Myocardial infarction: analysis of prescribing patterns and costs.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Analysis of prescribing pattern and cost of pharmacotherapy among myocardial infarction patients
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Original source:
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Kesiya Kuriyan, Aparna C. Devan, Merlin Sara Monachan, Dr. Mahesh N. M., Dr. Praveen Kumar
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World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Analysis of prescribing pattern and cost of pharmacotherapy among myocardial infarction patients
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr202211-25059
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent a primary global health threat, leading to approximately 17.9 million deaths annually, predominantly due to heart attacks and strokes. In India, the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) is particularly alarming, affecting 64.37 per 1000 men aged between 29 and 69 years. This study aimed to analyze the prescribing patterns and the pharmacotherapy costs among patients diagnosed with MI, focusing on a cohort treated at a tertiary care hospital in Bengaluru over six months.
Prescribing Patterns and Drug Categories
The study observed the prescribing pattern for drugs used in MI management, highlighting that antiplatelet medications were overwhelmingly utilized, being prescribed to 99% of patients. Additionally, lipid-lowering agents were prescribed to 97.3% of patients, showcasing the emphasis on managing contributing factors to myocardial infarction. Other significant drug categories included anticoagulants (74%), proton pump inhibitors (90.7%), beta-blockers (70.7%), and loop diuretics (47.3%). Specifically, the study found that dual antiplatelet therapy featuring Aspirin combined with either Ticagrelor or Clopidogrel was virtually universal.
Costs of Pharmacotherapy
The economic aspect of pharmacotherapy was also carefully analyzed, revealing that the average cost for a three-day hospital stay for pharmacotherapy amounted to INR 979.62. Costs varied notably, ranging from INR 228.42 to INR 4336.82, reflecting individual patient circumstances and treatment regimens. The analysis also indicated that anticoagulants contributed significantly to overall treatment expenses, underscoring the need for financial consideration alongside clinical decision-making.
Drug-Drug Interactions
There was a substantial focus on the safety and interactions of the prescribed pharmaceuticals, resulting in the identification of 458 drug-drug interactions among the studied patients. Notably, 95% of these interactions were deemed moderate in severity, with a few categorized as major interactions. Specifically, the combination of Clopidogrel and Pantoprazole was highlighted as a major drug-drug interaction due to potential risks associated with dual antiplatelet therapy.
Conclusion
The study concluded that there are specific, evidence-based trends in the prescribing patterns for myocardial infarction patients, with most treatments aligning with guidelines from the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The findings shed light on the increasing risk associated with MI among older adults, with a notable prevalence among men. Additionally, the economic analysis of pharmacotherapy underscores the financial burden tied to these medical interventions. Overall, this research provides significant insights into both the therapeutic approaches and the economic implications of managing myocardial infarction in the Indian healthcare context.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the annual death toll of cardiovascular diseases globally?
Cardiovascular diseases cause an estimated 17.9 million deaths annually, with 85% resulting from heart attacks and strokes, primarily affecting low- and middle-income countries.
What was the aim of the study conducted on myocardial infarction patients?
The study aimed to analyze the prescribing pattern and pharmacotherapy costs among myocardial infarction patients, providing insights into the management of the condition.
How long was the study conducted and where?
The study was a six-month prospective observational study conducted at the cardiology department of Aster CMI Hospital in Bengaluru.
What are the commonly prescribed drug categories for myocardial infarction?
The most prescribed drug categories included antiplatelets, lipid-lowering agents, anticoagulants, proton pump inhibitors, and beta-blockers, following clinical guidelines.
What was the average cost of pharmacotherapy per patient?
The average cost of pharmacotherapy for three days was INR 979.62, with a range from INR 228.42 to INR 4336.82 among the patients.
What were the findings regarding drug-drug interactions in the study?
The study identified 458 drug-drug interactions, with 95% classified as moderate severity, emphasizing the need for careful medication management.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Myocardial infarction: analysis of prescribing patterns and costs.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Drug:
'Drugs' encompass a broad category of substances that affect the body’s physiological functions. In this research, the emphasis lies on the specific medications utilized in the management of myocardial infarction, thus underscoring their role in therapeutic strategies to improve patient outcomes.
2) Study (Studying):
The term 'study' denotes a systematic investigation into the prescribing patterns and costs associated with pharmacotherapy among myocardial infarction patients. The study's design, methodology, and outcomes provide insights into clinical practices, drug effectiveness, and the economic impact of treatment options, highlighting the importance of evidence-based medicine.
3) Pharmacotherapy:
Pharmacotherapy refers to the treatment of diseases through the administration of drugs. In this study, it specifically focuses on the medication regimens prescribed for myocardial infarction patients, assessing their effectiveness, safety, and financial implications, contributing to better healthcare approaches.
4) Beta:
'Beta' pertains specifically to beta-blockers, a class of medications commonly prescribed for conditions such as myocardial infarction. They help manage heart rate and blood pressure. The study highlights their significance in treating heart-related illnesses, thus contributing to the broader understanding of cardioprotective therapies.
5) India:
'India' signifies the geographical and cultural context of the study. The study focuses on myocardial infarction patients within the Indian healthcare system, illustrating the prevalence, treatment guidelines, and economic factors influencing patient management in a developing country, thus providing relevant local insights.
6) Death:
'Death' in this study context underscores the severity of myocardial infarction as a leading cause of mortality. The World Health Organization statistics emphasize understanding how effective pharmacotherapy can mitigate risks and improve survival rates, highlighting the urgency of addressing cardiovascular health issues.
7) Family:
'Family' pertains to the family health framework, implicitly referenced in the study through social determinants of health. It acknowledges the role familial support systems play in a patient's recovery from myocardial infarction and adherence to treatment regimens, thus indirectly impacting overall health outcomes.
8) Disease:
'Diseases' encapsulate a spectrum of health conditions, particularly focusing on cardiovascular disease as a broader context of reference. By analyzing myocardial infarction, the study highlights the importance of addressing chronic diseases within healthcare policies to enhance patient outcomes and reduce mortality rates.
9) Male:
'Male' signifies the gender demographic relevant to the study. The findings indicate a higher incidence of myocardial infarction among males, prompting further investigation into gender-specific risk factors and tailor-made treatment approaches, which are essential for optimizing cardiovascular care.
10) Medicine:
'Medicine' broadly represents the field concerned with health, illness, and therapeutic treatments. In this study, it underscores the academic, clinical, and practical aspects of managing myocardial infarction, intertwined with pharmacotherapy, public health initiatives, and advancements in treatment standards.
11) Channel:
'Channel' relates to the communication pathways in healthcare, such as the dissemination of information regarding treatment protocols for myocardial infarction. It signifies the importance of transparency, guidelines, and updates in medical practices for improving prescription patterns and interventions.
12) Discussion:
'Discussion' involves the evaluation and interpretation of study findings, facilitating a conversation on the implications of prescribing patterns, costs, and clinical guidelines. It aids in drawing conclusions and recommendations that can enhance healthcare practices and future research.
13) Karnataka:
'Karnataka' refers to the Indian state where the study was conducted. It contextualizes the regional healthcare dynamics, patient demographics, and practice standards, providing insights into localized treatment patterns and economic factors affecting myocardial infarction management.
14) Substance:
'Substance' signifies the chemical nature of drugs or medications used in pharmacotherapy. In this study, it draws attention to the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of therapeutic agents, correlating their usage with treatment outcomes and safety in myocardial infarction cases.
15) Suffering:
'Suffering' captures the patient experience in relation to myocardial infarction. The study delves into how effective pharmacotherapy can alleviate the physical and emotional distress accompanying heart attacks, highlighting the necessity for effective support and treatment strategies.
16) Bleeding:
'Bleeding' refers to a significant risk associated with certain pharmacotherapies, particularly with anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents. The study addresses the importance of monitoring and managing potential adverse effects, ensuring patient safety and optimal outcomes in myocardial infarction treatments.
17) Pregnant:
'Pregnant' denotes a specific exclusion criterion in the study to safeguard maternal and fetal health, given the unique risks associated with myocardial infarction. This term emphasizes the critical need to tailor treatment strategies accordingly, highlighting concerns relevant to vulnerable patient populations.
18) Quality:
'Quality' relates to the standard of healthcare and the effectiveness of the pharmacotherapy received by myocardial infarction patients. The study aims to assess and enhance the quality of drug prescriptions, ultimately striving for optimal healthcare delivery and patient outcomes.
19) Kumar:
'Kumar' refers to a co-author of the study, representing the collaborative efforts in conducting the research. His contribution underscores the importance of teamwork in enhancing understanding and practice in pharmacotherapy and myocardial infarction management.
20) Sara (Shara):
'Sara' denotes another co-author's participation in the research, highlighting the teamwork involved in various aspects of the study, including data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Her role emphasizes collaboration in achieving research objectives and improving healthcare practices.
21) Pain:
'Pain' refers to the acute discomfort experienced during myocardial infarction, necessitating effective management strategies within pharmacotherapy. The study reflects on how proper pain management through medications contributes significantly to patient care and recovery processes.
22) Hand:
'Hand' metaphorically refers to guidance and support in the healthcare process. It symbolizes the collaborative efforts among healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive care and management for myocardial infarction patients, stressing the importance of teamwork in patient recovery.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Myocardial infarction: analysis of prescribing patterns and costs.’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Sample size, Cardiovascular disease, Economic burden, Proton Pump Inhibitor, Anticoagulant, Prospective observational study, Acute myocardial infarction, Therapeutic drug monitoring, Drug-Drug Interaction, Antiplatelet agent, Beta blocker, Dual antiplatelet therapy, Lipid-lowering agent, ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Statin, Demographic characteristic.