A review on formulation and evaluation of transdermal ethosomes
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: A review on formulation and evaluation of transdermal ethosomes
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Sachin P. Hiwale, Pranali P. Hatwar, Gajanan S. Sanap, Gaurav G. Adhav, Pravin B. Kawhale
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: A review on formulation and evaluation of transdermal ethosomes
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20223-23416
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
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Summary of article contents:
1) Introduction
The skin serves as both a protective barrier and as a mechanism for topical and transdermal drug delivery. However, the major challenge in this area is the low diffusion rate of medications through the stratum corneum, which is the outermost layer of the epidermis. Various strategies have been proposed to enhance the permeation of drugs, including the use of vesicular systems such as ethosomes. Ethosomes are lipid-based vesicles containing ethanol, which facilitate more effective drug delivery through the skin due to their unique formulation. This paper reviews different aspects of ethosomes, including their preparation, characterization, and applications in drug delivery, positing that these systems hold promise for the enhancement of transdermal therapies.
2) Mechanism of Ethosome Action
The primary advantage of ethosomes lies in their ability to significantly increase drug permeation through the skin compared to conventional liposomes. The mechanism behind this enhanced absorption involves two key factors: the ethanol component and the nature of the ethosomes themselves. Ethanol acts as a penetration enhancer by intercalating into the lipid layers of the skin, increasing their fluidity and diminishing the barrier's density. As a result, ethosomes, due to their integrated ethanol, merge more effectively with skin lipids, facilitating deeper drug release and improved permeation, thus overcoming the limitations of traditional drug delivery methods.
3) Advantages of Ethosomal Delivery Systems
The ethosomal delivery system presents several advantages when compared to other transdermal and dermal transport mechanisms. It allows for the delivery of larger molecules, such as proteins and peptides, which are typically challenging to administer transdermally. The formulation is designed to be non-toxic and promotes high patient compliance while being administered in a semisolid form, such as gel or cream. Additionally, the ethosomal system is passive and non-invasive, making it a straightforward alternative to more complex methods like iontophoresis or phonophoresis. These features suggest a versatile application in various fields, including pharmaceuticals, veterinary medicine, and cosmetics.
4) Preparation and Evaluation of Ethosomes
Ethosomes can be prepared using simple methods that do not require sophisticated equipment. The two primary methods for their preparation are the hot method and the cold method, both involving the combination of phospholipids, ethanol, and other agents. Following formulation, ethosomes undergo various evaluations such as assessing vesicle shape and size using techniques like transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Stability studies and skin permeation assessments are also conducted to determine their efficacy in drug delivery. These evaluations not only confirm the successful encapsulation of drugs but also their potential for effective transdermal delivery.
5) Conclusion
In conclusion, ethosomes represent a significant advancement in transdermal drug delivery systems, capable of overcoming the skin's epidermal barrier more effectively than traditional methods. Their unique formulation leads to enhanced skin permeation and targeted delivery to deeper layers, allowing for the administration of both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. The ethosomal technology demonstrates extensive potential in drug delivery applications, warranting further exploration and development to fully harness its capabilities in addressing therapeutic challenges.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What are ethosomes and their main function?
Ethosomes are ethanolic phospholipid vesicles used for transdermal drug delivery. They enhance the penetration of active ingredients through the skin due to their unique composition, especially the inclusion of ethanol.
What advantages do ethosomes offer in drug delivery?
Ethosomes provide improved skin permeation, ability to deliver large molecules, and high patient compliance due to their semisolid form. They are passive, non-invasive delivery systems suitable for various applications in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
What are the basic steps in preparing ethosomes?
Ethosomes can be prepared using two methods: the hot method involves heating phospholipids and ethanol, while the cold method combines phospholipids and lipids in ethanol at room temperature with stirring.
How do ethosomes enhance drug penetration through the skin?
Ethanol in ethosomes increases the fluidity of cellular membranes and reduces lipid density, allowing easier penetration into deeper skin layers and enhancing drug absorption.
What evaluation techniques are used for ethosomes after preparation?
Evaluation includes assessing vesicle shape using electron microscopy, measuring size and zeta potential, drug content via spectrophotometry, and stability studies to ensure effective delivery.
What types of drugs can be delivered using ethosomes?
Ethosomes can encapsulate a range of drugs, including hydrophilic, lipophilic, and amphiphilic molecules, enabling effective transdermal delivery of peptides, proteins, and other therapeutic agents.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “A review on formulation and evaluation of transdermal ethosomes”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Drug:
Drug refers to any substance that causes a change in biological function through its chemical action. In the context of transdermal ethosomes, drugs are active ingredients encapsulated in ethosomes to enhance their delivery through the skin barriers, providing therapeutic effects for various conditions.
2) Water:
Water is a vital solvent in biological systems and plays an important role in drug formulation. In ethosomes, water acts as a medium for dissolving phospholipids and other components, facilitating the creation of vesicles that can enhance drug penetration through skin layers.
3) Medicine:
Medicine refers to substances used to prevent or treat illness. In this article, ethosomes are highlighted as innovative carriers designed to improve the delivery and efficacy of medications through the skin, transforming the approach to treatment in various therapeutic areas.
4) Maharashtra (Maharastra, Maha-rashtra):
Maharashtra is a state in India where the research and scholarly work on ethosomes and transdermal drug delivery is being conducted. Collaborations and advancements in pharmaceutical research in regions like Maharashtra can significantly contribute to global health solutions and innovations.
5) Performance:
Performance in this context relates to the efficacy of ethosomal drug delivery systems in enhancing skin permeation of drugs compared to traditional methods. Assessing performance involves examining drug release rates, skin penetration, and overall therapeutic benefits observed through empirical studies.
6) Bhagirathi:
Bhagirathi refers to the Late Bhagirathi Yashwantrao Pathrikar College of D. Pharmacy in Maharashtra, India. This institution contributes to pharmaceutical education and research, enabling students and researchers to explore innovative concepts such as ethosomal drug delivery effectively.
7) India:
India is a country known for its contributions to pharmaceuticals and healthcare. In the research on ethosomes, the application of indigenous knowledge and resources can lead to advancements in drug delivery systems that cater to both local and global health needs.
8) Table:
Table in this article is used to present structured data on ethosomes, such as their applications, effectiveness, and comparisons with other drug delivery systems. Tables facilitate clear understanding and communication of critical information, aiding researchers and practitioners in decision-making.
9) Transmission:
Transmission refers to the delivery of drugs through transdermal routes. Ethosomes enhance the transmission of active ingredients across the skin barrier, offering a non-invasive method for drug administration while improving bioavailability compared to oral or injectable routes.
10) Surrounding:
Surrounding refers to the immediate environment around the skin, which can influence the permeability and performance of ethosomal formulations. Understanding how the surrounding conditions affect drug delivery is essential for optimizing transdermal therapies.
11) Merchandise:
Merchandise in the context of ethosomes refers to marketed products that incorporate ethosomal technology for drug delivery. The development and commercialization of such products highlight the practical applications of research findings, bringing innovative therapies to the consumer market.
12) Measurement:
Measurement is crucial in evaluating the characteristics of ethosomes, such as vesicle size, zeta potential, and drug entrapment efficiency. Accurate measurement enhances the understanding of ethosomal properties, contributing to reliable formulations and their effectiveness in drug delivery.
13) Perception:
Perception relates to how the ethosomal systems are recognized and understood within the scientific community. Improved perception regarding effectiveness and safety can lead to broader acceptance and utilization of ethosomal technology in pharmaceutical applications.
14) Discussion:
Discussion is a critical component of scholarly articles, where findings are analyzed, interpreted, and placed in context. In this document, the discussion provides insights into the implications of ethosomal technology for drug delivery and safety in clinical settings.
15) Science (Scientific):
Scientific refers to the systematic and methodical approach to research and experimentation. The scientific nature of ethosome studies is pivotal in establishing evidence-based practices in drug formulation, ultimately contributing to advancements in healthcare.
16) Education:
Education plays a fundamental role in disseminating knowledge about ethosomes and their applications in pharmacy and medicine. Academic institutions support research initiatives that prepare future professionals to innovate in drug delivery systems.
17) Sweating (Sweat):
Sweat refers to the secretion produced by sweat glands, playing a role in thermoregulation and toxin excretion. In drug delivery, the interaction of sweat with transdermal systems like ethosomes can affect the absorption and effectiveness of therapeutic agents.
18) Disease:
Disease denotes pathological conditions that require treatment. The relevance of ethosomes lies in their ability to enhance the delivery of drugs for treating various diseases, highlighting the need for innovative solutions in modern medicine.
19) Pranali:
Pranali P. Hatwar is one of the authors of the review article discussing ethosomes. The contributions of researchers like Pranali enrich the scientific community's knowledge base and help propel innovations in pharmaceutical and drug delivery systems.
20) Heating:
Heating is a technique used in the preparation of ethosomes, aiding in the dispersion of phospholipids and the integration of ethanol. Proper heating techniques are essential for achieving the stability and effectiveness of ethosomal formulations.
21) Anxiety:
Anxiety refers to a mental health condition that may not be directly treated with ethosomes, but the technology can be used to administer medications that alleviate symptoms of anxiety. Thus, ethosomes have potential applications in mental health treatments, expanding their relevance.
22) Surface:
Surface characteristics of ethosomal formulations, such as surface tension and charge, significantly affect their interaction with skin layers. Understanding surface properties is essential for optimizing ethosomal systems for targeted and effective drug delivery.
23) Aureus:
Aureus, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, is a common bacterium that can cause infections. Ethosomal formulations that enhance drug delivery could offer improved therapeutic options against infections caused by strains of Staphylococcus aureus, demonstrating the importance of ethosomes in infectious disease management.
24) Nature:
Nature refers to the innate characteristics and properties of ethosomes and the biological environment they interact with. Understanding the nature of ethosomes in relation to drug delivery mechanisms is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies.
25) Reason:
Reason denotes the rationale behind employing ethosomal technology for drug delivery. This includes improving drug permeation, enhancing therapeutic efficacy, and minimizing Side effects, thereby justifying the use of ethosomes in modern pharmaceutical practices.
26) Animal:
Animal studies are essential in the evaluation of ethosomal drug formulations, allowing researchers to assess the efficacy and safety of these systems before clinical trials in humans. Animal research contributes to understanding the real-world applications of ethosomes in therapy.
27) Field:
Field indicates the specific areas of study or application concerning ethosomes. The research and development in the field of drug delivery systems focus on enhancing the performance and effectiveness of therapies using ethosomal technology.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘A review on formulation and evaluation of transdermal ethosomes’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Scientific studies, Stratum corneum, Transdermal drug delivery, Patient compliance, Aqueous solution, Drug entrapment efficiency, Permeation enhancer, Molecular modeling, Novel therapies, Chemical Enhancer, Pharmaceutical application, Lipid carrier, Immunological protection, Evaluation technique.