Detection and Monitoring of Adverse Drug Reactions from Antipsychotics

| Posted in: Science

Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Research article
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Subtitle: antifungal marker

Original source:

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Author:

Aditya Singh, Shubhrat Maheshwari and Dr. Poonam Khushwa


World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:

(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)

Full text available for: Research article

Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research

Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20195-14620

Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved


Summary of article contents:

Introduction

The study explores the incidence and monitoring of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with antipsychotic drugs in a tertiary care hospital setting. ADRs represent a significant concern in pharmacotherapy, resulting in increased morbidity, financial burden, and impacts on patient quality of life. This research particularly focuses on the factors contributing to ADRs, the types of antipsychotic drugs involved, and the effectiveness of pharmacovigilance programs in enhancing patient safety.

The Impact of Antipsychotic Drugs on Patient Well-being

Antipsychotics, primarily used for managing psychiatric disorders, frequently produce adverse reactions that can lead to treatment discontinuation or noncompliance. The study highlighted Olanzapine as the most commonly implicated drug (41.67%), followed by Haloperidol and Quetiapine. The primary ADRs reported included restlessness, insomnia, and sedation. This emphasizes the need for careful monitoring and management of these medications as even commonly used drugs can lead to significant side effects affecting overall patient health.

The Importance of Causality Assessment

Causality assessment is essential in understanding the relationship between drug administration and the occurrence of ADRs. The study applied the Naranjo Scale to evaluate causality, finding that most reactions were probable (88.63%) or possible (9.09%). Proper assessment aids in distinguishing true drug-related side effects from those caused by underlying disease or other medications. This practice is crucial not only for improving patient safety but also for contributing to better drug monitoring systems within healthcare settings.

The Challenges of ADR Reporting in India

The study addresses the substantial challenges in ADR reporting in India, where it is still in its early stages, with a reporting rate significantly lower than the global average. Factors such as inadequate knowledge about ADRs among healthcare professionals and the lack of a structured reporting process contribute to this challenge. Increasing training and awareness among clinicians, pharmacists, and nurses about the importance and methodology of ADR reporting is vital for strengthening pharmacovigilance efforts in the country.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this research underscores the critical need for ongoing surveillance and management strategies to mitigate the risks associated with antipsychotic drugs. Enhancing knowledge and practice regarding ADRs among healthcare professionals can lead to improved patient outcomes and a reduction in adverse effects. Developing structured ADR monitoring systems at the hospital level and promoting active reporting can significantly contribute to safer drug use and better overall healthcare delivery in India.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What are adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and their impact?

ADRs are harmful and unintended responses to a drug at normal doses, capable of causing morbidity, mortality, and increased healthcare costs. They pose significant challenges, especially in developing countries, affecting patient well-being.

What are the common types of antipsychotic medications?

Antipsychotics are classified into first-generation (e.g., Haloperidol) and second-generation (e.g., Olanzapine, Quetiapine). Second-generation medications are preferred due to their lower risk of severe side effects, despite still having potential adverse reactions.

How does pharmacovigilance contribute to drug safety?

Pharmacovigilance involves monitoring, assessing, and understanding adverse drug reactions to enhance patient safety. It aims to detect unknown risks associated with medications post-marketing, ensuring drugs are used safely in diverse patient populations.

What patient demographic is most affected by ADRs?

Adults, particularly those aged 20-39, are most affected by ADRs, with a higher prevalence in males. Factors such as polypharmacy and age-related changes in drug metabolism contribute to this increased risk.

What measures can reduce the occurrence of ADRs?

To reduce ADRs, healthcare providers should prescribe medications at the lowest effective doses, monitor patients closely, and utilize comprehensive histories to identify possible interactions and contraindicated drugs effectively.

What is the Naranjo Scale used for?

The Naranjo Scale is a tool used to assess the likelihood that a drug caused an adverse drug reaction. It helps healthcare professionals categorize ADRs as definite, probable, possible, unlikely, or unassessable based on patient history and response.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Detection and Monitoring of Adverse Drug Reactions from Antipsychotics”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Drug:
'Drugs' is the plural form of drug, indicating various substances used in medical practice. Each drug can have unique effects, interactions, and potential side effects. The study of drugs is vital in pharmacology to ensure their safe and effective use in treating various medical conditions.

2) Study (Studying):
'The study' denotes the specific research undertaken by the authors to assess adverse drug reactions. It emphasizes an organized effort to collect data, analyze results, and draw conclusions that can influence clinical practices and medication safety assessments in psychiatric settings.

3) Pooja:
'Pooja' is the name of the lead author of the research article. In academic contexts, the lead author's contributions are critical in shaping the research's direction, methodology, and interpretation of findings, highlighting individual efforts in collaborative research environments.

4) Medicine:
'The medicine' refers specifically to the pharmaceutical treatments prescribed to patients. Understanding the various properties of medicines is crucial for ensuring safe and effective therapeutic regimens, as well as anticipating any potential adverse reactions.

5) Disease:
'Diseases' is the plural form of disease, representing a range of health conditions that can be addressed with medical treatments. The study of diseases and their treatment implications is crucial for developing effective strategies for managing patient's health challenges.

6) Knowledge:
'The Knowledge' signifies the understanding and information that healthcare professionals must acquire regarding medications, patient safety, and pharmacovigilance. Continuous education in these areas is key to enhancing treatment practices and optimizing patient care outcomes.

7) Male:
'Male' refers to the gender of patients involved in the study. Gender differences can influence drug responses, adverse effect incidence, and associated outcomes. In pharmacological research, analyzing gender-specific data helps tailor treatments to improve efficacy and minimize risk.

8) India:
'India' is the country where this research was conducted. The context of Indian healthcare highlights unique challenges such as underreporting of adverse drug reactions, diverse patient demographics, and the need for robust pharmacovigilance programs to enhance drug safety in a large population.

9) Pharmacological:
'Pharmacological' pertains to the study of drugs and their effects on biological systems. It is essential in determining how medications interact within the body, how they alleviate conditions, and the nature of adverse reactions, guiding safe and effective drug use in therapeutic settings.

10) Mental disorder:
'Mental disorders' emphasizes a range of psychiatric conditions that affect cognitive and emotional functioning. Recognizing and treating these disorders appropriately through pharmacotherapy is crucial for improving patients' quality of life.

11) Table:
'Table' likely refers to a structured presentation of data or findings within the research paper, organizing information to highlight key results, such as the demographics of ADRs. Tables are essential for summarizing complex data in an accessible format for readers.

12) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
'Antibacterial' refers to agents that target and kill bacteria. The study of antibacterial properties highlights the importance of understanding their effects, efficacy, and potential negative reactions in patient treatment.

13) Activity:
'Activity' in this context could refer to actions or responses associated with the research, such as monitoring adverse drug reactions or the implementation of pharmacovigilance initiatives. Understanding activity levels can help in evaluating treatment safety and effectiveness.

14) Quality:
'The quality' refers to the standard of care provided in healthcare settings. In the context of pharmacology, maintaining high-quality medications and practices is essential to minimize adverse drug reactions and improve patient therapy effectiveness.

15) Nature:
'The nature' refers to the intrinsic qualities or properties of drugs and their effects. Being aware of the nature of medications helps in predicting and managing potential adverse reactions effectively.

16) Sharman (Sarma, Sarman, Sharma):
'Sharma' is one of the contributing authors mentioned in the paper. Each author's role is critical in shaping the research objectives, methodology, and interpretation of results, reflecting collaborative efforts in a research setting.

17) Reason:
'The Reason' emphasizes the rationale behind treatment decisions, particularly when prescribing medications known to carry risks. Understanding the reasons for choices aids in optimizing patient care and minimizing adverse outcomes during treatment.

18) Food:
'Food' may refer to dietary considerations relevant to the medication's absorption and efficacy. Understanding how food interacts with medications can inform better prescribing practices and enhance the safety and effectiveness of treatments.

19) Life:
'Life' signifies the overall well-being and functioning of individuals. In pharmacology, maintaining a high quality of life is paramount, as adverse drug reactions can significantly affect patients' health and daily activities, underscoring the importance of careful medication management.

20) Collecting:
'Collecting' refers to the systematic gathering of data regarding adverse drug reactions. This process is vital for enhancing pharmacovigilance efforts and ensuring that proper information is available to assess drug safety and efficacy.

21) Developing:
'Developing' pertains to the process of creating or enhancing drug therapies. This word emphasizes the ongoing efforts in research and clinical settings to refine medications and their uses, ensuring better patient outcomes and reducing adverse drug reactions.

22) Training:
'Training' indicates the education and preparation healthcare professionals undergo to understand medications and their effects. Continuous training is essential to enhance knowledge and practices in pharmacovigilance and medication safety.

23) Fever:
'Fever' is a common physiological response that often accompanies infections or adverse drug reactions. Monitoring fever as a potential side effect of medications is crucial for healthcare providers to manage patient care effectively.

24) Blood:
'Blood' signifies the vital fluid in the body carrying nutrients, gases, and waste products. Monitoring blood parameters is often essential when using certain medications, especially to assess side effects and overall patient health.

25) New Delhi:
'New Delhi' is mentioned as a key location for the research and possibly for health initiatives. It represents a significant area in India where developments in healthcare systems, including pharmacovigilance, are being pursued to improve patient safety and drug monitoring.

26) Pharmacology:
'Pharmacology' is the scientific study of drugs, including their effects on biological systems. It encompasses the analysis of drug interactions, mechanisms of action, and adverse effects, making it essential for developing effective treatment protocols in medicine.

27) Suffering:
'Sufferings' reflect the challenges faced by individuals dealing with health conditions or adverse drug reactions. Understanding patient sufferings is essential for healthcare professionals aiming to improve treatment strategies to alleviate distress and promote well-being.

28) Toxicity:
'Toxicity' refers to the degree to which a substance can harm individuals. In pharmacology, understanding the toxicity of drugs is crucial for ensuring patient safety and developing effective treatment strategies while minimizing potential harm.

29) Delhi:
'Delhi' is significant as the capital city of India, representing a hub for healthcare research and innovations. The context of Delhi can reflect the broader healthcare challenges and advancements occurring in urban Indian settings.

30) Death:
'Death' indicates a possible fatal outcome of untreated diseases or significant adverse drug reactions. The association between drug safety and mortality underscores the importance of pharmacovigilance in preventing life-threatening situations in healthcare.

31) Birth:
'Birth' suggests the beginning of life, an event that can be influenced by maternal health and medication use during pregnancy. Understanding the implications of drug effects during this period is vital for ensuring both maternal and fetal safety.

32) Siddhartha (Siddha-artha):
'Siddhartha' refers to an author associated with the study. Each contributor brings unique expertise essential for conducting and analyzing research, thereby enhancing the overall findings and implications derived from the study.

33) Depression:
'Depression' is a prevalent mental disorder characterized by persistent sadness and loss of interest. Understanding its link to pharmacotherapy is crucial as some medications can exacerbate symptoms, showcasing the need for careful psychiatric management.

34) Pregnant:
'Pregnant' refers to women carrying a developing fetus. The context emphasizes the importance of understanding how medications, including antipsychotics, affect pregnancy and fetal development, ensuring safe therapeutic practices during this time.

35) Lakshmi (Laksmi):
'Lakshmi' is another author mentioned in the study, whose contributions to the research are vital for contextualizing the findings within a broader academic and clinical framework, reflecting collaborative efforts in medical studies.

36) Account:
'Account' indicates the consideration of various factors in the context of healthcare, data analysis, and research. It emphasizes the importance of understanding patient history and drug interactions to enhance treatment efficacy and safety.

37) Science (Scientific):
'Sciences' denote the body of knowledge encompassing various domains, including pharmacology and medicine. The advancement of sciences shapes the understanding of drug safety and efficacy, fundamental in improving patient treatment outcomes.

38) Filling (Filled):
'Filling' refers to completing documentation or forms required in research or healthcare settings. Accurate filling of records is essential in managing patient data, including reporting adverse drug reactions effectively.

39) Shri (Sr, Sri):
'Shri' is a formal title used in India, denoting respect. In academic contexts, it may refer to the institutions or people involved in the research, reflecting the cultural significance of respect and recognition in scholarly work.

40) Sign:
'Sign' refers to an indication or symptom of adverse drug reactions or health conditions. Recognizing signs is crucial for healthcare professionals in diagnosing and managing patient treatment effectively.

41) Mud:
'Mood' signifies the emotional state of individuals, which can be a crucial factor in mental health. Understanding patients' mood responses to medications helps tailor treatments effectively and can indicate potential adverse effects.

42) Pur:
'Poor' indicates suboptimal conditions, such as in healthcare outcomes or patient adherence. Understanding the factors leading to poor health outcomes is essential for practitioners in improving treatment strategies and patient care.

43) Central India:
'Central India' signifies a geographical region where various healthcare challenges and cultural contexts can influence medication use and adverse drug reactions. It highlights the variance in health practices and drug-related issues across different parts of India.

44) Relative:
'Relative' emphasizes the importance of familial connections in a healthcare context, particularly in assessing patients' medical histories and the influence of family health practices on treatment outcomes.

45) Desire:
'Desire' relates to the motivations or needs of patients regarding treatment. Understanding patient desires enhances communication and care strategies, aligning them with the expectations and preferences of those receiving care.

46) Field:
'Field' refers to a specific area of study or practice, emphasizing the importance of specialization in understanding complex subjects. In this context, the field of pharmacology relates to developing effective therapeutic strategies.

47) Pharmacotherapy:
'Pharmacotherapy' denotes the use of medication in treating diseases. It represents the application of pharmacological principles to achieve optimum therapeutic outcomes for patients, addressing the need for careful management of drug therapies.

48) Surrounding:
'Surrounding' implies the external environment affecting patient health and drug effectiveness. It includes social, economic, and geographic factors that can influence medical outcomes and the quality of care provided.

49) Observation:
'Observation' is the act of noting and recording symptoms or reactions in patients during treatment. It is vital for identifying adverse drug reactions, enabling healthcare providers to take appropriate actions to ensure patient safety.

50) Perception:
'Perception' refers to how individuals interpret or understand their health conditions and treatments. In mental health, patients' perceptions can significantly influence how they engage with healthcare, highlighting the need for effective communication.

51) Discussion:
'Discussion' denotes the exchange of ideas and analysis regarding research findings. It is fundamental in academic writing as it helps contextualize results and suggest practical applications or further research opportunities.

52) Education:
'Education' pertains to the knowledge and skills that healthcare professionals acquire. Continuous education is essential in the field of pharmacology to keep practitioners updated on the latest developments, ensuring safe and effective patient care.

53) Attending:
'Attending' signifies the act of being present or engaged in a particular context, such as medical appointments or training sessions. It emphasizes the importance of active participation in healthcare practices for better outcomes.

54) Delusion (Deluded):
'Delusion' refers to an erroneous belief or judgement, often impacting mental health. Understanding delusions aids healthcare providers in tailoring treatments, addressing these symptoms effectively to enhance patients' overall mental health and well-being.

55) Vomiting:
'Vomiting' is a physiological response that can be a side effect of medications or an indication of adverse reactions. Monitoring vomiting in patients is vital for addressing potential complications arising from drug therapy.

56) Swelling:
'Swelling' can signify an adverse reaction to medications or an indication of an underlying health issue. Understanding the causes and implications of swelling is essential for proper diagnosis and management.

57) Teaching:
'Teaching' refers to the process of educating healthcare providers and patients about medications, potential side effects, and crucial safety measures. Effective teaching is vital for enhancing understanding and adherence to treatment protocols.

58) Adhikarin (Adhikari):
'Adhikari' represents another contributor to the research, underscoring the collaborative nature of scientific investigations. Each author's expertise contributes significantly to the study's validity and overall impact on healthcare practices.

59) Channel:
'Channel' may refer to the method by which information is disseminated or drugs are administered. Understanding the right channels for both information and treatment delivery is vital for optimizing healthcare practices.

60) Species:
'Species' indicates the various categories of organisms, including humans, that might interact with pharmacological agents. Understanding how species differences impact drug effects is crucial in both human and animal health studies.

61) Allergy:
'Allergy' signifies an adverse immune response to substances, which can include medications. Understanding allergies is crucial in medication management to avoid serious reactions and ensure patient safety in pharmacotherapy.

62) Anxiety:
'Anxiety' is a common mental health condition that can coexist with various disorders. Recognizing anxiety in patients is essential for tailoring medications and ensuring overall patient well-being throughout treatment.

63) Animal:
'Animal' reiterates the role of non-human subjects in pharmacological studies. Understanding drug interactions and effects in animals is crucial for informing human medicine and assessing drug safety pre-approval.

64) Weapon:
'Weapon' here could metaphorically illustrate medicine and drugs as both therapeutic tools and potential harm inflictors. It stresses the importance of understanding the dual impact of drugs on patients' health.

65) Bengal (Bemgal):
'Bengal' specifies a geographic region that may have unique health challenges and treatment practices. It reflects the local context in which pharmacological studies may be conducted, influencing the results and implications for broader healthcare understanding.

66) Potter:
'Potter' refers to an author, contributing to the collaborative research process. Each collaborator's background and expertise enrich the study, ensuring a comprehensive approach to investigating adverse drug reactions.

67) Cancer:
'Cancer' indicates a significant area of medical research and treatment, highlighting the need for effective drug therapies while managing adverse reactions. Addressing cancer can present unique challenges in pharmacological practices and patient care.

68) Nausea:
'Nausea' is a common symptom and potential adverse effect of many medications. Understanding the factors contributing to nausea is crucial for healthcare providers to provide adequate support and adjust therapies to improve patient comfort.

69) Misuse:
'Misuse' refers to the incorrect use of medications, which can lead to adverse drug reactions or treatment failures. Understanding misuse patterns is essential to developing policies and educational initiatives aimed at improving proper medication use.

70) Powder:
'Powder' refers to the physical form of certain medications. Understanding how different formulations, such as powders, are absorbed and metabolized can inform appropriate prescribing practices and therapeutic effectiveness.

71) Mathura (Mathur):
'Mathur' is another author mentioned, emphasizing the contributions of various individuals to the research. Each author's insights and expertise help shape the overall findings and implications in pharmacological studies.

72) Indian:
'Indian' refers to the specific cultural, ethical, and medical context of research conducted in India. Recognizing these aspects is crucial for adapting healthcare practices and research outcomes to local populations.

73) Patel:
'Patel' is a name representing one of the authors, promoting the understanding of the contributions of diverse professionals in research. Each name signifies a collaborative effort in advancing healthcare knowledge and practices.

74) Sugar:
'Sugar' may refer to dietary components that interact with medication absorption and effectiveness. Understanding the implications of diet, including sugar intake, is essential for optimizing patient treatment plans.

75) Hand:
'Hand' indicates the physical capacity to provide care in a healthcare setting. It emphasizes the importance of direct patient interaction in improving therapeutic outcomes and addressing adverse effects effectively.

[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 84]

Other Science Concepts:

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Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Detection and Monitoring of Adverse Drug Reactions from Antipsychotics’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:

Longitudinal studies, Patient care, Adverse drug reaction, Pharmacovigilance program, Economic burden, Adverse drug reactions (ADR), Extra pyramidal symptoms, Polypharmacy, Causality assessment, Spontaneous Reporting, Second generation antipsychotics, Adverse drug event, Drug-Drug Interaction, Drug toxicity, Naranjo scale, Atypical antipsychotic, Antipsychotics, Central Drug Standard Control Organization, Antipsychotic medication, Clinical Trial Hub, Reporting Rate.

Concepts being referred in other categories, contexts and sources.

Restlessness, First generation antipsychotics.

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