Toxicity studies of yoyo cleanser bitters polyherbal formulation in albino rats

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Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Toxicity studies of yoyo cleanser bitters polyherbal formulation in albino rats
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Original source:

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Author:

Timipa R. Ogoun, Odangowei I. Ogidi and Thomas Aye


World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:

(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)

Full text available for: Toxicity studies of yoyo cleanser bitters polyherbal formulation in albino rats

Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research

Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20221-22534

Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved


Download the PDF file of the original publication


Summary of article contents:

Introduction

The resurgence in the use of herbal supplements, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria, is primarily driven by the perception of their safety. The study presented investigates the toxicity of Yoyo Cleanser Bitters, a popular poly-herbal preparation in Nigeria, on the liver and kidney functions of albino rats. This investigation is crucial, given the widespread use of herbal remedies without adequate medical consultation and the lack of comprehensive studies on their safety profiles.

Toxicity Assessment of Yoyo Cleanser Bitters

In the study, twenty albino rats were divided into groups and treated with varying doses of Yoyo Cleanser Bitters (5, 10, and 15 mg/kg) over a period of 14 days after a seven-day acclimatization. Following treatment, biochemical parameters such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea, and total cholesterol levels were assessed. The results indicated minimal and non-significant changes in most liver and kidney function markers compared to the control group, suggesting that the formulation might not severely impair these vital organ functions.

Biochemical Impact on Liver Function

The study found that while some enzyme levels were slightly elevated in the treated groups, the overall liver function appeared intact. Notably, serum levels of ALP, AST, and ALT showed slight increases without indicating any significant liver damage or cholestasis. These findings point to a preserved capacity of the liver to metabolize and excrete bilirubin, maintaining its synthetic function as reflected in albumin and total protein levels. However, the observed decrease in albumin concentration raises concerns regarding potential liver impairment, warranting further investigation.

Renal Function and Urea Levels

Renal function assessments showed reduced levels of creatinine, suggesting no significant nephrotoxic effects from the herbal formulation. Nevertheless, the significant increase in serum urea levels at higher dose levels raises concerns about possible impacts on kidney function, indicating reduced glomerular filtration and potential nephrotoxicity. The findings suggest that while there are no overt renal impairments at lower doses, caution may be necessary as dosage increases.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Yoyo Cleanser Bitters appears to have a largely non-toxic profile at the evaluated doses. The study suggests it does not impair liver and kidney functions significantly, although caution is advised due to the increases in serum urea and total cholesterol at higher doses, which may indicate underlying hepato-biliary and renal issues. The need for increased public awareness about the potential risks of herbal drug consumption is emphasized, along with the recommendation for further comprehensive studies to ensure safety and efficacy before widespread usage.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What is the primary aim of the study on Yoyo Cleanser Bitters?

The study aimed to evaluate the toxicity effects of Yoyo Cleanser Bitters on biochemical liver and kidney function indices in albino rats.

What does Yoyo Cleanser Bitters contain?

Yoyo Cleanser Bitters includes herbal constituents like Aloe vera, Acinos Arvensis, Citrus aurantifolia, Chenopodium murale, and Cinamomum aromaticum, along with soluble vitamins and minerals.

What were the doses administered to the albino rats?

Albino rats were given Yoyo Cleanser Bitters at doses of 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg body weight for 14 days.

What were the significant findings from the toxicity study?

The study found minimal increases in ALP, AST, and ALT, indicating no significant liver impairment, but noted significant urea and total cholesterol increases, suggesting possible nephrotoxic and hepatobiliary effects.

How was the herbal preparation administered to the rats?

The herbal formulation was administered via a 5 ml syringe, based on the calculated doses for each rat.

What conclusion was drawn about Yoyo Cleanser Bitters' safety?

While Yoyo Cleanser Bitters showed no cholestasis or reno-toxicity at low doses, caution is recommended due to elevated urea and cholesterol levels at higher doses.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Toxicity studies of yoyo cleanser bitters polyherbal formulation in albino rats”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Bitter:
Bitters are typically herbal tinctures that feature a blend of bitter herbs, often used for medicinal purposes or as digestive aids. Yoyo Cleanser Bitters is a specific formulation marketed for its claimed health benefits, such as aiding digestion and detoxifying the body. Understanding the composition and effects of bitters can influence their usage and regulatory status.

2) Rat:
Rats, particularly albino rats, are commonly used in scientific research as experimental models due to their biological and genetic similarity to humans. They are preferred for toxicity studies because their responses to substances can help predict how humans may be affected, making them significant in pharmacological and biomedical research.

3) Animal:
Animals in research provide biological systems that enable the study of complex interactions relevant to human health. Various species are used in laboratory settings to assess the impact of drugs or herbal preparations on physiological functions, revealing their potential effects and informing regulatory decisions in drug development.

4) Study (Studying):
A study refers to a systematic investigation aimed at discovering new information or validating existing knowledge. In scientific research, especially in pharmacology and toxicology, studies involving animal models help clarify the effects and safety of compounds like Yoyo Cleanser Bitters, ideally contributing to medical advancements and safety regulations.

5) Science (Scientific):
Science is the pursuit of knowledge through systematic observation and experimentation. In the context of the discussed research, science encompasses the methodologies employed to assess the safety and efficacy of herbal formulations. It emphasizes the importance of empirical data in validating traditional practices and ensuring public health safety.

6) Blood:
Blood is a vital bodily fluid that serves various essential functions, including nutrient transport, oxygen delivery, and waste removal. Biochemical analysis of blood samples in the provided research reveals valuable information about liver and kidney function in response to herbal supplements, leading to insights about their safety and efficacy.

7) Activity:
Activity within this context typically refers to the biochemical activities or responses measured in the study, such as enzyme levels or metabolic functions. Monitoring activity allows researchers to assess the physiological effects of herbal compounds, providing insight into their potential therapeutic benefits or adverse effects on health.

8) Medicine:
Medicine is the science and practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease. The study discusses herbal products like Yoyo Cleanser Bitters, which are often regarded as alternative medicine. Understanding their safety and efficacy is crucial for integrating them into modern medical practice and dietary regimens.

9) Drug:
Drugs encompass a wide range of substances used for therapeutic purposes. The research focuses on herbal drugs like Yoyo Cleanser Bitters, examining their safety and efficacy through scientific inquiry. Understanding herbal remedies as a category of drugs is important for regulatory frameworks and healthcare practices.

10) Toxicity:
Toxicity refers to the degree to which a substance can harm organisms. This research assesses the toxicity of Yoyo Cleanser Bitters by analyzing its effects on liver and kidney functions. Understanding toxicity is crucial for ensuring that herbal supplements are safe for consumption, particularly at varying dosage levels.

11) Table:
A table in research serves to present data clearly and concisely, allowing for easy comparison and understanding of results. Tables in the study summarize the biochemical parameters measured, illustrating the differences between treated groups and controls, which is essential for interpreting the research findings effectively.

12) Food:
Food encompasses any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for organisms. In the context of herbal medicine, food sources can substantially influence health and well-being. The interaction of herbal products with food and their impact on absorption or efficacy is a significant consideration in dietary supplement research.

13) Pharmacology:
Pharmacology is the branch of science that focuses on drug actions and interactions within biological systems. It encompasses research methodologies to evaluate herbal products like Yoyo Cleanser Bitters, helping establish their therapeutic potentials and safety, which is essential for responsible herbal medicine practices and regulations.

14) Disease:
Diseases represent a variety of health conditions that affect individuals and populations. The study's exploration of the effects of herbal formulations like Yoyo Cleanser Bitters can reveal their potential roles in managing or mitigating health issues, which is essential for integrating these products into healthcare practices.

15) Water:
Water is a critical component of life and serves as a solvent in various biochemical reactions. In toxicological studies, hydration status and water consumption can influence the absorption and metabolism of substances being investigated. In the study of herbal formulations, the role of water might impact overall findings and interpretations.

16) Developing:
Developing countries often rely on traditional medicine due to accessibility and affordability issues. Understanding the implications of using herbal remedies in these regions can inform public health policies, emphasizing the need for rigorous safety assessments like those conducted in the study of Yoyo Cleanser Bitters.

17) Container:
A container in this context typically refers to any vessel used for storing samples, such as blood or herbal formulations. Proper containment is crucial in laboratory settings to avoid contamination and ensure that experimental results are valid, reflecting the true effects of the substances being studied.

18) Mineral:
Minerals are essential nutrients that play numerous roles in maintaining health, including supporting enzyme functions and metabolic pathways. The inclusion of minerals in herbal preparations, such as Yoyo Cleanser Bitters, underscores the significance of these nutrients in enhancing the overall effectiveness and health benefits of the formulation.

19) Cage:
A cage typically denotes the individual enclosure for a laboratory animal. In research, the appropriate structure and environment are critical for animal welfare and the integrity of the research findings. Cages must meet specific standards to ensure that experimental results are reliable and ethically obtained.

20) Purification:
Purification involves the processes of removing impurities from substances, which is crucial in both food and drug preparation. In the context of herbal products, understanding purification processes can help ensure that the final product is safe and effective for human use, as highlighted in studies assessing toxicity.

21) Perception:
Perception relates to how individuals interpret and understand phenomena, influencing their beliefs and behaviors. In herbal medicine, public perception of safety and efficacy can significantly affect usage patterns, making it critical to provide substantiated research findings that can guide informed health choices.

22) Discussion:
Discussion is a critical section in research where findings are analyzed in context, exploring their implications and relevance to existing knowledge. In the study, the discussion helps interpret the experimental results in light of toxicity and safety profiles, which is essential for drawing conclusions about the herbal formulation's effects.

23) Depression:
Depression is a mood disorder that can affect physical health and wellbeing. In the context of herbal medicine, certain formulations may be claimed to alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression. Understanding these claims and supporting them with scientific evidence can guide both consumers and healthcare professionals in treatment options.

24) Education:
Education is vital in increasing awareness and understanding of herbal products, their benefits, and potential risks. In the context of this study, educating healthcare professionals and the public on the findings related to Yoyo Cleanser Bitters can enhance informed decisions regarding its use and promote safe practices.

25) Colouring (Coloring):
Colouring refers to substances added to products to enhance their appearance. In herbal formulations, avoiding artificial coloring substances can appeal to health-conscious consumers seeking natural solutions. Understanding the composition of Yoyo Cleanser Bitters, which claims to exclude artificial ingredients, adds value to its marketing and acceptance.

26) Company:
A company is a commercial organization involved in the production or distribution of goods. In this context, Abllat Nigeria Company Limited manufactures Yoyo Cleanser Bitters, highlighting the importance of the producer's reputation and compliance with safety regulations in influencing consumer trust and product acceptance.

27) Forest:
Forest may refer to the natural habitats where many medicinal herbs are sourced. The ecology of these areas is crucial for sustainably harvesting herbal ingredients. Understanding the relationship between herbal medicine and environmental conservation can promote responsible sourcing practices that protect biodiversity and natural resources.

28) Reason:
Reason refers to the rationale behind actions or beliefs. In the context of herbal medicine, many consumers may believe that natural products are inherently safe. It is crucial to educate the public on the importance of scientific validation to overcome misconceptions about herbal practices and ensure informed health decisions.

29) Cotton:
Cotton is a natural fiber often used for various applications, including medical and laboratory contexts. In research settings, cotton may be employed in swabs for sample collection or as part of centrifuge procedures in laboratory analyses. Its use underscores the need for precision and hygiene in scientific work.

30) Thomas:
Thomas refers to one of the authors of the study, involved in evaluating the toxicological effects of Yoyo Cleanser Bitters. Author contributions are critical for ensuring a diverse set of insights and expertise within research, leading to comprehensive analyses and conclusions in scientific investigations.

31) Sugar:
Sugar constitutes simple carbohydrates that provide energy to living organisms. In the context of health, excessive sugar consumption is often linked to various diseases, including diabetes. Understanding the role of sugar metabolism in relation to herbal preparations helps inform health recommendations and dietary guidelines.

32) Ulcer:
An ulcer is a sore that develops on the lining of the stomach or intestines. Herbal formulations like Yoyo Cleanser Bitters are sometimes marketed for their potential benefits in managing ulcer symptoms. Research on such formulations contributes to understanding their true efficacy and safety in managing gastrointestinal health.

33) House:
House usually refers to a place where activities occur, such as the animal house in a research facility. Proper facilities ensure the welfare and ethical treatment of research animals. The environment in which animals are kept significantly influences the validity of experimental findings and animal health.

34) Mash (Mas):
Mash is a type of formulated feed, typically given to animals, like the commercial grower’s mash provided to the rats in the study. The nutritional quality of the mash can significantly influence the health and metabolic responses of the experimental animals, impacting the study's outcomes.

35) Bile:
Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that aids in the emulsification of fats. Understanding the effects of herbal products on bile production and secretion is essential in assessing their potential benefits for digestive health. Herbal preparations may interact with bile metabolism, influencing overall digestive efficiency.

36) Wool:
Wool, often derived from animals such as sheep, can be used in laboratory settings, particularly for cleaning or hygiene purposes. In the context of research, wool's relevance lies in its use as a material for various laboratory practices, such as cleaning surfaces or handling materials.

37) Hand:
Hand may refer to manual dexterity needed in laboratory procedures, such as administering treatments or drawing blood. Proper handling techniques are crucial in research to minimize contamination and ensure accurate results, emphasizing the importance of skilled personnel in scientific investigations.

38) Lily:
Lily denotes a type of flowering plant, which can symbolize natural remedies in herbal medicine. The specific mention of 'Lily of the forest' as one of the herbal components in Yoyo Cleanser Bitters highlights the diverse botanical ingredients often included in such formulations, each contributing to the product's claimed benefits.

Other Science Concepts:

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Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Toxicity studies of yoyo cleanser bitters polyherbal formulation in albino rats’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:

Public awareness, Toxicity studies, Total cholesterol, Self medication, Liver Function, Serum albumin, Kidney function, Urea, Creatinine, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Hepatobiliary disorder, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Biochemical parameter, Serum level, Marker enzyme, Albino rat, Herbal Remedie.

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