A comparative stanadardization of abhrak bhasma by different methods

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Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: A comparative stanadardization of abhrak bhasma by different methods
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Author:

Dr. Shyama, Dr. Sanjay Kumar, Dr. Sakhitha K. S., Dr. Anita Choudhary and Dr. Pooja Yadav


World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:

(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)

Full text available for: A comparative stanadardization of abhrak bhasma by different methods

Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research

Doi: 10.20959/wjpr202213-25643


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Summary of article contents:

Introduction

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of Abhraka Bhasma, an important Ayurvedic preparation derived from Mica, comparing its standardization through various methods. Authors Dr. Shyama and colleagues explore the foundational role of Ayurveda in promoting health and the intricate process of preparing and purifying Abhraka through methodologies rooted in ancient texts. The study emphasizes the significance of both safety and efficacy in Ayurvedic formulations, particularly concerning the presence of heavy metals and the therapeutic uses of Abhraka Bhasma for chronic ailments.

Importance of Standardization in Ayurvedic Medicine

Standardization in the production of Ayurvedic medicines is critical for ensuring consistent quality and effectiveness. The preparation of Abhraka Bhasma involves a meticulous process that includes Shodhana (purification) and Marana (calcination), which are essential for eliminating impurities and enhancing therapeutic properties. The study identifies traditional texts that describe various methods of preparation, noting that different techniques can yield variations in the final product's safety and efficacy. The findings highlight that improper preparation can lead to toxicological risks, emphasizing the necessity of strict adherence to standard operating procedures (SOPs) during the preparation process.

Analytical Investigation of Abhraka Bhasma

The analytical phase of the study consisted of comprehensive evaluations of Abhraka Bhasma samples—AB-1 and AB-2—utilizing modern testing methodologies such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). The results showcased the crystalline structure of the preparation, with significant variations in particle size and composition between the two samples. AB-1 demonstrated a higher content of silica due to the method of trituration, while both samples exhibited desirable physical characteristics aligning with the standards set by Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia, thus validating the effectiveness of the preparation methods.

The Role of Pharmaceutical Processes

Pharmaceutical processes such as Shodhana and Marana are pivotal in the transformation of raw materials into usable Ayurvedic medicines. The study elucidates the meticulous steps taken to prepare raw Abhraka, emphasizing the importance of agent choice—such as Triphala kwatha and Kanji—in the purification and calcination phases. Parameters like weight loss through evaporation and changes in physical properties during the heating process were analyzed, revealing that the type and amount of Bhavana dravyas significantly impact the final product's quality. Thus, attention to pharmaceutical nuances directly influences Abhraka Bhasma's therapeutic potential.

Conclusion

The comparative study of Abhraka Bhasma underlines the necessity of thorough standardization, safety testing, and comprehensive analyses for Ayurvedic formulations. Both methods of preparation yielded products that complied with organoleptic and physicochemical standards essential for therapeutic use, though significant differences were noted in the required number of Putas to achieve desired characteristics. The findings reaffirm the value of combining traditional methodologies with modern analytical techniques to enhance the reliability and efficacy of Ayurvedic medicines, thus paving the way for more rigorous quality assurance in the field.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What is the main objective of the study on Abhraka Bhasma?

The study aims to compare the pharmaceutical and analytical studies of Abhraka Bhasma prepared by different methods using varying numbers of putas.

What are the primary methods used for preparing Abhraka Bhasma?

The preparation methods for Abhraka Bhasma include processes such as Shodhana, Marana, and Bhavana, utilizing ingredients like Triphala, Eranda Patra, and Kasamarda Patra.

How did the samples of Abhraka Bhasma perform in organoleptic tests?

Both samples of Abhraka Bhasma exhibited a smooth, lustreless texture, brick red color, tastelessness, and softness, indicating successful bhasma preparation.

What significant differences were noted between Sample AB-1 and AB-2?

Sample AB-1 required 15 putas to pass the bhasma tests, while Sample AB-2 needed 33 putas, indicating a more complex preparation process for AB-2.

What analytical techniques were used in the study?

The study utilized XRD, SEM, EDAX, ICP analysis, and particle size distribution to evaluate the physicochemical properties of the prepared Abhraka Bhasma samples.

What were the findings related to the particle size analysis?

The particle size analysis showed that Sample AB-1 had particles predominantly below 91.41μm, while Sample AB-2's were mainly below 60.38μm, indicating finer particles in AB-2.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “A comparative stanadardization of abhrak bhasma by different methods”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Bhasma (Bhasman):
Bhasma refers to the fine powder form of a medicinal substance in Ayurvedic medicine, created through a process known as 'Marana.' It is considered highly therapeutic and is used in various formulations. The preparation of Bhasma involves transforming metals or minerals into a bioavailable form, enhancing their efficacy for various diseases.

2) Abhraka:
Abhraka, or Mica, holds significant importance in Ayurveda, particularly in the field of Rasashastra, which deals with the alchemical transformation of metals. It is used as an essential ingredient in the preparation of Bhasma, and its properties facilitate the binding and detoxification of mercury in Ayurvedic preparations.

3) Puta:
Putas refer to the heating cycles undergone during the preparation of Bhasma in Ayurveda. Each Puta symbolizes a stage in the complex heating process, critical for refining the material and ensuring its medicinal properties and safe usage.

4) Table:
Table refers to a structured format used to present data and observations in research papers, allowing for clear comparison of results. In the context of the study, tables provide essential quantitative information regarding processes, chemical analyses, and measurements showing the efficacy and safety of preparations like Bhasma.

5) Abhrakabhasma (Abhraka-bhasma):
Abhraka-bhasma is the term for the specific Bhasma prepared from Abhraka (mica). It combines the traditional methods of Ayurvedic medicine to prepare a bioactive, fine powder that can be used therapeutically for various ailments, demonstrating the integration of ancient wisdom with modern scientific validation.

6) Shyama (Syama):
Shyama refers to Dr. Shyama, one of the researchers and authors of the study on Abhraka Bhasma. Their contributions and research aim to enhance understanding and standardization of Ayurvedic preparations, showcasing the importance of scholars in validating traditional medicine with contemporary scientific methods.

7) Patra:
Patra means a leaf in Sanskrit and is used in Ayurveda to denote various medicinal plants' leaves. In the preparation of certain formulas like Bhasma, fresh leaves are utilized for extraction processes. Their use signifies the importance of natural ingredients in Ayurvedic pharmacology.

8) Water:
Water, or Jala in Ayurveda, is integral for various medicinal preparations. It is used for decoctions, dissolving herbal ingredients, and enhancing extraction processes in formulations. The quality of water directly impacts the efficacy of Ayurvedic medicines and is a key solvent in traditional practices.

9) Study (Studying):
Study refers to the systematic investigation or research undertaken to analyze and compare different methods for preparing Abhraka Bhasma. Such research focuses on both pharmaceutical processes and analytical evaluations to ensure the safety, efficacy, and quality of Ayurvedic preparations in modern contexts.

10) Rasa (Rasha):
Rasa, meaning taste or essence, plays a crucial role in Ayurveda, indicating the therapeutic properties of herbs and substances. Understanding the Rasa of medicines helps practitioners assess their effects on the body and apply them according to individual health conditions.

11) Bhavana (Bha-vana):
Bhavana refers to a method in Ayurveda involving the trituration of substances with liquid media, enhancing their properties and effectiveness. The process is crucial for preparing medicines like Bhasma, as it facilitates better absorption and integration of herbal qualities into the final product.

12) Dhanyabhraka:
Dhanyabhraka is a refined form of Abhraka used in the preparation of Bhasma. It signifies the importance of using processed materials in creating therapeutics that are easier to digest and have enhanced bioavailability compared to unprocessed forms.

13) Hindi (Himdi):
Hindi is the vernacular language widely spoken in India. In this context, it is relevant as many Ayurvedic texts and commentaries are available in Hindi, making traditional knowledge accessible to a broader audience, especially in India where it promotes understanding and further research.

14) Sharava (Sarava):
Sharava refers to a specific type of earthen pot used in Ayurveda for the preparation and storage of medicines. These pots are designed for specific processes, ensuring materials maintain their efficacy during the heating and curing stages of preparation.

15) Kanji (Kamji):
Kanji is a fermented liquid preparation made from rice and water, essential in Ayurveda for various therapeutic processes. It helps in the extraction of medicinal properties from herbs and minerals during the preparation of Bhasma and is noted for its probiotic qualities.

16) Triphala (Tri-phala):
Triphala is a well-known Ayurvedic formulation consisting of three fruits: Amla, Haritaki, and Bibhitaki. It is renowned for its detoxifying properties and is often used in the Shodhana (purification) and Marana (calcination) processes to prepare Bhasma, enhancing its therapeutic effects.

17) Guda:
Guda, or jaggery, is a traditional sweetener made from sugarcane or palm sap. It is often used in Ayurvedic formulations to enhance taste and improve the absorption of herbal preparations, serving as a binding agent during the pharmacological process of making Bhasma.

18) Eranda (Eramda):
Eranda refers to the castor plant, whose leaves (Eranda Patra) and oil (Eranda taila) are used in various Ayurvedic formulations. Its leaves are specifically mentioned in the process of making Abhraka Bhasma to enhance its properties during the preparation.

19) Marana:
Marana is the specific Ayurvedic process of transforming raw herbs or minerals into a medicinal powder or Bhasma. It involves calcination, which increases the bioavailability of the substances, thus enhancing their therapeutic efficacy against different diseases.

20) Ratna:
Ratna translates to 'gem' or 'precious stone' in Sanskrit and can denote the esteemed status of certain raw materials in Ayurvedic treatments, signalling their valuable properties when considered in formulations like Bhasma.

21) House:
House in this context likely refers to the pharmacy or laboratory settings where Ayurvedic preparations are made and analyzed. It emphasizes the environment where traditional practices take place and how they are upheld as part of the Ayurvedic medicinal system.

22) Salt (Salty):
Salt, mentioned as 'Saindhava,' plays a significant role in Ayurvedic formulations, primarily as a preservative and a necessary component that enhances taste. Its qualities support the therapeutic outcomes in concoctions aimed at balancing bodily doshas (humors).

23) Drug:
Drugs refer to all medicinal substances used in Ayurveda, encompassing herbal, mineral, and animal-based components. The term highlights the broad spectrum of treatments offered through Ayurvedic practices, focusing on natural remedies derived from various sources.

24) New Delhi:
New Delhi, the capital of India, serves as an important center for Ayurvedic education and research. It is relevant because many Ayurvedic texts, institutions, and conferences occur here, promoting the preservation and advancement of ancient medicinal systems.

25) Shodhana (Sodhana):
Sodhana refers to the purification processes in Ayurveda that enhance the safety and effectiveness of raw materials. It addresses toxins and impurities ensuring that substances are prepared correctly before use in treatment formulations, vital in producing Bhasma.

26) Kalpana:
Kalpana signifies the methods and techniques used in Ayurvedic formulations. It includes the processes of preparation and transformation necessary to create Bhasma and other medicines, reflecting traditional knowledge and practices passed through generations.

27) Dravya:
Dravyas or substances are fundamental components within Ayurvedic medicine. They include plants, minerals, and animal products that are utilized for their therapeutic qualities, forming the basis of various formulations for treating health issues.

28) Jaipur:
Jaipur, a city in India, is significant in this study as it is a place where Ayurvedic education, research, and practical applications occur. The city is also home to institutions like the National Institute of Ayurveda, contributing to the propagation of traditional medicine.

29) Delhi:
Delhi refers to the metropolitan region in India, encompassing both cultural heritage and modern practices of Ayurveda. It denotes a locale where traditional Ayurvedic knowledge is preserved, researched, and disseminated through various educational and professional platforms.

30) Rice (Rce):
Rice, or 'Anna' in Sanskrit, is a staple food and crucial component in Ayurvedic formulations. It is often used in the preparation of various medicinal decoctions and is valued for its nutritional properties and role in detoxification processes.

31) Erandapatra (Eranda-patra):
Eranda-patra refers to the leaves of the castor plant used in the preparation of Bhasma. Their use in trituration processes imparts therapeutic qualities, enhancing the overall efficacy of formulations in Ayurveda.

32) Bhaishajya (Bhaisajya):
Bhaishajya means 'medicine' in Sanskrit and encompasses all forms of treatments and remedies in Ayurveda. It signifies the holistic approach within the medicinal system, focusing on natural remedies for the prevention and treatment of diseases.

33) Kasamarda (Kasa-marda, Kashamarda):
Kasamarda refers to a specific plant known for its medicinal properties, used in Ayurvedic formulations. Its leaves or extracts are employed in various processes, including the preparation of Bhasma, to enhance the therapeutic effects of final products.

34) Kulattha:
Kulattha refers to the seeds of the Horsegram plant, a pulse widely used in Ayurveda. Its inclusion in medicinal preparations signifies the importance of legumes in Ayurvedic pharmacology for their nutritional and health benefits, particularly in detoxifying and therapeutic contexts.

35) Shastra (Sastra):
Shastra refers to the sacred texts of knowledge in Ayurveda and other traditional sciences. These texts serve as essential references for practitioners regarding the techniques, processes, and philosophical foundations of Ayurvedic healing and treatments.

36) Varanasi (Varanashi):
Varanasi, an ancient city in India, holds significant cultural and spiritual relevance in Ayurveda. It houses numerous institutions for teaching and practicing traditional medicine, highlighting the geographical importance in the dissemination of Ayurvedic knowledge.

37) Varitara:
Varitara indicates the characteristics of lightness or fineness in Ayurvedic medicines. It signifies the efficacy of the preparation methods used, ensuring the final product is easily digestible and readily absorbable by the body during treatments.

38) Sharngadhara (Sarngadhara, Sharnga-dhara):
Sharngadhara refers to the author of one of the classical texts of Ayurveda. This reference is essential as it anchors the traditional knowledge within a historical framework, substantiating the practices and recipes used in contemporary Ayurvedic medicine.

39) Srivastava (Sri-vastava, Shrivastava, Shri-vastava):
Srivastava, likely referring to Dr. Shailaja Srivastava, is significant in the context of the research as the author/editor whose work contributes to the understanding and standardization of Ayurvedic remedies and practices, thereby influencing current methodologies within the field.

40) Shailaja (Sailaja, Shaila-ja):
Shailaja denotes an individual likely involved in the research or study, emphasizing collaboration among scholars and practitioners in advancing Ayurvedic medicine. Their expertise enhances the credibility of Ayurvedic texts and practices being scrutinized or standardized in modern contexts.

41) Medicine:
Medicines in Ayurveda encompass a wide array of natural substances and formulations specifically designed for healing and wellness. The holistic approach ensures that physical, mental, and spiritual aspects of health are addressed for optimal outcomes.

42) Samhita:
Samhita refers to the compilations of ancient Ayurvedic texts that codify medicinal knowledge, treatments, and herbal formulations. These texts serve as foundational references for Ayurvedic practitioners and researchers, establishing a framework for traditional healing arts in India.

43) Disease:
Diseases, in the Ayurvedic context, refer to imbalances among the doshas that manifest as health issues. Ayurvedic treatments target these root causes rather than just alleviating symptoms, ensuring a holistic approach to healing.

44) Rajika:
Rajika, or mustard seeds, are an ingredient used in Ayurvedic preparations. Their inclusion in formulations highlights the role of spices and flavoring agents in enhancing the therapeutic effectiveness and palatability of medicines.

45) Powder:
Powder refers to the fine, ground form of a substance used in preparing Ayurvedic medicines. The fineness of powders affects their absorption and efficacy, making the grinding process a significant step in traditional formulations like Bhasma.

46) India:
India is the historical and cultural context for Ayurveda, where the practice originated and evolved over thousands of years. The country's rich biodiversity supports the cultivation of many herbs and plants essential for traditional medicine systems.

47) Mica:
Mica is a natural mineral and the primary material used in the preparation of Abhraka-bhasma. Its unique properties contribute to the characteristics of the final product, illustrating the intertwining of mineralogy and traditional medicine in Ayurveda.

48) Container:
Container signifies the vessels or devices used in the preparation and storage of herbal medicines. The choice of materials for containers impacts the integrity of Ayurvedic formulations and is a critical aspect of the preparation process.

49) Pariksha (Pariksa):
Pariksha means testing or examination, referring to the various evaluations conducted to assess the quality and efficacy of Ayurvedic preparations. Such testing ensures safety standards are met and supports the reliability of traditional formulations within modern medicinal contexts.

50) Pottali:
Pottali refers to a jute pouch or bag used in the preparation of certain Ayurvedic medicines where powdered ingredients are enclosed and subjected to external treatments. This method is vital in specific processes, allowing for effective blending and extraction.

51) Surface:
Surfaces refer to the outer layers of materials in Ayurvedic preparations. Analyzing these surfaces helps assess properties like absorption and interaction with the body, which are crucial for ensuring the effectiveness of medicines.

52) Hingu (Himgu):
Hingu, or asafoetida, is a resin used in Ayurvedic medicine for its distinctive flavor and digestive properties. Its inclusion in formulations is essential for enhancing taste and addressing specific ailments, reflecting the importance of sensory characteristics in therapeutic settings.

53) Masha (Masa, Ma-sha):
Masha refers to black gram or urad dal, which is utilized in Ayurvedic formulations due to its nutritional properties. It is often incorporated in various preparations to enhance therapeutic effects, demonstrating the significance of pulses in traditional food and medicine.

54) Jute:
Jute is a natural fiber used in making bags and pottalis in Ayurveda. Its use indicates a sustainable approach in traditional practices, minimizing environmental impact while providing necessary materials for effective herbal preparation processes.

55) Zingiber officinale:
Zingiber officinale, or ginger, is a well-known medicinal herb in Ayurveda, valued for its digestive and anti-inflammatory properties. It symbolizes the integration of culinary ingredients into therapeutic practices, enhancing the efficacy of formulations consumed daily.

56) Sharavasamputa (Sharava-samputa, Saravasamputa):
Sharava-samputa denotes a unique heating system involving earthen vessels stacked on top of each other, creating an enclosed space for heating Ayurvedic preparations. This traditional method is significant for achieving the desired temperature for processing Bhasma and ensuring uniform heating.

57) Samdhibandhana (Sandhibandhana, Sandhi-bandhana, Samdhi-bandhana):
Sandhibandhana refers to the method of binding during preparations in Ayurveda, ensuring that materials stay intact during the heating process. It underscores the importance of proper technique in creating stable and effective medicinal compounds.

58) Sarshapataila (Sarsapataila, Sarshapa-taila):
Sarshapa-taila is mustard oil, commonly used in Ayurvedic applications for its properties and nutritional benefits. Its utility in various formulations showcases the role of oils in enhancing the absorption and effectiveness of herbal remedies.

59) Rasashastra (Rasa-shastra, Rasasastra):
Rasashastra represents the science of metals and minerals in Ayurveda, encompassing the processes of purification and transformation into therapeutic forms. It is a critical discipline within Ayurvedic medicine that merges chemistry with traditional healing practices, addressing both spiritual and medicinal aspects.

60) Varitaratva:
Varitaratva describes the lightness or floatability characteristic of Ayurvedic preparations, indicating a desired quality in formulations such as Bhasma. It provides insight into the physical properties essential for the efficacy of medicinal powders.

61) Discussion:
Discussion refers to the critical analysis and commentary within the research study that evaluates findings, interpretations, and implications of the results obtained during the preparation and analysis of Abhraka Bhasma, contributing to the broader scientific understanding of traditional practices.

62) Saindhava (Saimdhava):
Saindhava signifies rock salt in Ayurveda, which is used for its therapeutic and preservative qualities in various formulations. Its inclusion in recipes showcases the importance of salt in enhancing taste and addressing specific health concerns through natural remedies.

63) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda is an ancient system of medicine from India that emphasizes balance in bodily energies (doshas) and the use of natural substances for health care. It incorporates dietary, lifestyle, and herbal strategies for maintaining wellness and preventing diseases, illustrating a holistic approach to health.

64) Sarshapa (Sarsapa):
Sarshapa, or mustard, refers to the seeds and oil of mustard plants that are integral in Ayurvedic formulations. Considered beneficial for their warming properties and digestive effects, they serve as both a food source and a medicinal ingredient in numerous preparations.

65) Pounding:
Pounding is a mechanical method of breaking down solid materials in Ayurvedic medicine to facilitate extraction and enhance bioavailability. It signifies the importance of physical processes in preparing herbal substances for therapeutic use.

66) Sukshma (Suksma, Shukshma):
Sukshma translates to 'fine' or 'subtle' in Sanskrit, referring to the desired quality of Bhasma in Ayurveda that indicates its microscopic reduction, enhancing bioavailability and effectiveness when administered to patients in therapeutic contexts.

67) Shunthi (Sunthi, Sumthi, Shumthi):
Sunthi, or ginger, is recognized for its medicinal benefits in Ayurveda, including anti-inflammatory properties. It is frequently used in formulations to enhance both flavor and healing effects, signifying the importance of aromatic herbs in traditional practices.

68) Sparsha (Sparsa):
Sparsha means 'touch' or 'tactile quality' in Ayurveda, referring to the physical properties of medicinal substances. It highlights the significance of sensory evaluation in determining the qualities of Bhasma and ensuring they meet therapeutic criteria.

69) Haridra:
Haridra, or turmeric, is a prominent herb in Ayurveda recognized for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. Its incorporation into formulations assists in enhancing the health benefits of medicines and illustrates the integration of well-known culinary herbs into medical use.

70) Shuddha (Suddha):
Shuddha means 'pure' in Sanskrit and denotes the quality of raw materials used in Ayurveda. The term signifies the necessity for purity in the substances involved in therapeutic preparations to ensure safety and efficacy in patient treatments.

71) Tantra (Tantrism, Tamtra):
Tantra refers to a systematic framework or technique within Ayurveda for understanding and applying therapeutic methods. It showcases the intricate, holistic approaches characteristic of Ayurveda in managing diseases and promoting well-being.

72) Dhanya:
Dhanya is another term for grains or cereals in Ayurveda, highlighting their importance in daily diet and nutrition. They serve as foundational dietary components, promoting health and balance within the body's constitution.

73) Gandha (Gamdha):
Gandha translates to 'smell' or 'fragrance' in Ayurveda, reflecting the aromatic qualities of herbal medicines that play a role in their therapeutic effects. It emphasizes the significance of olfactory sensations in enhancing healing properties during treatment.

74) Vamsha (Vamsa):
Vamsha refers to bamboo or similar plants used in Ayurvedic preparations. Its inclusion in formulations symbolizes the use of diverse plant materials with various health benefits, emphasizing nature's role in creating effective healing modalities.

75) Purity:
Purity in Ayurveda pertains to the cleanliness and integrity of raw materials, essential for effective medicinal preparations. It reflects the commitment to quality and the ethical considerations of sourcing and processing ingredients used in treatments.

[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 137]

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