskrit, often symbolizing the source of natural resources. In Ayurveda, understanding the context of where minerals like Parada are sourced helps identify potential impurities, guiding practitioners in establishing effective purification practices for safe therapeutic application.

60) Rock salt:
Rock salt is utilized in Ayurvedic medicine for its cleansing and purifying properties. When included in the purification of materials such as Parada, it assists in the removal of unwanted impurities and plays a key role in enhancing the safety and effectiveness of Ayurvedic medicinal preparations.

61) Parinamashula (Parinamasula, Parinama-shula):
Parinama-shula indicates pain resulting from transformations or changes within the body. Understanding contexts like Parinama-shula in Ayurvedic texts emphasizes the importance of carefully preparing and purifying materials such as Parada to prevent potential adverse effects in therapeutic applications.

62) Mutrakriccha (Mutrakrccha, Mutra-kriccha):
Mutrakriccha refers to urinary difficulties or disorders in Ayurvedic terminology. The health implications of unprocessed or improperly purified materials highlight the necessity of rigorous purification processes to ensure that metals like Parada do not exacerbate conditions like Mutrakriccha when used medicinally.

63) Yavakshara (Yava-kshara, Yavaksara):
Yavakshara refers to alkaline substances derived from barley, commonly employed in Ayurvedic purification processes for their cleansing properties. Its engagement in Shodhana emphasizes the combination of various herbal agents used to detoxify materials like Parada, underscoring Ayurveda's extensive pharmacological practices.

64) Vajikarana:
Vajikarana denotes Ayurvedic treatments designed to enhance virility and fertility. The purification of substances like Parada through rigorous methods ensures that they possess the required properties for effective Vajikarana formulations, maximizing therapeutic benefits while minimizing potential toxicity involved with such potent substances.

65) Raktapitta (Rakta-pitta):
Raktapitta refers to a disorder characterized by bleeding and blood-related issues in Ayurveda. The processes of purifying metal like Parada underscore the necessity to use only well-prepared and safe substances, ensuring that they do not contribute negatively to health concerns associated with Raktapitta.

66) Discussion:
Discussion pertains to the analysis and interpretation of findings related to the purification of Parada. Critical examination of the processes, outcomes, and variations provides insights into Ayurvedic purification practices, contributing to the wider understanding of metal safety and efficacy in therapeutic applications.

67) Gridhrasi (Gridhrashi, Grdhrasi):
Gridhrasi denotes sciatica or pain associated with nerve impingement in Ayurveda. The implications of using metals like Parada in the context of Gridhrasi need thorough purification to mitigate discomfort and ensure that therapeutic interventions do not contribute to exacerbation of such conditions.

68) Indrayava (Indra-yava, Imdrayava):
Indrayava refers to a specific herb recognized in Ayurvedic literature for its health benefits. Its inclusion in purification protocols for metals like Parada highlights the reliance on herbal constituents to remove toxins, enhancing the overall therapeutic efficacy and safety of the final products.

69) Vatarakta (Vata-rakta):
Vatarakta is a term for gout, coming from the accumulation of toxins in the body. When preparing Ayurvedic medications from metals, especially those like Parada, extensive purification is essential to ensure the substances do not worsen conditions such as Vatarakta in patients seeking relief.

70) Pravahika:
Pravahika refers to diarrhea in Ayurvedic language. The significance of thorough purification processes for medications like Parada illustrates the necessity of ensuring that preparations contain no impurities that could impede digestive health or worsen symptoms associated with Pravahika.

71) Medicine:
Medicine in the Ayurvedic context refers to any substance derived from natural materials utilized for therapeutic purposes. Purification methods outlined for substances like Parada underline the comprehensive approach in Ayurveda to ensure the safe and effective use of these potent materials in healthcare.

72) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda is an ancient system of medicine originating from India, emphasizing balance within the body and the use of natural resources for healing. Practitioners utilize methods like Shodhana to purify substances, ensuring optimal efficacy and safety in the application of various therapeutic practices.

73) Gokshura (Goksura, Go-kshura):
Gokshura, known for its diuretic properties, is a herb widely used in Ayurveda. Its relevance in discussions about purification emphasizes the diverse range of plant-based components that enhance the safety and efficacy of formulations, particularly in the context of preparing substances like Parada for health benefits.

74) Rasayoga (Rasa-yoga):
Rasayoga refers to the therapeutic formulations derived from metals and minerals in Ayurveda. It highlights the crucial practices in Rasa Shastra for ensuring that these formulations undergo rigorous purification through methods like Shodhana to make sure they are effective and safe for clinical use.

75) Karkasha (Karkasa):
Karkasha indicates something harsh or rough, particularly concerning Ayurvedic substances. Understanding Karkasha in the context of metals like Parada stresses the importance of proper purification techniques to ensure that the substances are suitable for therapeutic application without causing discomfort or adverse effects.

[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 155]

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