Mistletoe phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity on clinical organisms.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of mistletoe (tapinanthus globiferus a. rich, tiegh.) on selected clinical organisms using two different solvents
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Nkaa F. A., Okpe O. A. and Chukwu C. K.
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of mistletoe (tapinanthus globiferus a. rich, tiegh.) on selected clinical organisms using two different solvents
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20222-22908
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The research conducted by Nkaa et al. focuses on the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial properties of the mistletoe plant, Tapinanthus globiferus. Utilizing chloroform and ethyl acetate as extraction solvents, the study aimed to identify bioactive compounds and evaluate their effectiveness against various clinical microorganisms. This work highlights the significance of plants as natural sources of medicinal compounds, particularly amid rising concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance.
Phytochemical Constituents
The qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemical constituents revealed the presence of tannins, phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins in varying concentrations across different extraction methods. The crude extract exhibited the highest levels of tannins (7.01%) and flavonoids (8.46%), while the chloroform extract showed the lowest values for alkaloids (2.65%). These findings suggest that the extraction method significantly influences the concentration of bioactive compounds, highlighting the efficacy of crude extraction in obtaining higher yields of certain phytochemicals.
Antimicrobial Activity
The antimicrobial assays demonstrated that the leaf extracts of T. globiferus exhibited significant inhibitory effects against several clinical pathogens, including Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Penicillium digitatum, and Rhizopus stolonifer. The chloroform extract showed the most potent activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, while the ethyl acetate extract demonstrated superior effectiveness against S. enterica. Notably, control antibiotics like Gentamicin and Ketoconazole displayed larger zones of inhibition, indicating that while the plant extracts were effective, they were less potent compared to standard antimicrobial treatments.
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) results highlighted the varying effectiveness of the extracts against pathogenic microbes. The chloroform extract had the lowest MIC (6.25 mg/ml) for P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, while the ethyl acetate extract showed an MIC of 12.5 mg/ml for S. enterica. These results suggest that the bioactive compounds extracted from T. globiferus can inhibit microbial growth at relatively low concentrations, emphasizing the plant's potential as a source of natural antimicrobial agents.
Conclusion
The study by Nkaa et al. underscores the pharmacological potential of Tapinanthus globiferus as a source of bioactive compounds with notable antimicrobial activity. The variations in phytochemical content based on extraction methods and the demonstrated efficacy against a range of clinical pathogens suggest that this mistletoe plant could be further explored for medicinal purposes. As antimicrobial resistance poses significant challenges to global health, the integration of plant-derived compounds into therapeutic strategies may offer alternative avenues for treatment, reaffirming the importance of traditional medicinal plants in modern medicine.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What plant was studied for its phytochemical and antimicrobial properties?
The study focused on the mistletoe plant, Tapinanthus globiferus, analyzing its phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities against selected clinical organisms.
Which solvents were used for extracting bioactive compounds from the plant?
Chloroform and ethyl acetate were utilized to extract bioactive components from the leaves of Tapinanthus globiferus, while a crude extract was also obtained by squeezing fresh leaves.
What phytochemicals were detected in the leaf extracts of the plant?
Qualitative analysis revealed the presence of tannins, phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins in varying intensities in the leaf extracts of Tapinanthus globiferus.
How effective were the extracts against common microbial pathogens?
The chloroform extract exhibited significant inhibition against pathogens like Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus, while ethyl acetate extract demonstrated even greater activity against certain fungi.
What was the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the extracts?
The chloroform extract showed MIC values of 6.25 mg/ml for several pathogens, while other extracts, like ethyl acetate, ranged from 12.5 mg/ml to 25 mg/ml depending on the organism.
What are the potential benefits of using plant-derived medicine?
Plant-derived medicine is regarded as relatively safer than synthetic alternatives, offering therapeutic benefits and cost-effective solutions, especially amidst rising antimicrobial resistance.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Mistletoe phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity on clinical organisms.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Flavonoid:
Flavonoids are a large group of plant-based compounds that serve as antioxidants and have anti-inflammatory effects. They have been studied for their therapeutic potential, including their ability to protect against cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers. Flavonoids are abundantly found in fruits, vegetables, and beverages like tea and red wine.
2) Aureus:
Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacterium found on the skin and in the nose of humans. While it can be harmless, it is also known to cause various infections, including skin infections, respiratory infections, and food poisoning. Some strains of aureus have developed resistance to antibiotics, making them a public health concern.
3) Phytochemical:
Phytochemicals are bioactive compounds found in plants that can have health benefits for humans. They play important roles in disease prevention and treatment, including roles as antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. Research on phytochemicals is crucial for developing herbal medicines and understanding plant-based nutrition.
4) Table:
A table is a structured arrangement of data in rows and columns, used to present information clearly and concisely. In scientific research, tables are essential for summarizing experimental data, comparing results, and providing a visual reference for analysis and interpretation, making it easier for readers to digest complex information.
5) Activity:
Activity refers to the effectiveness or action of a substance, such as an antimicrobial agent against microorganisms. In research, measuring the activity of extracts highlights their potential in treating infections or diseases. Understanding the activity of compounds helps in the development of new therapeutic agents or alternative medicines.
6) Disease:
A disease is a harmful deviation from the normal structure or function of an organism's body. It can be caused by various factors, including pathogens, genetic defects, and environmental influences. Disease research informs healthcare practices and public health policies aimed at disease prevention and management.
7) Tree:
Trees are perennial plants characterized by a trunk, branches, and leaves. They are vital to ecosystems, providing oxygen, habitat, and food for various organisms. In agriculture, trees play essential roles in agroforestry practices, carbon sequestration, and land management, contributing to environmental sustainability.
8) Study (Studying):
A study is a systematic investigation aimed at discovering new knowledge or validating existing theories. In scientific research, studies utilize various methodologies to gather data and draw conclusions. The findings can lead to advancements in various fields such as medicine, agriculture, and environmental science.
9) Agriculture:
Agriculture is the practice of cultivating soil, growing crops, and raising animals for food, fiber, and other products. It plays a crucial role in the economy and sustenance of populations. Agricultural research focuses on improving yields, sustainability, and managing the environmental impact of farming practices.
10) Medicine:
Medicine is the science and practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases and injuries. It encompasses various disciplines and involves the use of pharmaceuticals, surgical procedures, and alternative therapies. The field is continuously evolving through research and technological advancements, aiming to improve health outcomes.
11) Species:
Species are groups of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. The classification of species is fundamental to biology and ecology, aiding in conservation efforts and the understanding of biodiversity. Research on different species contributes to knowledge of ecosystems and evolutionary processes.
12) Science (Scientific):
Science is the systematic study of the natural world, employing observation, experimentation, and analysis to understand phenomena. It is characterized by rigorous methods and critical thinking, leading to discoveries and technological advancements. Science impacts many aspects of society, including health, technology, and environmental sustainability.
13) Surface:
Surface refers to the outermost layer or area of an object. In scientific contexts, surface properties can influence interactions with other substances, such as adhesion, absorption, and reactivity. Surface chemistry is a key area of study in material science, biology, and environmental science.
14) Water:
Water is vital for life, serving as a solvent, transport medium, and participant in chemical reactions. Its properties play crucial roles in biological systems and environmental processes. Water availability is critical in agriculture, industry, and maintaining healthy ecosystems, emphasizing the need for conservation and management.
15) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
An antibiotic is a type of medication used to combat bacterial infections by either killing bacteria or inhibiting their growth. Antibiotics are essential in modern medicine, but the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria highlights the need for careful use and ongoing research to develop new antibiotics.
16) Heating:
Heating is the process of increasing the temperature of a substance. In various scientific applications, heating can lead to chemical reactions, changes in physical states, and sterilization processes. It is commonly used in cooking, manufacturing, and laboratory experiments, emphasizing the importance of controlled heating methods.
17) Animal:
Animals are multicellular living organisms characterized by the ability to move and respond to stimuli. They are classified within the kingdom Animalia and serve vital ecological roles. Understanding animal behavior, physiology, and interactions aids in conservation efforts and understanding biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics.
18) Mango:
Mango is a tropical fruit known for its sweet flavor and vibrant color. It is rich in vitamins, antioxidants, and other phytochemicals, contributing to various health benefits. In agriculture, mango cultivation is economically significant in many regions, and the fruit is culturally important in several societies.
19) Rich (Rch):
Rich refers to having a high concentration or abundance of a particular quality or substance. In scientific contexts, it can describe nutrient-dense organisms or environments. Understanding 'rich' interactions in ecosystems helps researchers assess biodiversity, sustainability, and the health of various ecological systems.
20) Azadirachta indica:
Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, is a tree native to the Indian subcontinent. It is valued for its medicinal properties and its bioactive compounds that exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity. Research on neem contributes to developments in herbal medicine and sustainable agriculture.
21) Animal disease:
Animal disease refers to any ailment that affects the health and normal functioning of animals. Understanding animal diseases is significant for preventing zoonosis (diseases that can transmit from animals to humans) and maintaining healthy livestock, which is essential for food security and economic stability.
22) Civilization:
Civilization refers to complex human societies characterized by the development of cities, social structures, and cultural achievements. The advancement of civilization is tied to agricultural practices, technological innovations, and trade, shaping human history and social dynamics over time.
23) Observation:
Observation refers to the act of closely monitoring phenomena or behaviors to gather information. In scientific research, systematic observation is fundamental to developing hypotheses and drawing conclusions. It helps ensure accuracy and reliability in experimentation, contributing to the advancement of knowledge in various fields.
24) Discussion:
Discussion fosters the exchange of ideas and information among individuals or groups. In scientific contexts, discussions are critical for interpreting results, debating methodologies, and enhancing understanding of research findings. Engaging in discussion promotes collaboration and advancement across disciplines and encourages critical thinking.
25) Accumulation (Accumulating, Accumulate):
Accumulate means to gather or collect over time. In scientific research, accumulation of data, knowledge, or compounds is crucial for understanding trends and processes. Accumulation can indicate the effectiveness of treatments, the status of ecosystems, or the progression of diseases, informing decision-making.
26) Substance:
A substance is a specific kind of matter with uniform properties. In scientific contexts, substances are studied for their chemical and physical characteristics, reactions, and uses. Knowledge of various substances is essential in fields such as chemistry, materials science, and pharmacology, influencing many technological and medical advancements.
27) Relative:
Relative refers to the relationship or comparison of one object or concept to another. In scientific terms, establishing relative measures helps quantify changes, effects, or similarities across experiments or observations. It allows researchers to contextualize their findings and make informed conclusions based on comparisons.
28) Muslin:
Muslin is a type of loosely woven cotton fabric, often used in cooking and laboratory settings. In research, muslin cloth is commonly used for filtering and straining, allowing for the separation of solids from liquids in various applications, including extract preparations and food processing.
29) Cancer:
Cancer refers to a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and the ability to invade tissues. Research on cancer is critical for understanding its causes, developing effective treatments, and improving prevention strategies. Advances in cancer research have led to new therapies and improved patient outcomes.
30) Nature:
Nature encompasses the physical world and all living organisms, as well as the ecosystems where they interact. Understanding nature is essential for ecological research, conservation efforts, and sustainable living practices. Nature also inspires scientific inquiry, art, and philosophy, shaping human perspectives and knowledge.
31) Powder:
Powder refers to fine particles created by grinding or milling solids. In pharmaceuticals and food science, powders are often used for their versatility in applications such as medication formulation and cooking. The properties of powders, such as solubility and flowability, are important for various industrial processes.
32) Glass:
Glass is a transparent or translucent solid material composed of silica and other compounds, used for many applications including containers, windows, and laboratory equipment. Its properties, such as thermal resistance and chemical durability, make it essential in scientific study, construction, and various industries.
33) Sugar:
Sugar is a sweet-tasting carbohydrate that serves as a primary energy source for living organisms. In nutrition, sugars are important for metabolic processes, but excessive consumption can lead to health issues like obesity and diabetes. Sugar's roles in cooking and food preservation are also studied.
34) Death:
Death is the permanent cessation of all biological functions in an organism, marking the end of life. It is a subject of study in fields like biology, medicine, and sociology, influencing ethical considerations, end-of-life care, and human responses to mortality in various cultural contexts.
35) Fight:
Fight denotes the effort to combat or resist something, often used in the context of efforts against diseases, injustices, or challenges. In health contexts, fighting diseases involves prevention, treatment, and advocacy to improve health outcomes and promote wellness among populations.
36) Crop:
A crop is a cultivated plant grown for food, fiber, or other economic purposes. Crops form the basis of agricultural systems and play a crucial role in food security and economic development. Research on crops focuses on improving yield, pest resistance, and sustainable farming practices.
37) Kola:
Kola refers to several species of trees whose nuts are used in traditional beverages and as a stimulant due to their caffeine content. Kola nuts hold cultural significance in various societies, particularly in West Africa, where they are used in ceremonies and social interactions.
38) Cola:
Cola is a carbonated soft drink flavored with cola nuts, providing a sweet and caffeinated beverage enjoyed worldwide. It is often associated with social activities and cultural practices. In addition to being a popular drink, cola's ingredients and health effects are subjects of research and public discussion.
39) Neem:
Neem (Azadirachta indica) is a tree renowned for its medicinal properties, including antibacterial and antifungal effects. Neem extracts are used in traditional medicine and agriculture for pest control. Understanding neem's benefits contributes to sustainable agricultural practices and the development of natural health products.
40) Pose:
Pose indicates to present or constitute a challenge or risk. In scientific contexts, certain species or factors may pose threats to ecosystems or human health, prompting research into prevention and mitigation strategies. Understanding these risks guides policy-making and conservation efforts.
41) Line:
Line refers to a long, narrow mark or band. In studies, lines can represent data trends in graphs or delineate boundaries in geographical or ecological contexts. Understanding lines in research allows for the visualization and analysis of various biological and environmental phenomena.
42) Salt (Salty):
Salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride, essential for various biological functions in living organisms. In human diets, salt helps maintain electrolyte balance, but excessive intake can lead to health issues. Salt has various uses in food preservation and processing, emphasizing its importance.
43) Drug:
A drug is a substance used to diagnose, treat, or prevent diseases. In pharmacology, drugs are classified into various categories based on their effects and uses. The development and regulation of drugs are crucial for ensuring effective and safe treatments in healthcare.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Mistletoe phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity on clinical organisms.’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Medicinal plant, Herbal medicine, Statistical analysis, Antimicrobial activities, Qualitative analysis, Zone of inhibition, Quantitative analysis, Phytochemical constituents, Staphylococcus aureus, Antimicrobial Resistance, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Chloroform extract, Agar well diffusion method, Presence of flavonoids, Ethyl acetate extract, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Crude extract, Presence of alkaloids, Study area, Bioactive component, Presence of saponins, Presence of tannins.