A review on black fungi clinical and pathogenic and post covid complicationd
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: A review on black fungi clinical and pathogenic and post covid complicationd
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
This page presents a generated summary with additional references; See source (below) for actual content.
Original source:
This page is merely a summary which is automatically generated hence you should visit the source to read the original article which includes the author, publication date, notes and references.
Dr. Manish Kumar, Dr. Amit Jaiswal and Imad Ahmad
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: A review on black fungi clinical and pathogenic and post covid complicationd
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20218-20864
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
Download the PDF file of the original publication
Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Black fungi, particularly those belonging to the order Chaetothyriales, present significant clinical implications as emerging pathogens. Though identified since the late 19th century, these fungi remain challenging to classify, leading to fragmented knowledge regarding their taxonomy and pathogenicity. Recent molecular advancements have started to uncover the vast diversity within this group, as well as their ecological niches. Notably, certain species have been linked to severe infections, such as chromoblastomycosis, which complicate treatment options and highlight the need for a thorough understanding of these pathogens, especially in light of their increasing incidence following COVID-19 infections.
The Emergence of Mucormycosis Post-COVID-19
Recent studies have revealed a concerning correlation between the COVID-19 pandemic and a rise in fungal infections like mucormycosis. Research has identified cases of mucormycosis, specifically in immunocompromised individuals, where the causative agents include species from the Mucorales order. The data shows that a significant percentage of patients undergoing COVID-19 treatment experienced these serious fungal complications. Cases reported range from infections of Aspergillus species to C. glabrata, showcasing the lethal potential of these fungi when the immune system is compromised. This highlights the pressing need for prompt diagnosis and treatment to mitigate infection risks in such vulnerable populations.
The Challenge of Diagnosing Chromoblastomycosis
Chromoblastomycosis represents another significant challenge in fungal pathology, manifested as a chronic infection primarily arising from traumatic inoculation of dematiaceous fungi. This condition often presents with complex lesions leading to severe dermal complications, making diagnoses and effective therapies difficult. The therapeutic landscape for chromoblastomycosis varies, with treatment outcomes dependent on factors such as the specific fungal agent involved, the patient's immune status, and the timely initiation of antifungal therapies. Current literature suggests that while surgical interventions may be effective in early stages, more severe cases often necessitate chemotherapy, underlining the need for a multimodal treatment approach.
The Complexity of Fungal Ecology and Pathogenicity
The ecological niches and pathogenicity of black fungi further elucidate their complexities as pathogens. For instance, Exophiala dermatitidis has been found to survive in hot, moist environments, exacerbating its potential to cause infections. This species exemplifies oligotrophy and thermophily, often found in steambath conditions, and displays neurotropic tendencies, warranting further investigation to understand the underlying mechanisms of infection. The study of phagocytosis rates and oxidative bursts highlights the nuanced interplay between fungal virulence and the host's immune responses, suggesting that the presence of melanin and other virulence factors may contribute to the survival of these fungi within human hosts.
Conclusion
In summary, the ongoing research into black fungi, especially in the context of post-COVID complications, underscores the urgent need for improved diagnostics and therapeutic strategies. The multifaceted nature of infections caused by these fungi, ranging from chromoblastomycosis to mucormycosis, necessitates a collaborative approach in research, clinical management, and public health strategies. Increased awareness and understanding of the ecological behaviors and pathogenic mechanisms of black fungi are crucial in developing effective interventions to combat these opportunistic infections, particularly in high-risk populations. As new antifungal agents continue to emerge, they may play a pivotal role in the future management of these challenging fungal diseases.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What are black fungi and why are they significant?
Black fungi, especially members of the Chaetothyriales order, are significant for their clinical relevance and emerging pathogenic roles, particularly in immunocompromised patients.
How can black fungi cause infections in humans?
Black fungi can cause infections through traumatic inoculation, particularly in specific occupational or environmental settings, leading to diseases like chromoblastomycosis.
What is the main treatment for chromoblastomycosis?
Treatment for chromoblastomycosis typically includes antifungal therapies, with itraconazole being the most effective, often combined with surgical intervention for severe cases.
What is mucormycosis, and who is at risk?
Mucormycosis is a rare fungal infection that primarily affects immunocompromised individuals, such as those with uncontrolled diabetes or undergoing cancer treatments.
What are common symptoms of mucormycosis?
Common symptoms of mucormycosis include sinus pain, cranial nerve palsy, and pulmonary issues, which can progress rapidly if not treated early.
What diagnostic methods are used for identifying mucormycosis?
Diagnosis of mucormycosis involves histology, imaging techniques like CT scans, and advanced molecular methods for accurate identification of the infecting fungi.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “A review on black fungi clinical and pathogenic and post covid complicationd”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Species:
In biology, 'species' refers to a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. In the context of the article, various species of black fungi are discussed, highlighting their clinical significance, pathogenicity, and the challenges in identifying and classifying them based on genetic and morphological characteristics.
2) Kumar:
Dr. Manish Kumar is one of the authors of the review published in the World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. His work focuses on the clinical and pathogenic aspects of black fungi, contributing to the understanding of these organisms and their implications in post-COVID complications, thereby aiding future medical research.
3) Disease:
'Diseases' refer to pathological conditions that affect the health of organisms. The article addresses fungal diseases, specifically emphasizing chromoblastomycosis and mucormycosis, which present unique challenges in terms of diagnosis and treatment, furthering understanding of infectious diseases.
4) Killing (Killed):
'Killed' refers to the eradication of pathogens by the immune system. The review discusses the killing efficiency of phagocytes against various fungal species, highlighting the differences in virulence and how they shape treatment strategies for infections caused by black fungi.
5) Study (Studying):
'Study' denotes the systematic investigation of a subject. The review encompasses various studies on black fungi, their ecological niches, pathogenic mechanisms, and immune responses. This consolidated information is essential for advancing our knowledge and guiding clinical approaches to fungal infections, especially in immunocompromised patients.
6) Wall:
'Wall' typically refers to the protective outer structure of cells. In the context of fungi, the cell wall composed of chitin and other materials is significant for structural integrity and virulence. The review discusses how the composition of the fungal cell wall affects interaction with the host immune system.
7) Drug:
'Drugs' refers to therapeutic agents used to treat illnesses. The review emphasizes the importance of antifungal drugs in managing infections caused by black fungi. It discusses treatment protocols and the challenges in achieving effective therapy, particularly among immunocompromised patients.
8) Relative:
In the context of biology, a 'relative' refers to an organism that belongs to the same taxonomic group as another. The article discusses relative species of black fungi, emphasizing their importance in the study of fungal pathogens and the need for accurate classification to address infections effectively.
9) Tree:
'Tree' generally refers to a graphical representation of relationships. In this review, phylogenetic trees illustrate the evolutionary connections between different species of black fungi. These trees aid in understanding the genetic diversity and evolutionary trajectories of these pathogens, impacting how we approach their classification and treatment.
10) Edema (Oedema):
'Oedema' refers to swelling caused by excess fluid accumulation in tissues. The article addresses oedema in the context of severe cases of chromoblastomycosis, where chronic inflammation can exacerbate symptoms. Recognizing this condition is crucial for effective management and treatment of fungal infections.
11) India:
'India' is mentioned in the review as a region where mucormycosis has become prevalent, especially among diabetic patients. The epidemiological data from India underscores the importance of understanding regional differences in fungal infections, enabling targeted public health interventions and research efforts.
12) Water:
'Water' is often a conducive environment for fungal growth. The review highlights the role of contaminated water in the transmission of black fungi. Understanding water's role in the ecology of these fungi can inform preventive measures against fungal infections in susceptible populations.
13) Discussion:
'Discussion' refers to the dialogue around the findings presented in the review. It encompasses the analysis of various studies regarding the clinical implications of black fungi and how these findings can guide future research and treatment approaches for fungal infections.
14) Developing:
'Developing' refers to countries with growing economies, often facing unique health challenges. The review discusses the prevalence of mucormycosis in developing nations, highlighting the need for better healthcare infrastructure and disease management strategies tailored to local epidemiological factors.
15) Activity:
'Activity' refers to the functioning or action of living organisms. In the review, it pertains to the biological activities of black fungi and their interactions with host organisms. Understanding these activities is crucial for developing interventions to treat or prevent infections effectively.
16) Surface:
'Surfaces' denote the outer areas of organisms, influencing interactions with the environment. The review discusses the importance of fungal surfaces and their composition in relation to immune evasion and pathogenicity, impacting how infections develop and progress.
17) Glass:
'Glass' in this context likely refers to laboratory glassware used in experiments. While not directly mentioned, scientific studies rely on glass equipment for culture and examination of fungi, making it an essential component of microbiological research on pathogenic species.
18) Table:
'Table' refers to a systematic arrangement of data. In the context of the article, tables present clinical and demographic information regarding patients affected by chromoblastomycosis. Such organized data helps in understanding treatment outcomes and guiding clinical decisions based on patient characteristics.
19) Fight:
'Fight' refers to the struggle against diseases. The review discusses strategies to combat fungal infections through improved medical treatments and public health initiatives, emphasizing the need for ongoing research to develop effective antifungal agents and better management strategies for affected patients.
20) Cina:
'China' is mentioned in the review regarding studies conducted on fungal infections post-COVID. It serves as a geographical context for understanding the global impact of mucormycosis and similar fungal diseases, emphasizing the importance of collaborative research efforts across countries.
21) Genu:
'Genu' usually refers to the knee in anatomical terms; however, its relevance is less evident in the context of the article. If it pertains to a classification standard, it may indicate the importance of precise terminology in scientific discussions surrounding fungal taxonomy.
22) Sign:
'Sign' refers to an indicator of a condition or disease. In the article, signs associated with fungal infections, such as symptoms exhibited by patients, are crucial in diagnosing and formulating treatment plans, guiding healthcare practitioners in managing complex cases effectively.
23) Pain:
'Pain' is a symptom often experienced by patients with chronic conditions. In the review, pain is mentioned in the context of chromoblastomycosis lesions, highlighting the need for effective analgesics and treatment strategies to address patient suffering associated with fungal infections.
24) Human body:
The 'human body' represents the host for various pathogens, including fungal species. Understanding how these fungi interact with the human body, particularly immune responses, is vital for developing effective treatment regimens and improving patient care in cases of fungal infections.
25) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
'Transformation' refers to a process of change and adaptation. The review discusses genetic transformation in fungi, particularly in the context of developing antifungal resistance, and the implications this has for treatment strategies against black fungal infections.
26) Chemotherapy:
'Chemotherapy' refers to the treatment of diseases, especially cancer, using chemical agents. Here, the term applies to antifungal therapy employed to treat severe fungal infections like chromoblastomycosis. Understanding effective chemotherapy protocols is essential for improving outcomes in affected patients.
27) Transmission:
'Transmission' refers to how infections spread. The review emphasizes the transmission routes of black fungi, especially in immunocompromised populations, guiding public health strategies and clinician awareness of risk factors associated with fungal infections.
28) Inflammation:
'Inflammation' is the immune response to infections, resulting in redness, swelling, and pain. The article discusses the role of inflammation in chronic conditions like chromoblastomycosis, highlighting its impact on treatment efficacy and patient quality of life.
29) Surrounding:
'Surrounding' refers to nearby structures or environments. The review discusses the surrounding tissues that can be affected by fungi, emphasizing how external factors can influence fungal invasiveness and the overall progress of infections in affected individuals.
30) Accumulation (Accumulating, Accumulate):
'Accumulated' refers to the gathering of substances over time. The article discusses how accumulated data from various studies contribute to understanding black fungi's pathology and treatment, guiding future research directions and clinical approaches.
31) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
'Antibiotic' refers to substances that inhibit bacterial growth. While the review focuses on antifungal therapies, antibiotics are mentioned as part of the context wherein misuse can lead to increased susceptibility to fungal infections, especially in immunocompromised patients.
32) Knowledge:
'Knowledge' encompasses understanding derived from study and experience. The review aims to enhance our knowledge of black fungi, their clinical effects, and treatment options, thereby providing crucial insights needed for effective management of fungal infections.
33) Evolution:
'Evolution' pertains to the gradual development of organisms over time. The review discusses the evolution of fungal species, particularly their adaptive mechanisms to survive in changing environments and evade host immune systems, influencing their pathogenicity and treatment approaches.
34) Toxicity:
'Toxicity' refers to the degree to which a substance can harm organisms. In the review, discussions of toxicity involve the side effects of antifungal treatments, emphasizing the importance of evaluating drug safety alongside efficacy in managing fungal infections.
35) Medicine:
'Medicine' refers to the science and practice of diagnosing and treating diseases. The review highlights the role of medical interventions in addressing infections caused by black fungi, emphasizing the ongoing need for innovation and research in antifungal therapies.
36) Swelling:
'Swelling' refers to the enlargement of tissue, often due to inflammation or fluid accumulation. The review discusses swelling in the context of chromoblastomycosis, illustrating the disease's clinical presentation and the importance of effective treatment strategies to manage symptoms.
37) Science (Scientific):
'Science' refers to the systematic study of the natural world. The review contributes to the field of medical and biological science by exploring the pathological significance of black fungi, aiding in the advancement of knowledge and treatment options for fungal diseases.
38) Account:
'Account' refers to a report or description of an event. The review includes accounts of various case studies concerning fungal infections, contributing vital data and insights that help shape understanding and guide effective treatment protocols in clinical settings.
39) Lucknow:
'Lucknow' is mentioned as the location of one of the involved institutions. It highlights the global collaborative nature of research on black fungi and emphasizes the need for localized studies in understanding disease prevalence and developing appropriate management strategies.
40) Dealing:
'Dealing' refers to the process of managing or addressing issues. The review discusses how healthcare providers are dealing with the challenges posed by fungal infections, particularly in the context of increasing cases after COVID-19, highlighting the need for effective strategies and responses.
41) Itching:
'Itching' is a common symptom experienced by patients with skin infections. The review addresses itching as a symptom of chromoblastomycosis, illustrating the discomfort associated with fungal infections and emphasizing the need for effective symptom management strategies.
42) Family:
'Family' in taxonomic classification groups organisms that share common characteristics. The review discusses different fungal families within the context of pathogenic fungi, highlighting their clinical relevance and the necessity of precise taxonomy for effective treatment strategies.
43) Cancer:
'Cancer' often relates to abnormal cell growth and is mentioned in the review concerning therapies that may overlap in fungal treatments. Understanding cancer-related immune challenges offers insights into managing fungal infections in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.
44) Nature:
'Nature' refers to the inherent qualities of organisms. The review discusses the natural behaviors and environmental adaptations of black fungi, emphasizing their ecological roles and interactions with other organisms, particularly in the context of infection and transmission.
45) Silver:
'Silver' may refer to the use of silver compounds in medicine or as an antimicrobial agent. While not explicitly detailed in the review, silver's relevance is often connected to treating infections, providing insight into alternative strategies against resistant pathogens.
46) Medium:
'Medium' refers to the substance in which organisms are cultivated. In the review, growth media for fungi are essential for laboratory studies, underpinning the importance of proper cultivation techniques to understand fungal characteristics and behaviors effectively.
47) Farmer:
'Farmer' refers to individuals engaged in agriculture. The review discusses how farmers can be exposed to environmental fungi leading to infections, highlighting the occupational hazards certain professions face. Awareness can lead to better protective measures and health education.
48) House:
'House' refers to a building for human habitation. The mention of 'house' in the review highlights the potential for indoor environmental factors to contribute to fungal infection risk, emphasizing the need for improved living conditions and health guidelines.
49) Visit:
'Visit' refers to going to see someone or something. In the clinical context, patient visits are critical for monitoring disease progression, treatment efficacy, and adjusting therapeutic approaches, especially in managing chronic fungal infections.
50) Ulcer:
'Ulcer' refers to an open sore or lesion on the skin or mucous membranes. The review discusses ulcers in relation to chromoblastomycosis, underscoring the importance of recognizing such symptoms for early diagnosis and effective management of fungal infections.
51) Blood:
'Blood' refers to the fluid that circulates in the human body, supplying nutrients and oxygen. The review discusses the immune response in relation to blood's role in fighting fungal infections, highlighting the importance of understanding systemic responses to allow effective treatment planning.
52) Pose:
'Pose' refers to presenting an issue or challenge. In the context of the review, the challenges posed by increasing fungal infections following COVID-19 highlight the need for greater awareness, research, and improved clinical management strategies.
53) Rich (Rch):
'Rich' refers to environments with plentiful resources, which can promote fungal growth. The review discusses nutrient-rich environments that serve as reservoirs for black fungi, emphasizing the importance of understanding ecological niches to prevent infections.
54) Road:
'Road' may refer to the pathways that allow access to various regions. In the review's context, it could symbolize the journey of research as it explores the complexities and challenges of understanding fungal pathogens and developing treatment strategies.
55) Line:
'Line' often denotes a boundary or path. In the review, it may signify the imperative line of research that investigates black fungi, leading to the advancement of medical knowledge and treatment methodologies against prevalent fungal diseases.
56) Hand:
'Hand' refers to human anatomy. In the article, it may represent the injuries or exposure that can lead to infections caused by environmental fungi, underscoring the importance of protective measures for those at risk, such as farmers and laborers.
57) Post:
'Post' generally refers to a position or state following an event. In the context of the review, 'post' implies the conditions or struggles experienced after COVID-19 infections, particularly concerning the rising incidence of fungal infections like mucormycosis.
58) Coma:
'Coma' refers to a state of deep unconsciousness. The mention of coma in the review may relate to severe medical complications arising from infections caused by black fungi, emphasizing how critical situations can emerge from seemingly routine health issues.
59) Pur:
'Poor' refers to insufficient quality or conditions. The article highlights how poor health conditions among certain populations contribute to increased risks of fungal infections, uhdenoting the importance of addressing underlying health disparities in public health efforts.
60) Dish (Dis):
'Dish' typically refers to a shallow container or plate, often used in laboratory settings for culturing organisms. Discussing dishes applies to the context of microbiology, indicating the critical importance of proper culturing techniques in studying fungal infections effectively.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘A review on black fungi clinical and pathogenic and post covid complicationd’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Surgical intervention, Genetic transformation, CT scan, Phagocytosis Assay, Antifungal therapy, Mucormycosis, Ecological niche, Liquid nitrogen, Molecular diagnostics, Chromoblastomycosis, Dihydroxynaphthalene melanin.