Effect of seed-borne virus on wheat and maize seed biochemical characteristics
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Effect of seed-borne virus on wheat and maize seed biochemical characteristics
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Sufia Darakhshan and Syed Mohammad Minhajul Hassan
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Effect of seed-borne virus on wheat and maize seed biochemical characteristics
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20229-24587
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Wheat and maize are essential staple crops known for their high carbohydrate and protein content; however, they are vulnerable to various fungal infections that can compromise seed quality and agricultural productivity. The study presented by Darakhshan et al. focuses on the impact of seed-borne fungi on the biochemical characteristics of wheat and maize seeds, highlighting the challenges posed by these pathogens to food security and economic sustainability, particularly in regions like Uttar Pradesh, India. The research emphasizes the importance of seed health testing to mitigate losses caused by seed-borne diseases.
Fungal Infection and Seed Quality
One significant concept explored in the study is the deterioration of seed quality due to fungal infections. Seed-borne pathogens can lead to a range of detrimental effects, including reduced germination, nutrient value, and overall crop yield. The research indicates that the presence of moisture levels conducive to fungal growth exacerbates the infection, leading to biochemical changes that lower the carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in the seeds. This reduction not only affects the seeds' germination potential but also diminishes their nutritional quality, posing risks to health and economic viability for growers and consumers alike.
Biocontrol Methods and Integrated Nutrient Management
The study also delves into the potential of biocontrol methods and Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) as strategies to combat seed-borne pathogens. Biocontrol agents, along with certain pesticides and plant extracts, have been shown to effectively manage fungal infections and enhance seed germination rates. INM aims to optimize agricultural production by harmonizing organic and inorganic inputs to maintain soil fertility and crop health. This strategy is vital for developing sustainable practices in agriculture to address the dual challenges of crop loss and environmental degradation.
Importance of Seed Pathology
Another crucial aspect highlighted is the significance of seed pathology, the study of seed health and the impact of pathogens. The research suggests that understanding the relationship between seeds and fungal pathogens is fundamental for improving seed quality and agricultural outcomes. Seed-borne fungi not only affect the yield and marketability of crops but also pose health risks to consumers. Therefore, effective seed pathology practices and testing methods are necessary for ensuring the widespread availability of healthy, disease-free seeds.
Conclusion
In summary, the findings by Darakhshan et al. underscore the critical need for comprehensive seed health testing and the implementation of effective management strategies to combat seed-borne fungal diseases. The study reveals the detrimental effects of fungal infections on the biochemical integrity of wheat and maize and advocates for sustainable agricultural practices, including biocontrol and integrated nutrient management. By addressing these challenges, stakeholders can work toward enhancing food security and improving the economic stability of farming communities reliant on these essential crops.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the focus of the research on wheat and maize seeds?
The research investigates seed-borne infections in wheat and maize, analyzing the impact of pathogenic fungi on seed biochemical characteristics, germination, health, and overall crop yield.
How do seed-borne fungi affect seed germination and quality?
Seed-borne fungi lead to decreased seed germination rates, reduced nutritional content, and quality issues, resulting in economic losses for growers and health risks for consumers.
What are the major seed-borne fungal pathogens in crops?
The significant seed-borne fungal pathogens include species such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Drechslera, which contribute to substantial losses in crop yields through various diseases.
What methods are used to control seed-borne fungi?
Control methods include using biocontrol agents, pesticides, chemical treatments, and Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) methods, all aimed at protecting seed quality and enhancing crop production.
Why is seed health important for food security?
Seed health is crucial for ensuring strong crop production; unhealthy seeds can lead to poor yields, affecting food security and livelihoods in agricultural communities.
What biochemical changes occur in seeds due to fungal infections?
Fungal infections reduce key biochemical components such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in seeds, harming their nutritional value and capacity for germination.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Effect of seed-borne virus on wheat and maize seed biochemical characteristics”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Crop:
Crops encompass various plants cultivated for food, fiber, and other uses. The health and integrity of crops are vital for global food security, impacting economics and livelihoods, particularly in regions where agriculture forms the backbone of the economy, such as India and developing countries.
2) Disease:
Diseases in plants are detrimental conditions often caused by pathogens like fungi. The presence of seed-borne diseases can lead to significant agricultural losses. Understanding these diseases helps in developing effective control strategies, ensuring sustained crop health and productivity vital for food supply.
3) Food:
Food derived from crops like wheat and maize is essential for human nutrition. The quality and safety of food are significantly affected by the health of the crops from which it is sourced, underscoring the importance of managing plant diseases and pests effectively.
4) Quality:
Quality in agriculture refers to the standards that crops meet concerning size, nutritional value, and safety. High-quality seeds contribute to healthy crops with better yields, while the presence of pathogens can lower quality, prompting the need for consistent health testing and management practices.
5) Agriculture:
Agriculture is the practice of cultivating soil, growing crops, and raising animals for food, fiber, and other products. It forms the basis of human sustenance and economic activity. Effective agricultural practices, including disease management, enhance yield and ensure food security.
6) Soil:
Soil is a vital component of agriculture, providing nutrients and support for plant growth. Healthy soil contributes to the vigor of crops, while soil degradation can lead to poor crop yields. Integrated nutrient management promotes sustainable agricultural practices, which benefit soil health.
7) Seedling:
A seedling is the young plant that develops from a seed. The health of seedlings is critical as they establish and grow into mature plants. Seedling health can be adversely affected by diseases transmitted from infected seeds, impacting future crop yields.
8) Gaya (Gayà):
Gaya is a district where the study was conducted, focusing on the incidence of seed-borne diseases in local wheat and maize crops. Understanding regional agricultural practices and pathogen profiles in Gaya is vital for improving crop health and food security efforts.
9) Pesticide:
Pesticide refers to any agent used to control pests, including herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides. They play a significant role in agriculture by protecting crops from diseases and pests, yet the challenge is to use them judiciously to avoid adverse ecological effects.
10) Species:
Species denote distinct biological classifications of organisms. In agriculture, identification of pathogenic species aids in understanding disease symptoms and developing targeted management strategies to protect crops from disease, thereby improving agricultural productivity and food security.
11) Indian:
The term Indian pertains to the nation of India, whose agricultural sector significantly relies on staple crops like wheat and maize. Understanding the challenges faced by Indian agriculture, including crop diseases, is crucial for enhancing food security and farmer livelihoods.
12) Botany:
Botany is the scientific study of plants, crucial in agriculture for understanding crop behavior, growth, and responses to diseases. Knowledge in botany informs breeding programs and agricultural practices aimed at improving crop yields and managing plant health effectively.
13) Study (Studying):
The study in this context refers to the research conducted on seed-borne diseases affecting wheat and maize. Such studies are essential for identifying pathogens and developing strategies to mitigate their impact, thereby enhancing crop health and agricultural outputs.
14) Genu:
Genu, though contextually less common, refers to similar taxonomic relevance as 'genus.' It can denote legitimacy in biotechnology studies, focusing on crop improvement through genetic diversity and resistance traits, essential for sustainable agriculture and food quality enhancements.
15) Pur:
Poor denotes an unfavorable condition, often referencing low crop yields or inadequate agricultural practices. Many developing countries face poor productivity due to diseases and environmental stressors, indicating a critical need for improved management and technical support in farming.
16) Developing:
Developing countries often experience challenges in agricultural practices due to limited resources and technology. These nations frequently face severe impacts from seed-borne diseases that impede crop health. Understanding these challenges is crucial for implementing effective agricultural interventions and improving food security.
17) Realising (Realizing):
Realizing the importance of healthy seeds and crop management is vital in combating plant diseases. This awareness drives research towards understanding seed pathology and developing integrated practices that can enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability in regions affected by pathogens.
18) Science (Scientific):
Scientific approaches in agriculture involve systematic investigation and experimentation to develop practical solutions. Research into plant diseases and management strategies is crucial for enhancing crop yield and quality, emphasizing the importance of evidence-based practices in farming.
19) Nature:
Nature encompasses the natural world, including ecosystems and plant life. The interrelationship between pathogens and plants illustrates the complexities of nature in agriculture. Understanding these dynamics is essential for developing sustainable agricultural practices and improving crop resilience.
20) Farmer:
Farmers are the cornerstone of agriculture, responsible for cultivating crops and managing land. Their understanding of plant diseases and effective crop management practices significantly influence food production and local economies, highlighting the need for education and access to resources.
21) India:
India is a key agricultural nation, heavily reliant on crops like wheat and maize for its food supply. Understanding its agricultural challenges, including disease management and soil health, is crucial for ensuring food security and improving livelihoods across its diverse regions.
22) Sugar:
Sugar refers to carbohydrates, particularly those present in crops. The nutritional content of crops is essential for food quality, and factors like fungal infection can lower sugar levels, adversely affecting the food’s energy value and overall health benefits for consumers.
23) Rich (Rch):
Rich, in the agricultural context, often describes nutrient-dense crops that provide high levels of essential proteins and carbohydrates. Maximizing the nutritional profile of crops enhances food quality, emphasizing the necessity of managing diseases and maintaining seed health for optimal productivity.
24) Post:
Post refers to stages after a given event. In agricultural settings, this can encompass post-harvest practices that ensure crop safety and service. Proper post-harvest management is essential for maintaining quality and preventing losses due to diseases or environmental conditions.
25) Maharashtra (Maharastra, Maha-rashtra):
Maharashtra is a significant agricultural state in India, contributing to the overall food production landscape. Understanding the region's specific challenges, including pest and disease management, is essential for enhancing productivity and ensuring the health of wheat and maize crops.
26) Karnataka:
Karnataka is a prominent agricultural state in India contributing to various crops, including wheat and maize. Recognizing the agricultural challenges specific to Karnataka helps in tailoring disease management practices and enhancing crop productivity, ultimately improving the livelihoods of local farmers.
27) Rajasthan:
Rajasthan is another important agricultural state in India. With its unique climatic conditions and challenges, understanding disease dynamics in crops like wheat and maize in Rajasthan is vital for implementing effective management strategies that support sustainable agriculture.
28) Relative:
Relative signifies a comparative relationship, often indicating the effectiveness of methods or outcomes. In agricultural studies, assessing the relative impact of various seed treatments and pathogen control strategies is critical for optimizing crop health and yield.
29) Attacked:
Attacked refers to the impact of plant pathogens on crops, leading to diseases that compromise their health and productivity. Understanding the extent and nature of these attacks by pathogens is key to developing effective prevention and control strategies in agriculture.
30) Account:
Account in agriculture reflects the record or assessment of specific situations such as pathogen prevalence in crops. Keeping accurate accounts of disease incidence can inform future strategies for managing crop health and enhancing agricultural productivity.
31) Gujarat:
Gujarat is an agricultural region in India known for its diverse crops. Investigating the challenges faced by local farmers in managing crop diseases helps in developing tailored interventions aimed at improving wheat and maize yields, thus enhancing food security in the state.
32) Heating:
Heating during seed storage is an adverse condition that can enhance the growth of pathogens, leading to deterioration of seed quality. Effective storage practices are crucial to prevent heating and ensure that seeds maintain their viability and health.
33) Meeting:
Meeting in this context refers to the necessity of addressing agricultural challenges through collaboration among stakeholders. Engaging in dialogue regarding best practices and research findings is essential for developing solutions to combat seed-borne diseases and improve crop health.
34) Dealing:
Dealing with plant diseases requires effective strategies in agriculture. Understanding the nature of pathogens and employing suitable management techniques are critical for mitigating their impact on crops, ensuring that farmers can maintain healthy yields and secure livelihoods.
35) Kashmir:
Kashmir, known for its unique agricultural products, faces specific challenges relating to seed health and disease management. Addressing the region's agricultural constraints is vital for sustaining its economy and ensuring food security for local populations reliant on farming.
36) Animal:
Animal, in agricultural terms, relates to various ecological aspects that interact with crop systems. Understanding these interactions can help in developing holistic practices that promote healthier crops and sustainable farming environments for enhanced productivity.
37) Mohana:
Mohana signifies a reference to contributing authors or researchers involved in the studies of plant diseases and agricultural practices. Collaborative research efforts collectively drive advancements in crop health management and sustainable farming solutions.
38) Madhya:
Madhya, short for Madhya Pradesh, is a central Indian state where agriculture plays a pivotal role. Understanding the region's agricultural dynamics, including disease prevalence in staple crops, informs strategies aimed at optimizing productivity and managing plant health.
39) Bengal (Bemgal):
Bengal is a region known for its rich agricultural practices and diverse crop production. Investigating the agricultural challenges within Bengal, especially regarding seed-borne diseases, facilitates the development of region-specific strategies to enhance crop resilience and yield.
40) Punjab:
Punjab is one of India's leading agricultural states, known for its significant wheat production. Addressing the agricultural needs, including issues with seed-borne diseases, is critical for maintaining food security and supporting farmers’ economic viability in this key region.
41) Family:
Family in this context refers to the taxonomy of organisms, such as plants and fungi. Understanding the familial relationships among different pathogens aids in effectively managing plant diseases and improving agricultural outcomes through informed control approaches.
42) Sharman (Sarma, Sharma, Sarman):
Sharma is a reference to contributors within the scholarly research community focused on agricultural studies. Such scholars advance knowledge of plant health, disease management, and sustainable practices, contributing valuable insights to enhance food production systems.
43) Manure:
Manure is organic matter used as fertilizer in agriculture. It enriches soil health and enhances crop yields. Sustainable use of manure, along with other inputs, is vital in maintaining soil fertility, combating diseases, and ensuring quality crop production.
44) Field:
Field represents the physical space where agricultural activities occur. Ensuring the health of fields is imperative for successful crop production, requiring diligent management of soil, seed quality, and threats from diseases and pests.
45) Delhi:
Delhi, as the capital of India, embodies significant agricultural engagement and policy influence. Addressing the agricultural challenges faced in and around Delhi helps in promoting coordinated efforts to manage crop health and support farmers effectively in the region.
46) Bihar:
Bihar is a state in India where agriculture plays an essential role in livelihoods. Researching seed-borne diseases that affect crops like wheat and maize in Bihar facilitates targeted interventions that improve agricultural productivity and food security in the region.
47) Trade:
Trade in agricultural products is crucial for economic development. Understanding the factors that affect the quality and health of traded crops, including the impact of diseases, informs strategies to improve product standards and marketability.
48) Death:
Death in agricultural terms can refer to the loss of plant viability due to diseases or adverse conditions. Understanding the factors leading to crop death is vital for developing effective management strategies to prevent losses.
49) Raja:
Raja refers to contributors or researchers in agricultural studies. Their work in the field of crop health and disease management is essential for advancing agricultural practices and improving food production outcomes across various regions.
50) Jute:
Jute is a fiber crop that is significant in certain agricultural economies. Its cultivation, like that of food crops, faces threats from diseases, underscoring the importance of disease management to maintain quality and yield in jute production.
51) Rice (Rce):
Rice is a staple food crop in many cultures. Understanding the agricultural techniques and challenges faced in rice production, particularly from seed-borne diseases, is essential for enhancing yield and ensuring food security in rice-dependent regions.
52) Viru:
Viru may refer to viral pathogens affecting crops or the broader context of plant pathology. Understanding viral diseases is essential for developing effective management strategies that minimize their impact on crop health and agricultural productivity.