Antibacterial effect of Ruta graveolens on Streptococcus species.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Determination of antibacterial activity of ruta graveolens against streptococcus gordonii and streptococcus salivarius – an in vitro study
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Dr. Athira K. C. BDS, Dr. Harsha Mysore Babu MDS, Dr. Vivekananda Maranahally Rangaraju MDS
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Determination of antibacterial activity of ruta graveolens against streptococcus gordonii and streptococcus salivarius – an in vitro study
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20211-19529
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The study investigates the antibacterial activity of Ruta graveolens, commonly known as Garden Rue, against two primary colonizers of dental plaque, Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus salivarius. These bacteria play crucial roles in the formation of oral biofilms, and their overgrowth is associated with periodontal diseases. Traditional treatments often involve the use of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory drugs, which can lead to side effects and resistance. Thus, there is a considerable interest in exploring herbal remedies as safer, effective alternatives in periodontal therapy. Ruta graveolens, recognized for its pharmacological benefits, contains a variety of secondary metabolites that could offer antimicrobial properties.
Antibacterial Activity of Ruta graveolens
The study employed a well-diffusion technique to assess the antibacterial potential of methanolic extracts of Ruta graveolens against the two bacterial strains. Different concentrations of the extracts (15%, 25%, 40%, and 50%) were tested, revealing that the extract exhibited the largest zone of inhibition at 50% concentration—18.5 mm against S. gordonii and 16 mm against S. salivarius. Notably, no antibacterial activity was observed for the lower concentrations against S. salivarius, indicating a concentration-dependent efficacy. These findings highlight the potential of Ruta graveolens as a natural antimicrobial agent.
Importance of Secondary Metabolites
Ruta graveolens is rich in secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, volatile oils, and coumarins, which contribute to its biological activity. This study underlines the relationship between these compounds and the observed antibacterial properties. The presence of these metabolites suggests that R. graveolens could exert diverse pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial activities. Understanding the role of specific metabolites opens avenues for further research into their therapeutic uses and enhances the potential of this plant in managing periodontal diseases.
Statistical Significance of Results
The statistical analysis of the results emphasized significant differences between the various concentrations of R. graveolens extract, particularly in S. gordonii, where a p-value of 0.021 was noted. In contrast, a p-value of 0.013 indicated a notable difference in S. salivarius at different concentrations. The pairwise comparisons using Mann-Whitney U tests revealed significant differences primarily at higher concentrations, reflecting that as the concentration of the plant extract increased, its inhibitory effect on S. gordonii and S. salivarius also intensified. This reinforces the importance of dosage in optimizing antibacterial effects.
Conclusion
The present study strongly supports the antibacterial potential of methanolic extract of Ruta graveolens against S. gordonii and S. salivarius, suggesting its utility as a natural alternative in periodontal disease management. Given the increasing concern over the adverse effects of conventional antimicrobials and rising antibiotic resistance, Ruta graveolens represents a promising candidate for herbal medicinal formulations. Future research should focus on identifying specific active compounds, their mechanisms of action, and the efficacy of the extracts in in vivo settings. Incorporating such natural antimicrobial agents into dental care products could revolutionize approaches to preventing and treating periodontal infections.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the purpose of the study on Ruta graveolens?
The study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of Ruta graveolens against primary colonizing bacteria, specifically Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus salivarius, which are significant in the development of dental biofilms.
What method was used to test antibacterial activity?
The antibacterial activity was evaluated using the well diffusion technique, where various concentrations of methanolic extracts of Ruta graveolens were applied to wells in culture plates containing the bacterial strains.
What were the main findings regarding the extract's effectiveness?
The extract showed significant antibacterial activity, with the largest inhibition zone measuring 18.5 mm against S. gordonii and 16.0 mm against S. salivarius at a 50% concentration.
How were bacterial strains obtained for the study?
Clinically isolated strains of S. gordonii and S. salivarius were employed, which were sub-cultured 24 hours prior to the experimentation for optimal growth conditions.
What were the concentrations used in the study?
The study tested the methanolic extract of Ruta graveolens at four concentrations: 15%, 25%, 40%, and 50%, to assess the effectiveness against the bacterial strains.
What potential applications could result from this research?
The findings suggest that Ruta graveolens could be used in developing natural antimicrobial agents for dental care products, such as mouthwashes and toothpaste, targeting S. gordonii and S. salivarius.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Antibacterial effect of Ruta graveolens on Streptococcus species.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Activity:
The term 'activity' in the context of this study refers to the biological effects or actions exhibited by the methanolic extract of Ruta graveolens against the bacteria Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus salivarius. Specifically, it indicates the capacity of this extract to inhibit bacterial growth, demonstrating its potential as an antimicrobial agent in dental applications.
2) Study (Studying):
The word 'study' signifies a systematic investigation or analysis conducted to explore the antibacterial properties of Ruta graveolens. It encompasses the design, execution, and evaluation of experiments intended to collect data about the effectiveness of the plant extract against specific oral bacteria, contributing to the broader field of periodontal disease research.
3) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
'Anti-bacterial' is a synonym for 'antibacterial', indicating a substance's ability to inhibit or kill bacteria. This term reiterates the focus of the study on the antibacterial properties of Ruta graveolens, making it relevant in discussions surrounding natural antimicrobial therapy in clinical practice.
4) Babu:
'Babu' is the last name of Dr. Harsha Mysore Babu, one of the authors of the research article. As a professor and head of the Department of Periodontics, his contribution is significant, as it reflects his expertise and leadership in conducting the study and addressing periodontal health issues.
5) Disease:
The plural term 'diseases' encompasses various pathological conditions, indicating that the findings of this study could be relevant beyond just periodontal conditions. It highlights the need for comprehensive approaches to managing different health issues caused by infectious organisms, broadening the scope of research and therapeutic strategies.
6) Table:
'Table' refers to a structured representation of data in rows and columns, which in this study, summarizes the mean diameter of inhibition zones observed in bacterial cultures. Tables are fundamental in scientific articles for presenting complex information clearly, facilitating the understanding and comparison of results.
7) Drug:
The term 'drugs' is the plural of drug, indicating multiple chemical compounds used for treatment. It implies a broader discussion about the development of new drug candidates, including phytochemicals derived from plants, reflecting the study's contribution to enhancing therapeutic options against oral infections.
8) Species:
The term 'species' refers to a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. In this study, it specifically relates to the bacterial strains tested—Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus salivarius—underscoring the relevance of identifying and assessing various species for their susceptibility to treatment.
9) Flavonoid:
The word 'flavonoid' describes a class of plant secondary metabolites known for their antimicrobial properties. In this study, flavonoids present in Ruta graveolens may play a role in the observed antibacterial activity, offering insights into the phytochemical composition that contributes to the plant's potential therapeutic uses.
10) Harsha (Harsa):
'Harsha' refers to Dr. Harsha Mysore Babu, highlighting his critical role within the research team as a leader in the field of periodontics. His expertise contributes to the study's credibility and its implications for future research in dental healthcare and phytotherapy.
11) Mysore:
'Mysore' refers to a historical city in Karnataka, India, relevant in this document as part of the author's name, Dr. Harsha Mysore Babu. The geographical context reflects the academic and clinical setting where the research is conducted, tying the study to local medicinal practices.
12) Oil:
The term 'oils' in this study typically refers to volatile oils extracted from the Ruta graveolens plant, known for various biological activities. These oils may possess antimicrobial properties crucial for the observed antibacterial efficacy against oral pathogens, contributing to the plant's overall medicinal profile.
13) Pharmacological:
The term 'pharmacological' pertains to the study of drug actions and effects within biological systems. In this context, it supports the investigation of Ruta graveolens as a medicinal plant, emphasizing the need for understanding its biological effects and potential therapeutic uses in dentistry.
14) Phytochemical:
The word 'phytochemical' refers to bioactive compounds derived from plants. This term is central to the study since the observed antibacterial activity of Ruta graveolens is attributed to various phytochemicals, underlining the significance of studying plant-based substances for developing alternative therapeutic agents.
15) Inflammation:
The term 'inflammation' refers to the body’s response to injury or infection, often associated with periodontal disease. Understanding the inflammatory response is critical in the context of this study, as effective antibacterial agents can help mitigate inflammation caused by bacterial infections in the oral cavity.
16) Discussion:
The term 'discussion' refers to the section of the research article where authors interpret and analyze their findings. It connects the results to previous literature, highlighting the implications of the study, potential applications of Ruta graveolens, and suggestions for future research directions regarding its antibacterial properties.
17) Science (Scientific):
The word 'science' represents the pursuit of knowledge about the natural world through empirical research and experimentation. In the context of this study, it emphasizes the methodologies employed to investigate the antibacterial properties of Ruta graveolens, reinforcing its importance in advancing medical knowledge.
18) Substance:
The word 'substance' typically signifies a particular type of matter with specific characteristics. In this study, it can refer to the methanolic extract from Ruta graveolens, underscoring the focus on specific plant-derived materials that exhibit antibacterial activity against identified target bacteria.
19) Karnataka:
'Karnataka' is a state in India where the study was conducted. It provides a geographical context for the research, indicating a regional interest in the medicinal properties of local plants like Ruta graveolens, and underlining the efforts to explore indigenous knowledge in modern scientific research.
20) Knowledge:
The term 'knowledge' refers to the information, understanding, and insights gained through the research process. In the context of this study, it emphasizes the findings related to the antibacterial effects of Ruta graveolens, contributing to the broader understanding of phytotherapy in managing oral health issues.
21) Medicine:
The word 'medicine' encompasses the science and practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing illnesses. In this research context, it emphasizes the intersection of traditional practices and modern pharmacological investigation, particularly in developing new strategies for combating bacterial infections in oral healthcare.
22) Hygiene (Hygienic):
The term 'hygiene' pertains to practices that promote health and prevent disease, particularly in relation to cleanliness and sanitation. This study is relevant to oral hygiene, as it investigates natural antibacterial agents that can aid in maintaining oral health and preventing periodontal diseases.
23) Family:
The term 'family' in a biological context refers to a taxonomic rank used to classify organisms. In this study, Ruta graveolens belongs to the Rutaceae family, signifying its connection to other plants within the same taxonomic group, which may share similar biochemical properties and activities.
24) Medium:
The word 'medium' refers to the substance in which organisms are cultured for growth and experimentation. In the study, Brain Heart Infusion liquid culture medium is utilized to grow bacteria, indicating the importance of conducive environmental conditions in evaluating the antibacterial effects of plant extracts.
25) Nagara (Naga-ra):
'Nagara' is a term meaning 'town' or 'city' in some Indian languages and is part of the name in 'B.G. Nagara,' indicating a location in Karnataka. It contextualizes the study's research environment and the collaboration of academic institutions within this region for pharmacological studies.
26) Water:
The term 'water' highlights its significance in the extraction process of Ruta graveolens, indicating its role as a solvent for preparing plant extracts. Additionally, it symbolizes the importance of pure, sterile conditions in scientific experiments to ensure the reliability and validity of research findings.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Antibacterial effect of Ruta graveolens on Streptococcus species.’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Ruta graveolens, Statistical analysis, Antibacterial activity, Phytotherapy, Periodontal disease, Zone of inhibition, Dental plaque, Secondary metabolite, Methanolic extract, Mann–Whitney U-test, Well diffusion technique, Streptococcus salivarius, Kruskal Wallis ANOVA.