Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: A review on cucumis operculatus
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Subtitle: a potential medicinal plant
Original source:
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Mukund Kumar Yadav and Prashant Singh
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: A review on cucumis operculatus
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20229-24731
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Summary of article contents:
1) Introduction
Cucumis operculatus, commonly known as Turiya or Chinese Okra, belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family and is a popular edible fruit in India and various Asian countries. The plant is renowned for its rich nutrient profile, which includes vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber. Beyond its culinary uses, Cucumis operculatus exhibits a range of pharmacological properties, including hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. This review aims to explore the botany and pharmacological potential of Cucumis operculatus, highlighting its various health benefits.
2) Hypoglycemic Effect of Cucumis operculatus
One of the significant pharmacological effects of Cucumis operculatus is its hypoglycemic activity. Research indicates that both methanolic and ethanolic extracts of the plant have demonstrated the ability to lower blood sugar levels in various animal models. Studies using glucose-loaded mice and diabetic rats show that the administration of these extracts significantly reduces blood glucose concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, the extracts were found to be more effective than standard antidiabetic medications like glibenclamide, showing promise as a natural anti-diabetic agent.
3) Antimicrobial Properties
Cucumis operculatus also exhibits notable antimicrobial properties. Studies have shown that extracts from different parts of the plant effectively inhibit the growth of various pathogenic bacteria and fungi, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts have displayed significant antibacterial activity in laboratory settings, with varying inhibition zones depending on the concentration of the extract used. These findings suggest that Cucumis operculatus could be a beneficial natural source for combating microbial infections.
4) Gastroprotective and Immunomodulatory Effects
In addition to its hypoglycemic and antimicrobial properties, Cucumis operculatus has been studied for its gastroprotective and immunomodulatory effects. Research demonstrates that the plant's extracts can help heal gastric ulcers induced by aspirin in diabetic rats, likely due to their antioxidant and mucosal protective actions. Furthermore, immunomodulatory effects, observed through tests measuring neutrophil activity, indicate that extracts may enhance immune response and increase phagocytosis, highlighting its potential as a supportive agent in immune-related health issues.
5) Conclusion
In conclusion, Cucumis operculatus emerges as a promising medicinal plant with multifaceted therapeutic properties. Its demonstrated hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, gastroprotective, and immunomodulatory effects underscore its potential in traditional and modern medicine. The review emphasizes the need for further studies to fully understand the pharmacological mechanisms and safety profile of Cucumis operculatus, paving the way for its potential application in therapeutic formulations. The findings advocate for its incorporation into health regimens, reinforcing its status as a valuable natural resource for health benefits.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is Cucumis operculatus and where is it commonly found?
Cucumis operculatus, commonly known as Turiya or Chinese Okra, is an edible fruit native to India and other Asian countries, known for its nutritional value and therapeutic properties.
What are the main pharmacological activities of Cucumis operculatus?
Cucumis operculatus exhibits several pharmacological activities including hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, immunomodulatory, and antiparasitic effects, making it a valuable medicinal plant.
How does Cucumis operculatus affect blood sugar levels?
Cucumis operculatus has been shown to significantly reduce blood sugar levels in various studies, demonstrating potential as a safe, natural antihyperglycemic agent.
What antimicrobial properties does Cucumis operculatus possess?
Ethanolic extracts of Cucumis operculatus have demonstrated antimicrobial activity against multiple bacteria and fungi, including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, suggesting its potential as a natural antibiotic.
Is Cucumis operculatus safe for human consumption?
Studies indicate that Cucumis operculatus extracts are safe with no recorded toxicity at doses up to 2g/kg in rats, implying its safety for human consumption.
What are the common uses of Cucumis operculatus in traditional medicine?
Traditionally, Cucumis operculatus is used for its health benefits, including managing diabetes, gastrointestinal issues, and infections, similar to its applications in Ayurveda and folk medicine.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “A review on cucumis operculatus”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Activity:
In the context of medicinal plants, 'activity' refers to the various pharmacological effects a substance exhibits, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic activities. Understanding these activities helps quantify the therapeutic potential of a plant like Cucumis operculatus for treating different health conditions.
2) Family:
'Family' pertains to the taxonomic classification of plants, specifically the Cucurbitaceae in this case, which includes various edible and medicinal plants. This categorization enables scientists to study and compare traits among related species, promoting a better understanding of their uses and benefits in nutrition and medicine.
3) India:
As the country of origin for Cucumis operculatus, India plays a vital role in the plant's cultural and culinary significance. Furthermore, Indian traditional practices, such as Ayurveda, utilize indigenous plants for various therapeutic purposes, underscoring the importance of local biodiversity in health care.
4) Pharmacological:
The term 'pharmacological' relates to the study of drug action and the effects of medicinal substances on biological systems. It encompasses both the therapeutic potential and the mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of compounds found in plants like Cucumis operculatus, promoting its usage in medicine.
5) Toxicity:
In pharmacology, 'toxicity' refers to the degree to which a substance can harm humans or animals. Evaluating the toxicity of a plant extract like that from Cucumis operculatus is crucial to ensure its safety for consumption and therapeutic use, thus preventing adverse effects.
6) Pharmacology:
'Pharmacology' is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of drugs, their effects, mechanisms, and therapeutic uses. The relevance of pharmacology in researching plants like Cucumis operculatus helps in identifying new medicinal compounds and understanding how they interact within biological systems.
7) Amara:
'Amara' is a synonym used in the taxonomic naming of Cucumis operculatus, indicating its classification in the family Cucurbitaceae. This highlights the biodiversity and variety within plant species, aiding botanists in cataloging and understanding plant relationships and characteristics.
8) Blood:
'Blood' is significant in pharmacological studies, especially when evaluating the effects of therapeutic agents on blood parameters, such as glucose levels. Research involving Cucumis operculatus includes testing its influence on blood sugar, contributing to the understanding of its potential anti-diabetic properties.
9) Food:
The term 'food' denotes the nutritional aspect of plants like Cucumis operculatus, which are edible and provide essential vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. Understanding the nutritional value of functional foods helps promote dietary health and bolsters their role in traditional and modern cuisines.
10) Sugar:
'Sugar' is often referenced in studies related to blood glucose regulation. In the context of Cucumis operculatus, the ability of the plant to lower blood sugar levels highlights its potential for managing diabetes and underscores the importance of dietary components in disease prevention and management.
11) Edema (Oedema):
In medical research, 'edema' refers to swelling caused by excess fluid in tissues, often studied in relation to anti-inflammatory treatments. Investigating the effects of Cucumis operculatus on edema provides insights into its anti-inflammatory properties, showcasing its therapeutic potential in reducing swelling.
12) Silk:
'Silk' in the context of Cucumis operculatus refers to one of its common names, the silk gourd, used in traditional cuisine. This nomenclature reflects the cultural and culinary significance of the plant, emphasizing its use as a food source and its popular recognition in various regions.
13) Education:
'Education' plays a key role in disseminating knowledge about medicinal plants like Cucumis operculatus. By imparting knowledge through academic research and awareness programs, education helps cultivate sustainable practices in herbal medicine and preserves traditional knowledge related to biodiversity and health.
14) Lucknow:
Lucknow, a city in India, is relevant due to its connection to SHEAT College of Pharmacy, where much of the research on Cucumis operculatus takes place. This geographic context links the plant to local practices, cultural usage, and academic contributions in pharmacology.
15) Species:
'Species' signifies the taxonomic classification of Cucumis operculatus within its genus and family. Understanding species classification is crucial for studying characteristics, medicinal uses, and ecological roles, enhancing knowledge on plant biodiversity and conservation efforts.
16) Turiya:
'Turiya' is the common name used in India for Cucumis operculatus, linking the plant to local traditions and uses in cuisine. Recognizing common names helps connect scientific research with cultural practices, facilitating better understanding and appreciation of regional biodiversity.
17) Aureus:
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacteria mentioned in studies assessing the antimicrobial activity of Cucumis operculatus. The interaction with such pathogens underscores the significance of the plant in traditional medicine and its potential effectiveness against common infections.
18) Kumar:
'Kumar' is a common surname in India, referring to Mukund Kumar Yadav, the lead author of the review article. The involvement of local researchers in studying indigenous plants underscores the importance of indigenous knowledge in modern pharmacological research and discovery.
19) Kalam:
'Kalam' refers to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University in Lucknow, associated with the college where the authors conducted their research on Cucumis operculatus. This affiliation is indicative of the academic institutions playing a critical role in advancing studies in pharmacy and medicinal plants.
20) Ulcer:
'Ulcer' is an important term in studies that evaluate the gastroprotective effects of Cucumis operculatus. Understanding how the plant aids in healing ulcers can reveal its therapeutic potentials and help incorporate it into treatment regimens for digestive health.
21) Study (Studying):
'Study' underscores the systematic examination of the pharmacological effects of Cucumis operculatus. Research studies provide evidence and insights, forming the foundation of clinical recommendations and the scientific understanding of the plant's benefits and applications in medicine.
22) Crop:
The term 'crop' signifies cultivated plants grown for food, fiber, and other uses. Cucumis operculatus as a crop represents an important resource for both nutrition and traditional medicine, spotlighting the dual role of agricultural products in health and cuisine.
23) Cucumis melo:
Cucumis melo, commonly known as melon, is a related species within the Cucurbitaceae family. Its mention highlights the diversity of edible plants within the same genus, emphasizing the interconnectedness of various species regarding their uses in food and medicine.
24) Shri-lanka (Srilanka, Sri-lanka, Shrilanka):
Sri Lanka is mentioned in the context of Cucumis operculatus' geographic distribution. Its presence in Sri Lanka, along with other regions, underscores the plant's adaptive nature and cultural significance across diverse Asian cuisines and traditional medicine practices.
25) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
'Ayurveda' signifies traditional Indian medicine, which emphasizes the use of natural substances like Cucumis operculatus for health benefits. The integration of such plants in Ayurveda illustrates the longstanding human relationship with nature for healing and wellness, supporting holistic health practices.
26) Medicine:
'Medicine' refers to the science and practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases. The study of Cucumis operculatus exemplifies how medicinal plants contribute to the broader field of medicine, providing alternatives for pharmaceutical interventions.
27) Mineral:
'Mineral' in the context of Cucumis operculatus indicates individual mineral content, further highlighting the plant's nutritional value. Studying the mineral profile provides insights into its health benefits and its potential role in dietary sources.
28) Surface:
'Surface' pertains to the outer layer or coating of plant parts, including fruits and seeds. Understanding the surface characteristics of Cucumis operculatus can inform researchers about its physical properties, nutrient retention, and potential applications in food science.
29) Patola:
Patola is another common name for Cucumis operculatus, particularly in regions such as India. Its culinary use as a vegetable highlights the plant's importance in local cuisine, linking it to traditional dishes and flavors specific to various cultures.
30) Jhinga:
Jhinga is a Marwari term for a vegetable dish made from Cucumis operculatus, emphasizing the plant's culinary relevance. This name reflects cultural diversity in the use of the plant, illustrating how it features in regional cuisines and contributes to traditional practices.
31) Bitter:
'Bitter' describes the taste of some parts of Cucumis operculatus, particularly its seeds. This characteristic adds complexity to the flavor profile, influencing its culinary uses and demonstrating the diverse sensory properties of edible plants.
32) Cotton:
'Cotton' in the context of Cucumis operculatus may relate to its fibrous nature and the use of its dried fruits for making sponges. This highlights the multifaceted applications of the plant beyond food, promoting its use in textiles and household items.
33) Indian:
'Indian' relates to the cultural and geographical context of Cucumis operculatus, indicating its native status and significance in Indian traditional medicine and cuisine. The cultural ties enhance the understanding of the plant's role and benefits in local practices.
34) Lanka (Lamka, Lànkà):
Lanka refers to Sri Lanka, connecting the discussion to the broader range of geographic distribution of Cucumis operculatus. The presence of the plant in Sri Lanka reflects its versatility and highlights its cultural importance in various Asian societies.
35) Ghana:
Ghana, mentioned in the distribution of Cucumis operculatus, signifies the plant's global presence beyond India. This inclusion reflects the adaptive capacity of the plant and indicates its cultural significance in West Africa, contributing to local culinary traditions.
36) Death:
'Death' underscores the importance of studying the toxic effects of plant extracts like Cucumis operculatus. Understanding the lethal thresholds and potential adverse effects ensures the safe use of these plants in traditional and modern medicine.
37) House:
'House' in the context of Cucumis operculatus is relevant as the plant is often grown in home gardens. This practice reflects the integration of health-promoting plants into everyday life, supporting biodiversity and food security at the community level.
38) Earth:
'Earth' indicates the ecological aspect of growing and utilizing crops like Cucumis operculatus. The plant's cultivation promotes sustainable agricultural practices that benefit soil health and biodiversity, further enriching the ecosystem in which it is grown.
39) Cina:
China, as part of the plant's distribution, highlights the global significance of Cucumis operculatus. Its cultivation and use in Chinese cuisine signify cultural exchanges in the understanding of the plant's nutritional and medicinal properties across countries.
40) Genu:
'Genu' may refer to genus or family-related terms in taxonomy, linking back to the classification context of Cucumis operculatus. Such classifications help categorize various species, facilitating research on their shared traits and potential uses in fields like phytotherapy.
41) Hind:
'Hind' can refer to the hind region or influence in studies associated with health practices or traditional medicine. Understanding these influences can add cultural context to the use of plants like Cucumis operculatus in various health practices.
42) Worm:
Worm refers to the context of evaluating medicinal plants such as Cucumis operculatus for anthelmintic properties. This indicates the plant's potential use in treating parasitic infections, emphasizing its importance in traditional medicine for gastrointestinal health.
43) Male:
Male indicates the gender of the flowers in Cucumis operculatus, which includes male and female flowers. Understanding reproductive biology is critical for breeding practices and maximizing crop yields in agricultural production.
44) Dish (Dis):
'Dish' connects to the culinary uses of Cucumis operculatus, as it is often prepared in various recipes. This highlights the plant's significance not only as a source of nutrition but also as an ingredient that enhances culinary culture.