Phytochemistry, pharmacology and ethnomedicinal uses of aegle marmelos plant
a compendious review
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Phytochemistry, pharmacology and ethnomedicinal uses of aegle marmelos plant
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Subtitle: a compendious review
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Kalyani D. Muley, Nikita M. Lidabe, Rohini S. Palekar, Suvarna N. Waghmare, Sanket C. Kore and Lalit S. Mahajan
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Phytochemistry, pharmacology and ethnomedicinal uses of aegle marmelos plant
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20215-20283
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Aegle marmelos, commonly known as bael, is a medicinal plant of significant historical and cultural importance in India. Recognized in ancient texts and traditional medicine, the bael plant is utilized for its diverse therapeutic properties. Found primarily in the dry forest hills and southern plains of India, this tree is revered in Hindu culture, often associated with Lord Shiva, underlining its spiritual significance. The present review highlights the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemical constituents, and pharmacological activities of Aegle marmelos, showcasing its extensive application in traditional healing practices.
Antidiabetic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Properties
Research suggests that Aegle marmelos possesses notable antidiabetic effects, attributed to its active components, particularly coumarins found in its fruit. Scientific studies demonstrate that aqueous extracts of bael seeds effectively reduce blood glucose levels, showcasing its potential in managing diabetes mellitus. The leaves' extract has also shown the ability to mitigate oxidative stress and lower blood glucose. Notably, aegeline, an isolated compound from the leaves, exhibited significant reductions in cholesterol and triglyceride levels, highlighting the plant's efficacy in addressing hyperlipidemia. Such findings underscore the therapeutic implications of Aegle marmelos in diabetes and lipid management.
Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activity
The antibacterial and antifungal properties of Aegle marmelos are well-documented, suggesting its role in combating various infectious diseases. Research indicates that extracts from the leaves effectively inhibit a range of pathogenic microorganisms, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Methods such as agar well diffusion and disc diffusion have been employed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy, with results showcasing significant activity against strains like Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, the antifungal potential of bael leaves against dermatophytes further establishes its multidimensional therapeutic profile, warranting further exploration in clinical settings.
Gastrointestinal Health and Anti-inflammatory Effects
Aegle marmelos has been traditionally used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, particularly chronic diarrhea and dysentery. Its unripe fruit has demonstrated efficacy in solidifying fecal matter and reducing symptoms of dysentery. Studies on its action mechanisms reveal its inhibitory effects on intestinal motility and fluid secretion, thus highlighting its gastroprotective properties. Alongside gastrointestinal health, Aegle marmelos exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Extracts of the plant have shown the capacity to alleviate inflammation and pain, indicating potential applications in managing conditions characterized by these symptoms.
Conclusion
In summary, Aegle marmelos is a versatile medicinal plant with rich historical roots in traditional medicine. Its therapeutic applications range from managing diabetes and lipid-related issues to exhibiting antimicrobial properties and supporting gastrointestinal health. With growing scientific evidence backing its efficacy, there is an urgent need for further research to uncover the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of this valuable species. Given its ecological and economic significance, the conservation and exploration of Aegle marmelos are essential for future pharmaceutical developments.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the significance of Aegle marmelos in traditional medicine?
Aegle marmelos, known as bael, has been used for centuries in traditional Indian medicine. It treats various ailments, including digestive issues, respiratory problems, and even diabetes, demonstrating significant therapeutic applications.
What are the main phytochemical constituents found in Aegle marmelos?
Aegle marmelos contains various phytochemicals such as skimmianine, marmelosin, psoralen, and several flavonoids. These compounds contribute to its diverse pharmacological properties, including antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.
How does Aegle marmelos help in managing diabetes?
The extracts of Aegle marmelos can effectively lower blood glucose levels due to the presence of active compounds like aegeline. Studies have shown its potential in managing diabetes by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing antioxidant levels.
What are some ethnomedical uses of Aegle marmelos?
Aegle marmelos is used in treating diarrhea, dysentery, ulcers, and various inflammatory conditions. Its fruit and leaves are often utilized in traditional preparations to enhance digestive health and reduce gastrointestinal issues.
Can Aegle marmelos extracts provide antioxidant benefits?
Yes, Aegle marmelos extracts exhibit antioxidant activities due to compounds like flavonoids and phenolic compounds, which scavenge free radicals and help protect cells from oxidative damage, supporting overall health.
What other health benefits does Aegle marmelos offer?
Beyond its blood sugar regulation, Aegle marmelos provides anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and even anticancer properties. Its diverse usage in traditional medicine highlights its value for various health issues.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Phytochemistry, pharmacology and ethnomedicinal uses of aegle marmelos plant”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Activity:
Activity refers to the various biological effects exhibited by Aegle marmelos. The term encompasses diverse pharmacological actions such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiviral, and anticancer effects among others, demonstrating the plant's potential in treating a multitude of health conditions and its significance in traditional and modern medicine.
2) Aegle marmelos:
Aegle marmelos, commonly known as bael or wood apple, is a revered medicinal plant in Indian traditional medicine. It is notable for its therapeutic uses, nutritional value, and spiritual significance in Hindu practices, making it an integral part of cultural and medicinal heritage in various regions.
3) Tree:
The term tree in this context refers to Aegle marmelos, which is a moderate-sized, fragrant tree native to Indian forests. The tree's parts are used for various medicinal purposes, and it also plays a vital ecological role in its environment, contributing to biodiversity and sustainability.
4) Ulcer:
Ulcers specifically refer to open sores on the skin or mucosal surfaces. The study of Aegle marmelos has demonstrated its potential anti-ulcer properties, suggesting its use in the prevention and treatment of gastric ulcers, particularly in traditional healing practices.
5) Phytochemical:
Phytochemical refers to biologically active compounds found in plants, including Aegle marmelos. These compounds, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, are responsible for the medicinal properties attributed to the plant, demonstrating the links between traditional remedies and modern pharmacological science.
6) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological pertains to the study of drugs and their effects on biological systems. Aegle marmelos has been extensively researched for its pharmacological properties, validating its traditional uses and showcasing its potential as a source for new therapeutic agents in contemporary medicine.
7) Indian:
Indian refers to the cultural and geographical context related to Aegle marmelos, a plant deeply rooted in the traditional medicinal systems of India, including Ayurveda and Siddha. Its diverse uses in Indian culture underscore its significance as both a natural remedy and a symbol of heritage.
8) Blood:
Blood in this context refers to its health implications, particularly concerning conditions like diabetes. Aegle marmelos is noted for its potential effects on blood sugar regulation, cholesterol management, and overall cardiovascular health, indicating its importance in holistic health practices in traditional medicine.
9) Study (Studying):
Studying signifies the investigation of Aegle marmelos within scientific research. Through detailed examination, researchers aim to uncover its pharmacological potential, contributing to a better understanding of traditional medicinal practices and their applications in modern healthcare.
10) Medicine:
Medicines are substances used to treat health issues, and Aegle marmelos fits this description due to its rich history of use in traditional medicine. It exemplifies the integration of nature into healthcare practices, emphasizing the value of plant-based remedies.
11) Shiva (Siva):
Shiva is a revered deity in Hinduism, and Aegle marmelos holds spiritual significance in rituals dedicated to him. The bael leaves are commonly offered during worship, reflecting the plant's cultural importance and intertwining of spirituality with medicinal use in Hindu traditions.
12) India:
India is the geographic origin of Aegle marmelos, where the plant has been utilized in traditional medicine systems for centuries. Its cultural, culinary, and medicinal roles in Indian society underscore its significance in both local traditions and broader ecological contexts.
13) Ripe:
Ripe refers to the stage of fruit development in Aegle marmelos. The ripe fruit is consumed for its nutritional and medicinal properties, with researchers noting differences in therapeutic efficacy between ripe and unripe forms, highlighting the importance of ripeness in pharmacological studies.
14) Disease:
Diseases encompass a broader category of health conditions that affect bodily functions. Aegle marmelos has been documented to provide therapeutic benefits against several diseases, validating its role in traditional and modern medicine as a natural treatment option.
15) Table:
Table signifies organized information, in this context likely referring to tables that summarize phytochemical constituents, literary references, or pharmacological activities of Aegle marmelos. Such tables serve as valuable tools for researchers and practitioners in understanding the plant's medicinal benefits.
16) Flavonoid:
Flavonoid refers to a class of phytochemicals found in Aegle marmelos. Known for their antioxidant properties, flavonoids contribute to the plant's health benefits, supporting traditional claims regarding its use for various health conditions and demonstrating potential in modern pharmacological applications.
17) Forest:
Forests are essential ecosystems where Aegle marmelos grows abundantly. These environments support biodiversity and contribute to environmental health. The conservation of forest areas is crucial for the sustainability of this medicinal plant and its traditional uses in various cultural practices.
18) Sharman (Sarma, Sharma, Sarman):
Sharma is likely a reference to one of the authors of research studies on Aegle marmelos. Authors play a crucial role in documenting and disseminating findings about the plant's medicinal properties, further advancing its scientific understanding and validation in the field of herbal medicine.
19) Sugar:
Sugar may refer to various contexts including the nutritional aspects of Aegle marmelos and its potential effects on blood sugar regulation. The fruit is utilized in traditional remedies for ailments, including diabetes, where managing sugar levels is critical for health.
20) Drug:
Drugs refer to substances used in the treatment of diseases. Aegle marmelos presents a natural alternative to synthetic drugs, emphasizing the need for exploring plant-based treatments in addressing various health challenges and promoting holistic well-being.
21) Species:
Species signifies the biological classification of Aegle marmelos within the plant kingdom. Its classification is vital for understanding its ecological relationships, pharmacological properties, and conservation efforts, emphasizing the significance of this specific plant in medicinal and ecological contexts.
22) Aureus:
Aureus likely refers to Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium against which Aegle marmelos has shown antimicrobial activity. The effectiveness of its extracts against pathogens underlines its potential in combating infections, reinforcing its significance in the field of ethnopharmacology.
23) Family:
Family refers to the taxonomical classification of Aegle marmelos within the Rutaceae family. Understanding its family relationships helps in identifying other related species and their potential medicinal uses, showcasing the interconnectedness of plant-based therapies in traditional medicine.
24) Animal:
Animals signify the subjects often used in studies on Aegle marmelos to determine its effects. Animal model research is crucial for assessing the plant's safety and efficacy, thus contributing to the validation of its medicinal properties.
25) Powder:
Powder refers to the form in which Aegle marmelos is often prepared for medicinal use. The powdered form of various parts of the plant is utilized in traditional remedies, making it practical for consumption and enhancing its therapeutic efficacy in treating health issues.
26) Life:
Life refers to the biological presence of organisms, and Aegle marmelos contributes to the life cycles within its ecosystem. Its role as a medicinal plant adds value to human life through its health benefits while fostering ecological diversity.
27) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibacterial signifies the ability of Aegle marmelos extracts to inhibit bacterial growth. This characteristic reinforces traditional uses in treating infections, and its relevance in modern medicine is supported by numerous studies demonstrating the plant's effectiveness against various pathogenic bacteria.
28) Accumulation (Accumulating, Accumulate):
Accumulation refers to the buildup of substances, such as toxins in the context of the pharmacological effects of Aegle marmelos. Studies may explore how the plant helps mitigate harmful accumulations in the body, highlighting its use in detoxifying and healing therapies.
29) Science (Scientific):
Sciences signify various fields of study, including biology and pharmacology, where Aegle marmelos is explored. Interdisciplinary approaches towards studying this plant enhance the comprehension of its holistic effects and applications in diverse contexts.
30) Mythology:
Mythology refers to the rich narratives surrounding Aegle marmelos in Hindu culture. Its connection to religious practices and figures like Lord Shiva enhances its value beyond medicine, illustrating the intersection of culture, spirituality, and natural remedies in Indian society.
31) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda is an ancient Indian holistic healing system that employs plants like Aegle marmelos. Its inclusion in Ayurvedic practices underscores the traditional wisdom surrounding herbal medicine and promotes the integration of natural therapies into modern health paradigms.
32) Kalyani (Kalyanin):
Kalyani likely refers to one of the authors contributing to the research on Aegle marmelos. The authors' work emphasizes the scholarly efforts to document this plant's medicinal properties and elevate its recognition in the scientific community.
33) Castor:
Castor likely refers to castor oil, which may be studied in relation to gastrointestinal issues treated with Aegle marmelos. Understanding interactions with substances like castor oil can enhance the therapeutic efficacy and broaden the application spectrum of the plant in medicine.
34) Farmer:
Farmer refers to individuals engaged in agriculture, and the cultivation of Aegle marmelos can provide significant economic benefits. The plant offers opportunities for sustainability and income generation, especially for rural farmers looking to diversify their crops.
35) Kumar:
Kumar is likely a reference to one of the research authors associated with studies on Aegle marmelos. Each author's contributions provide valuable insights into the plant's properties, enriching the collective understanding of its medicinal applications.
36) Bilva (Vilva):
Bilva is another name for Aegle marmelos in various Indian traditions, reinforcing the plant's significance in diverse cultural contexts. This linguistic diversity underscores the importance of local knowledge in herbal healing practices.
37) Fever:
Fever refers to a temporary increase in body temperature, often indicative of infection or illness. Aegle marmelos has traditional uses in managing fever, highlighting its role as a herbal treatment in the context of various ailments.
38) Svamin (Swami, Svami, Swamin):
Swami often refers to a spiritual teacher, and Aegle marmelos's role in religious practices adds a spiritual dimension to its medicinal uses. The intertwining of spirituality and healing enhances the plant's cultural relevance in Indian traditions.
39) Viru:
Viru likely refers to virus, with Aegle marmelos showing potential antiviral effects. Its efficacy against viral infections suggests significant applications in developing natural antiviral therapies, addressing the increasing need for alternative treatments against infectious diseases.
40) Mental disorder:
Mental disorder, similar to mental disorders, pertains to various conditions impacting mental health. The exploration of Aegle marmelos for its potential benefits in addressing such issues highlights its broader applications in health and wellness.
41) Central India:
Central India refers to the geographic area where Aegle marmelos is commonly found. The region's ecological diversity contributes to the availability and application of this plant within traditional medicine systems prevalent in the area.
42) Shri-lanka (Srilanka, Sri-lanka, Shrilanka):
Sri Lanka, like India, is part of the native range of Aegle marmelos. Its traditional and medicinal uses in Sri Lankan culture emphasize the importance of preserving natural heritage and herbal knowledge across countries in South Asia.
43) Pharmacology:
Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their effects on living organisms. Aegle marmelos has drawn interest from pharmacological research, aiming to validate its traditional uses and understand its active constituents for developing effective therapeutic agents.
44) Atharvaveda (Atharva-Veda):
Atharvaveda is one of the ancient texts in Hindu literature where Aegle marmelos is mentioned. The text reflects the historical significance of the plant in traditional medicine and provides insights into its early uses and cultural relevance.
45) Leucoderma:
Leucoderma refers to a skin condition characterized by loss of pigment. Aegle marmelos is noted for its potential effects on skin conditions, including leucoderma, exhibiting its range of therapeutic applications in dermatological health.
46) Developing:
Developing refers to the continuous exploration and enhancement of knowledge surrounding Aegle marmelos. Ongoing research aims to uncover its full potential in medicine, highlighting the need for innovation in utilizing traditional medicines in modern healthcare.
47) Similarity:
Similarity discusses the comparative aspects of Aegle marmelos with other medicinal plants or traditional treatments. Understanding similarities enhances its credibility in herbal medicine and informs best practices in alternative therapeutic approaches.
48) Substance:
Substance refers to the bioactive compounds within Aegle marmelos that contribute to its medicinal properties. Identifying these substances is crucial for understanding how the plant interacts with biological systems and its potential applications in therapy.
49) Suffering:
Suffering connects to the health issues that Aegle marmelos aims to alleviate. The plant's utilization in traditional healing represents a response to human suffering, offering natural remedies to improve quality of life through holistic health practices.
50) Bhaskara:
Bhaskara likely refers to one of the authors of studies on Aegle marmelos. Each contributing author plays an important role in advancing knowledge about the plant's medicinal properties, enriching the literature surrounding its uses and relevance in scientific research.
51) Dashamula (Dasha-mula, Dasamula, Dashan-mula):
Dasamula is an Ayurvedic formulation that includes Aegle marmelos as a key ingredient, emphasizing its role in traditional therapeutic practices. Its use affirms the importance of herbal formulations in managing a range of health conditions within Ayurvedic medicine.
52) Toxicity:
Toxicity reflects the safety profile of Aegle marmelos as investigated in various studies. Understanding its toxicology is essential for establishing appropriate dosages and therapeutic uses, ensuring that traditional remedies are safe and effective for consumption.
53) Vomiting:
Vomiting refers to the expulsion of stomach contents, and certain parts of Aegle marmelos are traditionally used to alleviate this symptom. By addressing such ailments, the plant's role in gastrointestinal health is recognized and valued in holistic practices.
54) Swelling:
Swelling is a common symptomatic response linked to inflammation and other health issues. Aegle marmelos is explored for its anti-inflammatory properties, offering potential relief from swelling, thereby enhancing its therapeutic applications.
55) Language:
Language encompasses the diverse vernacular names associated with Aegle marmelos across cultures. Understanding these linguistic variations enriches the appreciation of the plant's significance in different societal contexts and reinforces the importance of local knowledge.
56) Catching (Catch, Catched):
Catching may refer to the process of understanding and recognizing the health benefits of Aegle marmelos. Through research and traditional knowledge, the plant's therapeutic properties are 'caught' and validated for broader use in health practices.
57) Sanskrit:
Sanskrit refers to the ancient language of India where Aegle marmelos is referred to by various names in classical texts. The historical context enriches the understanding of the plant's significance and its foundational role within Ayurvedic medicine.
58) Samhita:
Samhita refers to ancient texts that compile knowledge about Ayurveda and traditional medicine in which Aegle marmelos is mentioned. These texts are invaluable for understanding the historical significance and applications of herbal remedies in ancient and modern health practices.
59) Marathi:
Marathi is one of the regional languages in India where Aegle marmelos is recognized by local names. Linguistic diversity reflects the cultural richness associated with traditional knowledge and enhances the appreciation of the plant's significance in regional health practices.
60) Suvarna:
Suvarna likely refers to a contributor to the research on Aegle marmelos. Each author's work is essential in documenting the medicinal potential of the plant, thus providing valuable insights for future studies and applications.
61) Bengali:
Bengali refers to the language and culture where Aegle marmelos is prevalent. The cultural significance and traditional uses in Bengali practices illustrate the interconnectedness of language, heritage, and herbal medicine in different regions.
62) Jaggery:
Jaggery is an unrefined sugar, often used in traditional sweetening recipes with Aegle marmelos. It encompasses cultural practices while also linking nutritional aspects to the consumption of the fruit, thus enhancing its appeal in holistic dietary recommendations.
63) Tibetan:
Tibetan might indicate the cultural context where Aegle marmelos is recognized. Understanding its traditional significance across different cultures, including Tibetan medicine, enhances the knowledge of the plant's applications and the interconnectedness of herbal practices.
64) Siddha:
Siddha refers to a traditional healing system in South India that incorporates plants like Aegle marmelos. The system’s holistic approach to medicine enriches the traditional use of this plant and emphasizes its multifaceted therapeutic applications.
65) Rohini:
Rohini likely refers to a contributor to the research related to Aegle marmelos. Each author’s insight forms a part of a greater collaborative effort to enhance scientific understanding of the plant's medicinal potential.
66) Bengal (Bemgal):
Bengal is a geographical region in India and Bangladesh where Aegle marmelos is significant in traditional medicine. The cultural practices surrounding the plant highlight its relevance within herbal medicine practices in Bengali culture.
67) Nepali:
Nepali refers to the language and culture associated with Nepal, where Aegle marmelos is also recognized. This reflects the plant's broader cultural significance and traditional medicinal applications across regional contexts.
68) Prayer:
Prayer refers to the spiritual practices involving Aegle marmelos, especially in Hindu rituals where its leaves are offered to deities. This religious aspect enhances the plant's significance beyond its medicinal uses, intertwining spirituality with health practices.
69) Temple:
Temple signifies a place of worship where Aegle marmelos is often grown and revered. The cultural roles of the plant in such sacred spaces highlight its significance in religious practices and community spirituality.
70) Summer:
Summer refers to the seasonal context where Aegle marmelos fruit is consumed for its cooling effects. In traditional practices, the plant is valued for its ability to provide relief during hot weather, showcasing its dietary relevance.
71) Cotton:
Cotton might refer to cotton plants grown alongside Aegle marmelos or its mention in studies regarding plant-based agriculture. Understanding agricultural practices involving these plants can provide insights into holistic land-use practices for sustainable farming.
72) Gold (Golden):
Golden may refer to the bright yellowish color often associated with ripe Aegle marmelos fruit. This color can symbolize the fruit's nutritional value and its desirability in traditional diets as a source of nourishment.
73) Rekha:
Rekha likely refers to an author associated with research on Aegle marmelos. The input of diverse authors enriches the literature surrounding the medicinal applications of the plant, promoting further exploration of its benefits.
74) Lanka (Lamka, Lànkà):
Lanka usually refers to Sri Lanka, a region where Aegle marmelos is recognized for its applications in traditional medicine. Its presence across South Asia emphasizes the plant’s broader cultural and ecological significance.
75) Candy:
Candy may indicate a processed product derived from Aegle marmelos fruit. The processing techniques highlight the marketing potential of herbal ingredients, extending the traditional uses of the plant into modern dietary products.
[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 92]
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