Industrial production of citric acid

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Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Industrial production of citric acid
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Original source:

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Author:

Eeshaan V. Kashid, Hrishikesh S. Bharadwaj, Siddharth Kaushik L. S., Sinchana P. Kumar, Narendra Kumar S.


World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:

(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)

Full text available for: Industrial production of citric acid

Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research

Doi: 10.20959/wjpr202315-29397


Download the PDF file of the original publication


Summary of article contents:

Introduction

Citric acid is a widely utilized natural product that plays a significant role in various industries due to its exceptional properties. This article provides a comprehensive overview of citric acid, focusing on its manufacturing process through submerged fermentation and its diverse applications across multiple sectors. The process primarily involves cultivating the fungus Aspergillus niger in bioreactors, with factors such as strain selection and fermentation conditions playing a crucial role in optimizing production.

Manufacturing Process of Citric Acid

The production of citric acid predominantly employs submerged fermentation, accounting for approximately 80% of the total output. This method uses Aspergillus niger, cultivated in stainless-steel bioreactors equipped with systems for aeration and cooling. The fermentation requires specific substrates such as beet molasses and maize starch, along with nitrogen sources like ammonia. Inoculum production is initiated through germinating spores in a nutrient-rich solution, which then leads to the preparation of an appropriate medium. The fermentation process typically lasts between 5 to 10 days, and successful production is influenced by factors like mycelium structure, oxygen concentration, and pH levels.

Applications of Citric Acid

Citric acid is renowned for its versatility and is widely utilized in the food and beverage industry as an acidulant, flavor enhancer, and preservative. Beyond its culinary uses, citric acid exhibits remarkable properties that make it valuable in pharmaceutical formulations, personal care products, cleaning agents, and various industrial applications such as metal cleansing and water treatment. Its chelating abilities and antioxidant properties extend its utility across multiple sectors, positioning citric acid as an essential component in many exceptional products.

Market Dynamics and Trends

The global citric acid market is expanding, with significant growth projected from USD 3,481.29 million in 2023 to USD 4,268.20 million by 2028, marking a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.16%. The Asia Pacific region leads in citric acid production, driven by major producers in countries like China and India. The burgeoning food and beverage sector, coupled with rising disposable incomes, fuels increased demand for citric acid. Major pharmaceutical companies also incorporate citric acid into their products, further underscoring its importance in both medicinal and industrial contexts.

Conclusion

Citric acid is a critical compound with multifaceted applications across various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, and manufacturing. Its production through submerged fermentation highlights the advanced biotechnological processes that facilitate its synthesis. As market demand continues to grow, the significance of citric acid is expected to rise, reinforcing its status as an indispensable ingredient with diverse functionalities. The continued exploration of its properties and benefits will likely lead to new applications and innovations in numerous sectors, ensuring citric acid remains a vital compound in the years to come.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What is citric acid and where is it commonly found?

Citric acid is a natural compound found in citrus fruits like oranges and lemons. It is also present in other fruits and vegetables, such as strawberries, broccoli, and spinach, and serves many industrial and health-related purposes.

How is citric acid primarily manufactured?

Citric acid is primarily manufactured through submerged fermentation using the fungus Aspergillus niger. This process requires careful control of fermentation conditions, including strain selection, medium composition, and environmental factors for optimal production.

What are the major applications of citric acid?

Citric acid has diverse applications, including use as an acidulant in food and beverages, antioxidant in pharmaceuticals, and chelating agent in cleaning products. It is also used in water treatment, textile manufacturing, and personal care products.

What are the physicochemical properties of citric acid?

Citric acid is a white crystalline powder, highly soluble in water, and exhibits acidic properties with a pH of around 2.2 in a 0.1 M solution. It can bind with metal ions and acts as a weak acid.

How does citric acid function as an antioxidant?

Citric acid protects cells from free radical damage by scavenging these unstable molecules. Its antioxidant properties help prevent oxidative stress, which is linked to various chronic diseases, including heart disease and cancer.

What is the projected market growth for citric acid?

The global citric acid market is expected to grow from USD 3,481.29 million in 2023 to USD 4,268.20 million by 2028, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.16% due to rising demand in numerous industries.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Industrial production of citric acid”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Medium:
In the context of citric acid production, 'medium' refers to the nutrient-rich solution in which the fermentation process occurs. It typically contains carbon sources like sucrose or beet molasses and essential inorganic salts. The composition of the medium is crucial for optimal microbial growth and citric acid yield during submerged fermentation.

2) Narendra (Nara-indra):
'Narendra' refers to one of the authors of the study on industrial production of citric acid. The work of these authors contributes valuable insights to the field of biotechnology and fermentation processes. Their research aids in understanding the complexities of citric acid manufacturing and its diverse applications.

3) Food:
The phrase 'the food' emphasizes the relevance of citric acid in enhancing the quality and safety of food products. Citric acid is extensively used as a flavor enhancer and preservative, signifying its essential role in food formulation and consumer appeal.

4) Nature:
'Nature' highlights the natural occurrence of citric acid in various fruits and vegetables. It emphasizes the organic aspect of citric acid, showcasing its role in human health as a vitamin and antioxidant, vital for preventing oxidative stress and various chronic diseases.

5) Water:
'Water' is a key medium in the production and properties of citric acid. Citric acid is highly soluble in water, and its chemical behavior as a weak acid is crucial for its applications across multiple industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, and cleansing agents.

6) Salt (Salty):
'Salt' refers to the inorganic salts that are essential in the medium for citric acid fermentation. These salts provide necessary minerals for microbial growth and influence pH levels, affecting citric acid production efficiency. Proper balance in salts is critical to prevent by-products like oxalic acid.

7) Cina:
'China' is a major player in the citric acid market, being one of the largest producers and exporters. The country's capacity for large-scale production at lower costs significantly influences global supply chains and market dynamics in both the food and pharmaceutical industries.

8) Powder:
'Powder' pertains to the solid, crystalline form of citric acid, which is widely used in various applications. The powdered form makes it easy to handle and integrate into food products, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetic formulations, showcasing its versatility and functional benefits.

9) Kumar:
'Kumar' is another author of the citric acid research article, contributing to the expertise in the field. The insights provided by Kumar and collaborators enhance the understanding of the bioprocessing techniques involved in citric acid production, benefiting educational and industrial practices.

10) Sugar:
'Sugar' is a critical component of the fermentation medium used to produce citric acid. Sucrose and other sugars serve as the primary carbon sources that facilitate the growth of *Aspergillus niger*, leading to optimized citric acid yields during submerged fermentation processes.

11) Substance:
'Substance' indicates the type of ingredients used in citric acid formulations or its effects on health and industry. Understanding the properties of different substances, like citric acid, helps in evaluating their benefits and applications in various sectors including food and pharmaceuticals.

12) Cleansing:
'Cleansing' relates to the application of citric acid in personal care and cleaning products. Its chelating and antibacterial properties make it effective in formulations that require disinfection, enhancing the effectiveness and safety of various household and personal care products.

13) Disease:
'Diseases' highlight the potential preventative role of citric acid in various health issues, particularly chronic conditions. Its antioxidant capacity supports cellular health and may provide protective measures against diseases influenced by oxidative stress, indicating its health significance.

14) Company:
'Company' refers to the organizations involved in the production and sale of citric acid and related products. These companies play a pivotal role in the market dynamics of citric acid, impacting its availability and applications across several industries globally.

15) Cancer:
'Cancer' is a serious disease that may potentially be addressed with citric acid's properties. The research indicates citric acid's possible role as a micronutrient in chemotherapy, showcasing its significance in supportive treatment measures for cancer patients.

16) Field:
'Fields' signifies the various industries and scientific areas where citric acid is applicable, such as food processing, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. Understanding these fields highlights the multifunctional nature of citric acid and its diverse impact across different sectors.

17) Bird:
'Birds' expands on the implications of citric acid in veterinary health. Its benefits for improving immune function in various bird species showcase the compound's importance in agriculture, particularly in poultry and avian medicine.

18) Quality:
'Quality' emphasizes the importance of maintaining standards in citric acid production and its applications. High-quality citric acid is essential for its effectiveness in food preservation, therapeutic formulations, and other industrial applications, thereby impacting public health and safety.

19) Chemotherapy:
'Chemotherapy' relates to the medical application of citric acid as a supportive nutrient. Its use during chemotherapy enhances treatment efficacy and may help mitigate some negative effects, illustrating the potential therapeutic benefits of citric acid in oncology.

20) Developing:
'Developing' indicates countries or regions undergoing growth in citric acid production or market demand. Understanding the dynamics of developing nations enhances knowledge about global supply chains and market trends, particularly where food and beverage industries are rapidly evolving.

21) Surface:
'Surface' refers to the aspects of fermentation equipment and microbial growth environments. The material and surface treatment of bioreactors influence fermentation efficiency and product yield, underscoring the technical considerations in the citric acid production process.

22) India:
'India' is a key player in the global citric acid market, contributing significantly to production and export capacities. The demand from a large population and growing industries enhances India's role in the global dynamics of citric acid supply.

23) Blood:
'Blood' relates to the health benefits of citric acid as it aids in iron absorption, thereby potentially improving blood health. Understanding its role in supporting various physiological processes highlights citric acid's relevance in nutrition and overall health maintenance.

24) Tank:
'Tank' refers to fermentation systems where citric acid production takes place. The design and conditions of the fermentation tank are crucial for optimizing microbial growth and citric acid yield, highlighting the importance of equipment in bioprocessing.

25) Bell:
'Bell' typically connotes the naming of specific fruits like bell peppers that contain citric acid. This highlights the natural sources of citric acid in the diet, emphasizing its nutritional value and the role of citric fruits in human health.

26) Inci (Imci):
'Inch' may refer to measurement in the context of equipment or microbial structure sizes in the citric acid production process, illustrating the precision required in biotechnology and fermentation management for optimal production outcomes.

Other Science Concepts:

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Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Industrial production of citric acid’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:

Impact factor, Antioxidant properties, Oxidative stress, Collagen synthesis, Hydroxyl group, Aspergillus niger, Melting point, Citric Acid, Free Radical, Antioxidant capabilities, Pharmaceutical formulation, Growth Medium, Manufacturing process, PH adjustment, Food additive.

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