A multifaceted five leave chaste tree (vitex negundo) – a review

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Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: A multifaceted five leave chaste tree (vitex negundo) – a review
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Author:

Dr. Anamika Tuli, Dr. Ramesh Chandra Tiwari, Dr. Bhawana Mittal, Dr. Manisha Dikshit and Dr. Ved Bhushan Sharma


World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:

(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)

Full text available for: A multifaceted five leave chaste tree (vitex negundo) – a review

Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research

Doi: 10.20959/wjpr202213-25610


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Summary of article contents:

Introduction

Ayurveda, the traditional system of medicine originating from India, emphasizes the prevention of diseases and promotion of health through natural remedies. Among these remedies is Nirgundi, also known as Vitex negundo, which has been utilized for centuries due to its extensive medicinal properties. This herb, recognized for its ability to protect the body from infections, is valued in Ayurveda for treating a wide range of disorders through its various plant parts, including leaves, roots, and flowers. The literature highlights its diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects, making it a crucial component in Ayurvedic practices.

Versatility of Nirgundi

Nirgundi is renowned in the Ayurvedic system for its versatile uses. Its active properties are classified based on traditional understandings of Ayurvedic principles. Described as possessing a bitter, pungent, and astringent taste, Nirgundi is said to pacify the doshas of Vata and Kapha. The plant is commonly applied in treatments for ailments such as headaches, skin infections, wounds, and respiratory issues, showcasing its broad applicability in healthcare. Folklore proponents emphasize its efficacy, claiming that the presence of Nirgundi in a locality ensures a lower incidence of disease.

Pharmacological Activities

Extensive research has validated the various pharmacological activities attributed to Nirgundi. For instance, studies have demonstrated its potent anti-inflammatory properties, particularly through the evaluation of ethanolic root extracts, which showed significant effects comparable to standard anti-inflammatory drugs. Additionally, Nirgundi exhibits antibacterial qualities against a range of bacterial strains, thus supporting its use in treating infections. Furthermore, its antioxidant capabilities are noteworthy, providing potential benefits in managing oxidative stress–a common underlying factor in various diseases.

Traditional Uses in Poison Management

In traditional Ayurvedic practice, Nirgundi is notably referenced for its role in Visha chikitsa (poison management), particularly for treating bites from venomous creatures. The plant is included in formulations aimed at neutralizing toxins, showcasing its significance as an antidote. Various recipes incorporate Nirgundi in combination with other herbs to provide an effective remedy for snake and spider bites, illustrating its valuable place not only as a treatment for ailments but also as an emergency response to poisoning.

Conclusion

The multifaceted nature of Nirgundi emphasizes the importance of herbal medicine in both traditional and contemporary healthcare. With its extensive range of applications and backed by scientific validation of its efficacy, Nirgundi exemplifies a vital plant in Ayurvedic medicine. Its rich history and relevance in modern pharmacology suggest that promoting the cultivation and use of Nirgundi can greatly benefit present and future generations, ensuring that these time-honored remedies continue to be utilized for their health benefits.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What is Nirgundi and what is its significance?

Nirgundi, scientifically known as Vitex negundo, is a medicinal herb used in Ayurveda. It's known for its wide-ranging therapeutic benefits, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-cancerous properties, making it valuable for treating various ailments.

What parts of the Nirgundi plant are used medicinally?

Various parts of the Nirgundi plant are used for medicinal purposes including the roots, leaves, flowers, fruits, and bark. Each part contains bioactive compounds beneficial for treating numerous health conditions.

What are the primary pharmacological activities of Nirgundi?

Nirgundi exhibits various pharmacological activities such as cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hepatoprotective, anxiolytic, and anti-asthmatic effects. These activities have been validated through multiple experimental and clinical studies.

How does Ayurveda classify the properties of Nirgundi?

According to Ayurveda, Nirgundi is classified with properties like Katu and Tikta (taste), Laghu and Rooksha (light and dry), and Ushna (hot). It is believed to pacify the doshas of Vata and Kapha.

What are the traditional uses of Nirgundi in Ayurveda?

Nirgundi is traditionally used to treat a variety of ailments, including headaches, skin infections, wounds, and respiratory issues. It's referred to as 'sarvaroganivarini', meaning a remedy for many diseases.

What nutrients and compounds are found in Nirgundi?

Nirgundi contains several beneficial nutrients and compounds, including Vitamin C, flavonoids, terpenoids, and various acids. These constituents contribute to its potent therapeutic effects and antioxidant properties.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “A multifaceted five leave chaste tree (vitex negundo) – a review”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Nirgundi (Nirgumdi):
Nirgundi, known scientifically as Vitex negundo, is a revered herb in Ayurveda credited with various medicinal properties. It has applications in treating multiple ailments due to its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antibacterial activities. This plant is renowned for its effectiveness in both internal and external therapies, thereby enhancing holistic health.

2) Sindhuvara (Sindhu-vara, Simdhuvara):
Sindhuvara is another name for Vitex negundo, emphasizing its importance in traditional medicine. The term 'Sindhuvara' highlights its use in Ayurveda, particularly for its properties deemed beneficial for managing various diseases. This variant is similarly valued in herbal formulations, showcasing the plant's versatility across different cultures.

3) Drug:
Drugs in herbal medicine encompass a wide range of natural substances with medicinal properties. The term indicates the diverse applications these plant-derived compounds have in treating ailments, utilizing different parts of the plant such as leaves, roots, and fruits to harness their medicinal values.

4) Activity:
Activity, in this context, refers to the biological effects of plant extracts or compounds on human health. The pharmacological activities of Nirgundi, such as anti-inflammatory or antioxidant effects, are vital for understanding how various herbs can contribute to disease prevention and treatment.

5) Sinduvara (Simduvara):
Sinduvara denotes the same herb as Nirgundi, reinforcing its significance in Ayurvedic texts. Often cited for its therapeutic properties, Sinduvara plays a crucial role in traditional remedies, showcasing the interwoven cultural understanding of its health benefits across various regions and practices.

6) Disease:
Diseases are varied health conditions that disrupt normal bodily functions. The wide range of applications for Nirgundi, targeting numerous ailments from respiratory issues to skin disorders, demonstrates the importance of herbal remedies in contemporary and traditional healthcare frameworks.

7) Agada:
Agada refers to a category within Ayurveda focusing on antidotes and treatments for poisons. Nirgundi's inclusion in Agada formulations indicates its significance in treating toxic conditions, reinforcing the herb's role in traditional medicine as an essential remedy for various forms of poisoning.

8) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, emphasizes holistic healing and balance within the body. Nirgundi is a vital part of Ayurveda, reflecting its foundational principles of using natural substances to promote health, prevent disease, and restore balance among the body's energies.

9) Medicine:
Medicines encompass a broad spectrum of substances applied to treat health conditions. The use of herbal medicines like Nirgundi illustrates the significance of plant-derived remedies in contemporary healthcare, reinforcing the importance of traditional knowledge in modern treatments.

10) Taila (Thaila):
Taila, or oil, refers to the extracted essence from plants used in Ayurvedic treatments. Specifically, 'Nirgundi Taila' is prized for its healing properties, which are beneficial in topical applications and treatments for various ailments, enhancing the therapeutic reach of the herb.

11) Patra:
Patra, meaning leaves in Sanskrit, are frequently used in Ayurvedic practices. The leaves of Nirgundi are particularly valued for their medicinal properties, underscoring the significance of different plant parts in formulating effective herbal remedies to combat various health issues.

12) India:
India is the birthplace of Ayurveda, where traditional herbal medicine like Nirgundi plays a crucial role in healthcare. The diverse flora of the region, including plants like Nirgundi, contributes to the rich tapestry of natural remedies celebrated in Indian culture.

13) Lepa:
Lepa refers to topical applications or pastes made from herbs in Ayurvedic medicine. Nirgundi is often formulated into Lepa for external use, addressing issues like inflammation or skin disorders, highlighting the herb's versatility in treatment approaches.

14) Gana:
In Ayurveda, Gana refers to a group or classification of herbs that share similar properties. Nirgundi is part of such classifications, indicating its specific therapeutic characteristics and benefits when used in conjunction with other plants within a medicinal context.

15) Spider:
Spider, in traditional medicine, often refers to the use of herbs like Nirgundi in treating bites or envenomations. Specific formulations employing the herb are suggested to mitigate reactions from spider bites, illustrating the plant's role in providing immediate relief from such conditions.

16) Pana:
Pana indicates the act of drinking or consuming herbal remedies in Ayurveda. Formulations involving Nirgundi are often administered as Pana for internal health issues, showcasing the herb's importance both in external applications and internal treatments.

17) Tree:
The term tree in this context refers to the physical growth form of Nirgundi. This plant can grow into a small tree or large shrub, providing a sustainable source of medicinal material and highlighting the ecological importance of preserving such species.

18) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological relates to the study of drug action and efficacy. Nirgundi possesses numerous pharmacological activities, and understanding these helps validate its traditional uses in treating various ailments, bridging the gap between ancient practices and modern scientific research.

19) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibacterial refers to the ability of substances to inhibit bacterial growth. Nirgundi has demonstrated antibacterial properties against different strains, emphasizing its relevance in tackling infections and supporting the role of herbal medicines in modern healthcare practices.

20) Aragvadha:
Aragvadha, or Cassia fistula, is another medicinal plant mentioned in Ayurvedic texts. Its relationship with Nirgundi in herbal formulations reflects the collaborative approach of Ayurveda in utilizing multiple herbs to enhance therapeutic effects, indicating the interconnectedness of various natural remedies.

21) Vishaghna (Visaghna, Visha-ghna):
Vishaghna denotes properties that counteract poison or toxicity. Nirgundi is recognized for its Vishaghna attributes, making it a vital component in formulations aimed at treating poisoning, thus highlighting its essential role in traditional antidote preparations.

22) Triphala (Tri-phala):
Triphala is a combination of three fruits deemed beneficial in Ayurveda. The mention of Triphala in conjunction with Nirgundi signifies the synergistic approach in traditional medicine where multiple ingredients are used to amplify health benefits, promoting overall wellness.

23) Samhita:
Samhitas refer to ancient collections of Ayurvedic knowledge, which include detailed descriptions of medicinal plants. The references to Nirgundi within these texts highlight its recognized significance in traditional medicine and ongoing relevance in contemporary health practices.

24) Gairika:
Gairika refers to a mineral or earth-like substance used in certain Ayurvedic remedies. Its mention alongside Nirgundi suggests the amalgamation of plant and mineral-based treatments in Ayurveda, demonstrating the holistic approach taken toward healing.

25) Kushtha (Kustha):
Kustha refers to skin diseases in Ayurvedic terminology. The therapeutic impact of Nirgundi on Kustha highlights its significance in treating dermatological conditions through traditional herbal remedies.

26) Kashaya (Kasaya):
Kashaya indicates astringent qualities in Ayurvedic terminology. Nirgundi holds Kashaya properties, making it beneficial in certain formulations aimed at managing excess moisture or inflammation, thus contributing to its range of therapeutic applications.

27) Aruci:
Aruchi refers to a condition characterized by a lack of appetite. Nirgundi's usage in Ayurvedic medicine for managing this disorder exemplifies how certain herbs can influence digestive health and appetite regulation, reinforcing its medicinal importance.

28) Water:
Water serves as a crucial medium in Ayurvedic medicine, used for decoctions or infusions of herbs. It plays an essential role in extracting the active compounds from Nirgundi and other medicinal plants, foundational for effective herbal preparations.

29) Honey:
Honey is frequently utilized in Ayurveda as a natural sweetener and therapeutic agent. It enhances the bioavailability of herbal extracts, including Nirgundi, in formulations, thereby promoting their health benefits while also adding its own medicinal properties.

30) Visha (Visa):
Visha refers to poison, a significant consideration in Ayurvedic medicine. The protective role of Nirgundi in treating Visha indicates its importance in antidotal formulations, highlighting the plant's relevance in historical and modern toxicology treatments.

31) Katu:
Katu denotes a spicy or pungent flavor profile in Ayurvedic terminology. The Katu Rasa present in Nirgundi contributes to its unique therapeutic properties, influencing its effects on the digestive system and overall health enhancement.

32) Krimighna (Krmighna, Krimi-ghna):
Krimighna refers to the property of killing or repelling parasites. Nirgundi is recognized for its Krimighna properties, facilitating its use in treating various parasitic infections, thereby adding to its multifaceted role in herbal medicine.

33) Flavonoid:
Flavonoids are bioactive compounds present in plants, including Nirgundi, known for their antioxidant properties. The presence of flavonoids contributes to the herb's therapeutic effects, supporting the body in combating oxidative stress and promoting overall health.

34) Suradaru (Sura-daru):
Suradaru is a herb used in Ayurvedic practices. Its connection with Nirgundi reflects the interdependence of various herbal treatments within Ayurvedic formulations, showcasing the collaborative nature of plant medicine in addressing health issues.

35) Sanskrit:
Sanskrit is the classical language of Ayurveda, where many medicinal terms and texts are formulated. Understanding the Sanskrit terminology related to Nirgundi is crucial for comprehending its historical context and applications within traditional medicinal practices.

36) Vidanga (Vidamga):
Vidanga is an important herb in Ayurveda known for its digestive and detoxification properties. Its paired usage with Nirgundi in various formulations exemplifies the effective combination of multiple herbs to promote health and treat disorders.

37) Pippali (Pippalin):
Pippali, or long pepper, is another significant herb in Ayurvedic practices. Its collaboration with Nirgundi emphasizes the tradition of utilizing synergistic herbal combinations to enhance therapeutic effects and support various bodily functions.

38) Anamika:
Anamika is likely a reference to Dr. Anamika Tuli, one of the authors contributing to the research on Nirgundi. Her work in documenting the medicinal properties of this herb is invaluable to the understanding and promotion of Ayurvedic practices.

39) Bengali:
Bengali refers to the cultural and linguistic community in India, where local knowledge of plants like Nirgundi is prevalent. The traditional uses of this herb in Bengali communities underscore its significance in regional herbal medicine practices.

40) Shirisha (Sirisa, Shirisa, Sirisha):
Shirisha denotes the Albizia tree, which plays a role in Ayurvedic formulations. Its relation to Nirgundi illustrates traditional practices that emphasize the use of multiple herbs in synergistic applications for enhanced healing effects.

41) Tantra (Tantrism, Tamtra):
Tantra in Ayurvedic context denotes a system or discipline dealing with treatment and therapeutic methodologies. The methodologies associated with Nirgundi reflect the principles encompassed within this broader Ayurvedic framework.

42) Tagara:
Tagara, known as valerian, is a herb often mentioned alongside Nirgundi. Their complementary therapeutic effects exemplify the collaborative nature of herbal treatments within Ayurvedic medicine for enhancing sleep and managing stress.

43) Arjaka:
Arjaka refers to a plant used in Ayurvedic practice; its use with Nirgundi indicates a synergy of herbal properties aimed at bolstering health benefits for various ailments, showcasing the richness of traditional remedies.

44) Surasa (Su-rasa):
Surasa is a term referring to a medicinal herb in Ayurvedic texts. Its pairing with Nirgundi lies in the shared therapeutic applications and the holistic approach of utilizing multiple herbs for enhanced treatment efficacy.

45) Sthana:
Sthana indicates a location or context within Ayurvedic texts where herbs like Nirgundi find mention. It underscores the traditional classification system used to contextualize different plants based on their therapeutic applications.

46) Anjana (Amjana):
Anjana refers to ocular applications in Ayurvedic therapies. The mention of Nirgundi in Anjana substances indicates its importance in treating eye-related ailments, showcasing the herb's versatility in preventative and remedial practices.

47) Pushpa (Puspa):
Pushpa, or flowers, signify the reproductive part of plants, often used in Ayurvedic formulations. Nirgundi's flowers, like other plant parts, contribute to its overall therapeutic profile, highlighting the incorporation of diverse components in herbal medicine.

48) Indian:
Indian refers to the cultural and geographical context within which Ayurveda and its herbs, including Nirgundi, have evolved. The rich tradition of herbal medicine in India highlights the country’s significant role in global understanding and usage of therapeutic plants.

49) Kapha:
Kapha is one of the three doshas in Ayurveda representing earth and water elements. Nirgundi's properties are significant in balancing Kapha-related disorders, emphasizing its importance in comprehensive Ayurvedic treatment strategies.

50) Sutra:
Sutra denotes aphorisms or concise statements often found in Ayurvedic texts. The usage of Sutras concerning Nirgundi exemplifies the traditional wisdom encapsulated in concise terms, facilitating understanding and application of Ayurvedic principles.

51) Vidhi:
Vidhi refers to the methodology or protocols followed in Ayurvedic practices. The procedures involving Nirgundi illustrate the importance of proper application and dosage aimed at maximizing health benefits and ensuring safety in herbal treatments.

52) Varti (Vartin):
Varti indicates plug-like preparations in herbal practice, often used for local treatments. The inclusion of Nirgundi in such formulations showcases its relevancy in addressing localized issues effectively within Ayurvedic contexts.

53) Gulma:
Gulma refers to abdominal tumors or masses in Ayurvedic terminology. Nirgundi's applications for managing such conditions stress the herb's multifaceted therapeutic potentials in treating growths and related disorders.

54) Laghu:
Laghu, meaning light or easy to digest in Ayurveda, relates to certain properties of herbs. The classification of Nirgundi as Laghu highlights its beneficial role in treatments where digestibility and lightness are essential for effective therapeutic action.

55) Sarpa:
Sarpa refers to snakes in Ayurveda, especially concerning the treatment of snake bites. The utilization of Nirgundi in antidote formulations underlines its critical role in enhancing safety and recovery from envenomations.

56) Tikta:
Tikta, meaning bitter, is one of the tastes utilized in Ayurveda. Nirgundi embodies Tikta properties, which contribute to its therapeutic effects on digestion and detoxification processes, further establishing its versatility.

57) Krimi (Krmi):
Krimi refers to worms or parasites in the context of Ayurvedic medicine. Nirgundi's recognized efficacy as Krimighna emphasizes its role in addressing intestinal worms and related infections, providing crucial support in maintaining gut health.

58) Campu:
Campu refers to a type of verse or poetic structure in traditional Indian literature. Its mention in relation to plants like Nirgundi adds cultural and historical dimensions, indicating the integration of botanical knowledge into artistic expression.

59) Vrana:
Vrana denotes wounds or ulcers in Ayurvedic terminology. Nirgundi's applications in healing Vrana highlight its recognized effectiveness in promoting wound healing and managing related disruptions, showcasing the herb’s role in physical recovery.

60) Bilva (Vilva):
Bilva, or Aegle marmelos, is another highly regarded plant in Ayurveda. Its relationship with Nirgundi showcases the collective wisdom of utilizing multiple herbs in synergy to address a spectrum of health conditions effectively.

61) Nimbi:
Nimbi, or Neem, is known for its powerful medicinal properties. The reference to Nimbu alongside Nirgundi emphasizes the practice of combining various plants for comprehensive health benefits, showcasing the richness of Ayurvedic formulations.

62) Rasa (Rasha):
Rasa refers to taste in Ayurvedic terminology, which plays a crucial role in determining the properties and effectiveness of herbs. The Rasa of Nirgundi influences its therapeutic applications and overall efficacy in various treatments.

63) Shelu (Selu):
Selu refers to certain plants that are utilized in Ayurvedic practices. The significance of Selu alongside Nirgundi highlights the interconnectedness of various herbal applications, enhancing the traditional herbal toolkit available for treating health issues.

64) Post:
Post refers to the subsequent actions or considerations after treatment. The mention of Nirgundi in post-treatment protocols emphasizes the herb's role in ongoing health maintenance and the importance of holistic care.

65) Spider poison (Spider venom):
Spider poisoning represents a specific toxic reaction from spider bites. The therapeutic role of Nirgundi in treating such conditions illustrates its efficacy in addressing venomous reactions and underscores the importance of herbal remedies in emergency care.

66) Adhatoda vasica:
Adhatoda vasica is a medicinal plant also known for its respiratory benefits. Its pairing with Nirgundi reflects the collaborative nature of Ayurveda, where multiple herbs are combined to enhance therapeutic outcomes in treating ailments.

67) Shri-lanka (Srilanka, Sri-lanka, Shrilanka):
Sri Lanka is home to a diverse range of flora, including medicinal plants like Nirgundi. The geographical context highlights the widespread availability and relevance of this herb beyond India, integrating into regional traditional medicine practices.

68) Sushruta-samhita (Susruta-samhita):
Sushruta-samhita is an ancient Ayurvedic text attributed to Sushruta, the father of surgery. Its documentation of herbs like Nirgundi illustrates the historical perspectives and surgical applications encompassed within Indian medicinal practices.

69) Nirgunditaila (Nirgundi-taila):
Nirgundi-taila refers to the oil extracted from Nirgundi, known for its therapeutic qualities. This preparation underscores the importance of various formulations in Ayurveda, emphasizing the holistic approach to health remedies.

70) Acorus calamus:
Acorus calamus, known as sweet flag, is often mentioned alongside Nirgundi for its medicinal properties. The relationship showcases the collaborative approach within Ayurveda, promoting health through diverse plant applications.

71) Sutrasthana (Sutra-sthana):
Sutra-sthana denotes specific sections within Ayurvedic texts that outline comprehensive approaches to various health conditions. References to Nirgundi signify the depth of knowledge and practices employed in ancient medical science.

72) Vimanasthana (Vimana-sthana):
Vimanasthana refers to another section in Ayurvedic literature, often containing insights on therapeutic formulations. The connection of Nirgundi within these texts exemplifies its historical significance in traditional healing strategies.

73) Inflammation:
Inflammation is the body’s response to injury or infection, often treated with anti-inflammatory agents. Nirgundi’s recognized efficacy in managing inflammation highlights its relevance in contemporary therapeutic applications for various inflammatory conditions.

74) Bhringaraja (Bhrngaraja, Bhringa-raja, Bhrimgaraja):
Bhringaraja, or Eclipta alba, is an important herb in Ayurveda known for its benefits in hair health. Its pairing with Nirgundi not only emphasizes synergistic effects but also reflects the traditional emphasis on utilizing herbs for both internal and external wellness.

75) Mahakashaya (Mahakasaya, Maha-kashaya):
Mahakashaya refers to a compilation of potent herbal formulations in Ayurveda. The inclusion of Nirgundi signifies its esteemed position among other traditional remedies, showcasing the importance of blending plants for effective treatments.

[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 182]

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Medicinal properties, Ayurvedic system of medicine, Herbal medicine, Anti-inflammatory activity, Pharmacological activities, Oxidative stress, Hepatoprotective activity, Bacterial activity, Ethnobotanical use, Folklore healers, Active chemical constituents, Chemical constituent, Snake poisoning.

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