A historical review article on vyanga (melasma)
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: A historical review article on vyanga (melasma)
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Rakesh Kumar, Vikrant Sharma, Dinesh Kumar, Desh Raj and Manoj Kumar Thakur
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Full text available for: A historical review article on vyanga (melasma)
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20215-20443
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Vyanga, also known as melasma, is a skin condition characterized by facial skin discoloration, which can cause significant psychological stress due to its cosmetic implications. This condition is classified as a ‘Kshudraroga’ or minor ailment by many Acharyas in Ayurveda and is primarily associated with an imbalance in the Vata and Pitta doshas. Classical texts indicate that Vyanga is linked to the Dushti, or impairment, of these doshas and the Rasa and Raktadhatus. Factors such as stress and environmental influences contribute to the manifestation of this condition, thus highlighting the importance of understanding both traditional and modern perspectives in treating Vyanga.
Historical Context of Vyanga
The understanding of Vyanga can be traced back to ancient texts, where skin appearance has been linked to social status and aesthetic values across various cultures. The Rigveda, for example, reflects the social implications of skin color, indicating a preference for lighter complexions. Ayurvedic texts describe treatments for skin disorders using herbal applications, emphasizing the significance of maintaining skin health. Historical references to Vyanga in texts such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata further illustrate its importance in ancient Indian medicine and society. The discussions in these texts not only describe the condition but present various methods of treatment, underscoring the age-old quest for beauty and well-being.
Ayurvedic Perspective on Vyanga
In Ayurveda, Vyanga is acknowledged in texts like the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita, where it is categorized under ‘Kshudra Roga.’ Detailed descriptions of its symptoms, causative factors, and treatments are provided in these ancient manuscripts. Sushruta is noted for providing a comprehensive analysis of Vyanga, addressing its etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features. The presence of hyperpigmentation is commonly discussed, linking it to the disturbances in the Pitta dosha, which is responsible for skin complexion. Treatments described in these texts include the use of various herbs and formulations designed to restore skin health and balance.
Modern Understanding of Melasma
From a contemporary dermatological perspective, melasma is understood as a disorder of localized hyperpigmentation, primarily affecting the face. Modern science categorizes it as acquired hypermelanosis, presenting as irregularly patterned brown patches on the face. Factors such as sun exposure, hormonal changes, and certain medications can exacerbate this condition. This understanding aligns with Ayurvedic principles, which stress the impact of external factors on skin disorders. Thus, there is a significant overlap between ancient Ayurvedic concepts and modern dermatological classifications, reinforcing the relevance of traditional knowledge in addressing contemporary health issues.
Conclusion
In summary, Vyanga is a condition that has been recognized and treated for centuries, with both historical and modern perspectives providing valuable insights into its management. While it is classified as a minor ailment in Ayurvedic texts, its psychological and social ramifications necessitate appropriate treatment and care. This review highlights the importance of understanding the historical context of Vyanga and integrating traditional Ayurvedic wisdom with modern dermatological practices. By recognizing the interconnectedness of these approaches, healthcare practitioners can offer more holistic and effective care for individuals affected by this common skin condition.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is Vyanga, and how does it affect the skin?
Vyanga, also known as melasma, is a skin condition characterized by discoloration, often seen on the face. It causes stress due to its cosmetic implications and arises from an imbalance of Doshas, particularly Vata and Pitta.
What historical texts discuss Vyanga and its treatments?
Vyanga is mentioned in various ancient texts, including the Rigveda, Atharvaveda, Ramayana, and Mahabharata. These texts describe treatments and significance related to skin color and beauty, emphasizing the cultural and social implications of skin appearance.
What modern medical perspective does Vyanga relate to?
From a modern medical standpoint, Vyanga is identified as a localized hyperpigmentation disorder known as acquired hypermelanosis. This condition presents as brown patches on the face, often exacerbated by sun exposure.
What are the causes of Vyanga as per Ayurvedic texts?
Ayurvedic texts attribute Vyanga to an imbalance caused by factors like Krodha (anger) and Aayas (stress), alongside dietary and lifestyle habits that lead to the Dushti (impairment) of Pitta and Rakta Doshas.
What is the impact of Vyanga on individuals' lives?
Although clinically benign, Vyanga significantly affects individuals' self-esteem and social interactions. The emotional and psychological burdens often lead to a demand for specialized dermatological care due to the perceived cosmetic disadvantage.
How does Ayurveda classify Vyanga in terms of severity?
Vyanga is classified as a Kshudra Roga, or minor ailment, in Ayurveda. While not life-threatening, its prevalence indicates the need for awareness and research into its historical and contemporary treatment options.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “A historical review article on vyanga (melasma)”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Vyanga (Vyamga):
Vyanga, also known as melasma, is a skin condition characterized by hyperpigmentation, primarily affecting the facial skin. It is considered a Kshudra Roga or a minor ailment in Ayurveda, although its cosmetic implications can cause significant emotional distress among those affected, linking it to societal perceptions of beauty.
2) Disease:
Diseases are recognized disruptions in normal physiology, often linked to various external and internal factors. Understanding different diseases in Ayurveda, like Vyanga, is central to formulating effective treatments and fostering overall health.
3) Varanasi (Varanashi):
Varanasi, a city in India, is a historical and cultural center known for its deep-rooted connection to Ayurveda and traditional medicine. Many Ayurvedic texts are associated with this region, serving as a hub for scholars, practitioners, and students to explore ancient healing systems.
4) Kumar:
Kumar is a common Indian surname, and in this context, it refers to Dr. Rakesh Kumar, one of the authors of the historical review article on Vyanga. His contributions underscore the relevance of contemporary research in understanding and treating traditional ailments.
5) Roga:
Roga is a Sanskrit term meaning 'disease' or 'ailment' in Ayurveda. The understanding and classification of Rogas help practitioners identify the underlying dosha imbalances and manifest symptoms, leading to appropriate treatments and interventions for restoring health.
6) Kshudra (Ksudra):
Kshudra translates to 'minor' in Sanskrit and is used in Ayurveda to denote less severe diseases, including Vyanga. Despite being classified as a Kshudra Roga, Vyanga can significantly affect individuals' psychological well-being because of its visible impact on appearance.
7) Kshudraroga (Kshudra-roga, Ksudraroga):
Kshudraroga encompasses minor or chronic ailments within the Ayurvedic framework. Diseases like Vyanga represent Kshudraroga, indicating the need for effective management practices, although they do not pose serious health threats.
8) Science (Scientific):
Science in the context of Ayurveda involves critical inquiry into traditional practices, integrating empirical methods to validate and enhance treatments for conditions like Vyanga. This aids in establishing contemporary practices grounded in historical knowledge.
9) Knowledge:
Knowledge encompasses understanding gained through study and experience. In this context, knowledge is crucial for practitioners to navigate between ancient Ayurvedic texts and contemporary dermatological practices, facilitating effective treatments for conditions like Vyanga.
10) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda is an ancient Indian system of medicine based on balancing bodily systems and promoting holistic wellness. It offers insights into managing skin conditions like Vyanga through a comprehensive approach that includes diet, lifestyle, and herbal treatments.
11) Ashtanga (Astanga, Ashtan-anga):
Ashtanga refers to the Eight Fold Path in yoga and is also the name of a significant Ayurvedic text, Ashtanga Hridayam. This text combines the principles of Ayurveda with practical healing methods, contributing to the understanding of diseases like Vyanga.
12) Samhita:
Samhitas are ancient texts in Ayurveda that compile extensive medical knowledge, therapies, and practices. The study of various Samhitas provides critical insights into historical and contemporary approaches to diseases like Vyanga.
13) Dipika:
Dipika is often a commentary or explanation accompanying primary Ayurvedic texts. The presence of 'Dipika' in the title of texts suggests an effort to clarify and elaborate on traditional knowledge about conditions like Vyanga for better comprehension.
14) Drug:
Drugs in Ayurvedic terms are natural substances used for healing, derived from plants, minerals, and animals. The effective use of these drugs stems from understanding their properties and functions in treating disorders like Vyanga.
15) Life:
Life in the Ayurvedic context is viewed as a balance among the physical, mental, and spiritual aspects of existence. Healthy skin and conditions like Vyanga significantly influence an individual's quality of life and social interactions.
16) Medicine:
Medicine refers to the science and practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases. In Ayurveda, medicine combines physical, mental, and spiritual healing, aiming for comprehensive well-being, illustrated through discussions on various conditions such as Vyanga.
17) Sanskrit:
Sanskrit is the classical language of ancient Indian texts, including Ayurvedic scriptures. Many medical terminologies, including those describing diseases like Vyanga, originate from Sanskrit, reflecting the cultural and historical significance of this language in traditional medicine.
18) Nidana:
Nidana refers to the causes or factors contributing to a disease's manifestation in Ayurvedic medicine. Identifying Nidana is essential for effective treatment of conditions like Vyanga, as understanding its origins leads to more targeted therapeutic approaches.
19) Sharman (Sarma, Sharma, Sarman):
Sharma is a common Indian surname, and in this context, it is likely referring to Dr. Vikrant Sharma, one of the co-authors of the discussed article. His expertise contributes to the collective understanding of traditional medical conditions like Vyanga.
20) Hindi (Himdi):
Hindi is one of the major languages of India, and references to it in Ayurvedic texts underscore the importance of making ancient knowledge accessible to contemporary audiences. Utilizing Hindi enables broader comprehension and dissemination of Ayurvedic concepts related to conditions like Vyanga.
21) Kala:
Kala in Sanskrit means 'time' or 'period' and reflects the cultural significance of certain practices and conditions in various historical contexts. In Ayurvedic literature, it often relates to the evolution of treatment methods and understanding of conditions like Vyanga.
22) Suffering:
Suffering is a universal human experience that can stem from physical ailments or psychological distress. Conditions like Vyanga cause emotional suffering related to body image and self-esteem, emphasizing the need for therapeutic interventions.
23) Dosha (Dosa):
Dosha refers to the three fundamental energies (Vata, Pitta, Kapha) that govern physiological and psychological processes in Ayurvedic theory. An imbalance in doshas often leads to health issues, including skin disorders like Vyanga.
24) Pitta:
Pitta is one of the three doshas in Ayurveda, representing the element of fire and associated with metabolism, heat, and transformation. For skin conditions like Vyanga, Pitta rotation and balance are critical in determining the treatment approach.
25) Rakta:
Rakta refers to the blood or the red element in Ayurvedic terminology. It plays a crucial role in health and diseases like Vyanga, where it is believed that imbalances in Rakta can lead to skin pigmentation issues.
26) Yoga:
Yoga is a discipline that integrates physical, mental, and spiritual practices. In Ayurvedic contexts, specific yoga practices might be recommended to balance the doshas, thereby aiding in the treatment of conditions like Vyanga.
27) Sushruta-samhita (Susruta-samhita):
Sushruta Samhita is a foundational text in Ayurvedic medicine attributed to Sage Sushruta. It provides comprehensive discussions on various ailments, including skin diseases like Vyanga, detailing their causes, symptoms, and treatments.
28) Atharvaveda (Atharva-Veda):
Atharvaveda is one of the four Vedas in Hindu literature, which contains hymns, spells, and incantations for health and healing. It highlights the significance of physical appearance and addresses skin conditions, providing historical context to Vyanga.
29) Mahabharata (Maha-bharata):
Mahabharata is an ancient Indian epic that discusses moral, philosophical, and historical themes. References to beauty and skin health within it reveal cultural attitudes toward physical appearance and its significance in social status, linking to conditions like Vyanga.
30) Samprapti:
Samprapti refers to the pathogenesis or development of a disease in Ayurveda, detailing how it evolves from its root cause (Nidana) to manifestation. Understanding the Samprapti of Vyanga provides insights into therapeutic interventions.
31) Upadhyaya:
Upadhyaya often refers to a teacher or guide in Indian culture. In this context, it emphasizes the role of scholars who interpret and disseminate Ayurvedic knowledge, such as Dr. Rakesh Kumar and Dr. Vikrant Sharma regarding Vyanga.
32) Lakshana (Laksana):
Lakshana means symptoms or signs of a disease in Ayurveda. Identifying Lakshana is vital for diagnosis, especially for conditions like Vyanga, where visual characteristics can significantly guide treatment decisions.
33) Hridaya (Hrdaya):
Hridaya translates to 'heart' and is often referenced in Ayurvedic texts. In the context of health, Hridaya embodies the holistic approach of Ayurveda, acknowledging the mind-body connection in managing conditions like Vyanga.
34) Indian:
Indian refers to the culture and traditional practices originating from India, including Ayurveda. This cultural context informs the understanding of diseases like Vyanga, emphasizing the interplay between social beliefs and health.
35) Pandita (Pandit):
Pandit is an honorific title for a learned scholar, often in religious or philosophical contexts. In Ayurveda, Pandits play a critical role in preserving and transmitting ancient knowledge regarding diseases and their treatments, including Vyanga.
36) Kriya:
Kriya translates to 'action' or 'process' in Sanskrit. In Ayurvedic practice, Kriya involves various therapeutic procedures, including treatments for conditions like Vyanga, reflecting the active engagement required in managing health.
37) Bhava:
Bhava refers to 'mood' or 'state' in Sanskrit and is integral to understanding the emotional aspects of health in Ayurveda. Conditions like Vyanga underscore how psychological states can influence physical manifestations, merging mind and body perspectives.
38) Vrata:
Vrata signifies a vow or a religious observance in Hindu traditions. Its reference in Ayurvedic texts suggests that maintaining certain spiritual disciplines may contribute to overall health and well-being, particularly in managing disorders like Vyanga.
39) Aryan:
Aryans were groups of people in ancient India associated with specific cultural and social structures. Their influences on societal beauty standards are evident in historical texts that discuss skin color and conditions like Vyanga.
40) Lepa:
Lepa signifies a paste or a medicinal application in Ayurveda, typically used topically for treating skin ailments. In the management of conditions like Vyanga, various herbal Lepas are utilized to enhance skin health.
41) Rasa (Rasha):
Rasa translates to 'juice' or 'taste' and is fundamental in Ayurvedic pharmacology. In the context of Vyanga, understanding the Rasa of drugs helps determine their efficacy in treating skin pigmentation based on their specific medicinal properties.
42) Masha (Masa, Ma-sha):
Masa refers to 'month' in Sanskrit, often linked to auspicious times or seasons for Ayurvedic practices. In treatments for conditions like Vyanga, timing can influence the effectiveness of therapies, highlighting the role of cyclical natural rhythms.
43) Vata:
Vata is one of the three doshas in Ayurveda, representing air and space. It governs movement and is believed to influence skin conditions like Vyanga when imbalanced, necessitating careful management of lifestyle and diet.
44) King:
King symbolizes authority and governance, often associated with health and beauty standards in ancient texts. References to those afflicted with skin conditions being unfit for kingship highlight societal values and perceptions of physical appearance.
45) New Delhi:
New Delhi is the capital of India, serving as a modern center for Ayurvedic learning and practice. The city's institutions are critical in continuing the legacy of ancient practices, including those discussed in relation to conditions like Vyanga.
46) Ashtangasamgraha (Astangasamgraha, Astangasangraha, Ashtanga-samgraha, Ashtanga-sangraha, Ashtangasangraha):
Ashtanga Samgraha is a significant Ayurvedic text that organizes knowledge across various medical disciplines. Its discussions provide insights into the historical context and integrated approaches to addressing diseases such as Vyanga.
47) Ashtangahridaya (Astangahrdaya, Ashtanga-hridaya):
Ashtanga Hridaya is an essential Ayurvedic text that serves as a synthesis of earlier works, detailing treatments and concepts relevant to various ailments, including Vyanga. This text is fundamental for understanding Ayurvedic principles.
48) Sarvangasundara (Sarvanga-sundara, Sarvamgasumdara):
Sarvangasundara is a commentary that offers insights into Ayurvedic practices and texts. It elaborates on treatments for various conditions and aids practitioners in understanding the complexities of diseases like Vyanga.
49) Madhavanidana (Madhava-nidana):
Madhava Nidana is an Ayurvedic text focused on diagnosis and pathogenesis of diseases. Its insights are crucial for understanding the Nidana (causes) and management of conditions like Vyanga, further enriching Ayurvedic knowledge.
50) Garudapurana (Garuda-Purana):
Garuda Purana is a sacred text that includes mythological stories and practical knowledge regarding health and spirituality. Its references to beauty practices resonate with the historical understanding of skin conditions like Vyanga.
51) Nidanasthana (Nidana-sthana):
Nidana-sthana refers to the section of Ayurvedic texts that focuses on the causes and pathogenesis of diseases. In treatments for Vyanga, understanding its Nidana-sthana aids practitioners in formulating effective therapeutic strategies.
52) Yogaratnakara (Yoga-ratnakara):
Yogaratnakara is an ancient text that dialogues knowledge and techniques for physical and mental well-being, including beauty treatments. Its insights contribute to managing skin conditions like Vyanga through holistic approaches.
53) Atridevagupta (Atrideva-gupta):
Atridevagupta was an eminent Ayurvedic physician acclaimed for their works, including commentaries on classical texts. Their contributions enhance the understanding of diagnoses and treatments related to skin conditions such as Vyanga.
54) Uttaratantra (Uttara-tantra):
Uttaratantra is a section in Ashtanga Hridaya that addresses advanced practices in Ayurveda. Its teachings provide valuable guidance for mode of treatments addressing conditions like Vyanga, through more nuanced approaches.
55) Madhavakara:
Madhavakara was an influential Ayurvedic scholar whose texts contributed to the understanding of various diseases and treatments. Their work plays a role in framing the narrative around conditions like Vyanga in Ayurveda.
56) Pittadosha (Pittadosa, Pitta-dosha):
Pittadosha pertains to the Pitta dosha and its imbalances impacting health. In conditions like Vyanga, understanding Pittadosha's role can lead to more effective treatment plans through dietary adjustments and lifestyle practices.
57) Unconscious:
Unconscious reflects a state where an individual is not aware or responsive. In ancient texts, references to unconsciousness often tie into treatments or rituals aimed at restoring health and balance, linking back to holistic healing concepts.
58) Raktadhatu (Rakta-dhatu):
Raktadhatu, or the blood tissue, is crucial in Ayurvedic medicine, believed to carry nourishment and vitality. Its health is particularly relevant in conditions like Vyanga, where imbalances in Raktadhatu may contribute to skin issues.
59) Dravyaguna (Dravya-guna):
Dravyaguna refers to the pharmacological properties of substances in Ayurveda. Understanding Dravyaguna is essential for practitioners to determine the most effective herbal formulations for treating skin disorders such as Vyanga.
60) Arunadatta:
Arunadatta was a prominent commentator on Ayurvedic texts, offering new perspectives and clarifications on classical knowledge. His works enrich the understanding of diseases like Vyanga by interpreting ancient wisdom for contemporary application.
61) Srivastava (Sri-vastava, Shrivastava, Shri-vastava):
Srivastava is a common Indian surname often associated with scholars and practitioners in Ayurveda. Their work and contributions to literature highlight the collective effort to preserve and advance Ayurvedic knowledge regarding conditions like Vyanga.
62) Exposition:
Exposition refers to a comprehensive explanation of concepts and practices, crucial in uniting ancient Ayurvedic texts with contemporary understanding. It plays a pivotal role in educating practitioners about conditions like Vyanga.
63) Shrikantha (Srikantha, Shri-kantha, Shrikamtha):
Srikantha references Ayurvedic scholars known for their commentaries on classical texts. Their interpretations and insights support the preservation and understanding of Ayurvedic practices related to various skin conditions, including Vyanga.
64) Agnivesha (Agnivesa, Agni-vesha):
Agnivesha, an ancient Ayurvedic scholar, authored the foundational text Charaka Samhita. His contributions are instrumental in the comprehensive discourse about various ailments including skin disorders like Vyanga.
65) Vidyotini:
Vidyotini is a commentary that accompanies Ayurvedic texts to provide clarity and contextual interpretation of traditional concepts. It enriches the understanding of diseases like Vyanga by enhancing comprehension of ancient texts.
66) Samjivani (Sanjivani):
Sanjivani refers to a legendary herb or elixir said to restore health and vitality. Its cultural significance reflects the ancient belief in nature's healing properties, often mentioned in the context of treating ailments like Vyanga.
67) Evolution:
Evolution refers to the development or growth of concepts over time. In Ayurvedic literature, understanding the evolution of knowledge about diseases like Vyanga allows practitioners to appreciate treatments and philosophies rooted in historical context.
68) Vagbhata:
Vagbhata was a notable Ayurvedic physician and author of Ashtanga Hridayam, a comprehensive guide to Ayurvedic practices. His contributions have significantly influenced the understanding of diseases, strengthening the framework around conditions like Vyanga.
69) Ramayana:
Ramayana, an ancient Indian epic, encompasses storytelling related to moral and ethical dilemmas. References within it to beauty standards tie into how societal values have historically influenced perceptions of skin conditions like Vyanga.
70) Swelling:
Swelling refers to an abnormal increase in size or volume usually indicating inflammation. While typically not associated with Vyanga, swelling can occur in other skin diseases within Ayurvedic classifications, illustrating the importance of symptomatology.
71) Samgraha (Sangraha):
Sangraha, similar to Samgraha, refers to a collection or accumulation of texts and knowledge. In the context of Ayurveda, it signifies the importance of compiling and preserving information on conditions like Vyanga for future reference.
72) Vitiation (Vitiated):
Vitiated refers to the altered state of the body's doshas or systems leading to disease. Understanding vitiation is critical in Ayurveda for diagnosing and treating conditions like Vyanga effectively through restoring balance.
73) Kashyapa (Kasyapa, Kashya-pa):
Kashyapa is an ancient scholar in Ayurveda credited with significant contributions to pediatric medicine and other fields. His work helps frame the understanding of health and disease, providing context for conditions such as Vyanga.
74) Madhava:
Madhava, an influential figure in Ayurveda, is associated with several texts that detail diagnostic procedures and treatment protocols. His contributions assist practitioners in understanding various skin disorders, including Vyanga.
75) Nirnaya:
Nirnaya refers to the decision-making process in diagnosis and treatment. In Ayurveda, understanding Nirnaya is essential for effectively addressing conditions like Vyanga and ensuring that treatments align with an individual’s specific needs.
[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 109]
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