Indian Kino Tree (Pterocarpus marsupium): Biography and Uses.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Indian Kino Tree (Pterocarpus marsupium): Biography and Uses.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Activity:
Activity in the context of this review refers to the biological activities exhibited by various compounds derived from the Indian Kino tree (*Pterocarpus marsupium*). These activities include antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and analgesic effects, showcasing the tree's potential therapeutic benefits in contemporary herbal medicine.

2) Tree:
Trees refer to the broader category encompassing *Pterocarpus marsupium*. In the ecological context, they play vital roles in biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and traditional medicine, emphasizing their importance for environmental sustainability and cultural practices.

3) Indian:
Indian denotes the geographical association of *Pterocarpus marsupium*, as the tree is native to India. Its traditional uses, botanical characteristics, and cultivation practices are primarily rooted in Indian heritage, emphasizing the cultural relevance of indigenous knowledge in utilizing native plant species for medicinal purposes.

4) India:
India is the country where the Indian Kino tree is predominantly found. Its role in traditional medicine and sustainable forestry practices in India highlights the tree's value to the country's biodiversity and its potential economic and ecological contributions, especially in medicinal herb research and forestry.

5) Table:
The term 'Table' refers to organized data presentations within the article that summarize key information about the Indian Kino tree, such as its scientific classification, ethnobotanical uses, and medicinal properties. Tables enhance the readability and accessibility of complex information for scientific evaluation.

6) Disease:
Disease signifies specific health disorders that can be ameliorated through the beneficial properties of the Indian Kino tree. Mentioning disease implies the therapeutic potential of *P. marsupium*, especially in traditional practices for treating conditions such as diabetic complications and gastrointestinal issues.

7) Blood:
Blood is associated with the biological activities of *Pterocarpus marsupium*, particularly regarding its antidiabetic properties. The tree's extracts are known to affect blood glucose levels, highlighting its significance in managing diabetes and related metabolic disorders that impact blood health.

8) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibacterial refers to the property of *Pterocarpus marsupium* extracts to inhibit bacterial growth. The review highlights its effectiveness against various harmful bacteria, making it a vital component of herbal medicine and enhancing the understanding of its role in antimicrobial treatments.

9) Drug:
Drugs symbolize the therapeutic preparations derived from *P. marsupium*, highlighting its role in both traditional and modern medicine. The exploration of its constituents for pharmacological applications points to the potential for developing new herbal drugs.

10) Phytochemical:
Phytochemical denotes the bioactive compounds found in *Pterocarpus marsupium*. These compounds, such as flavonoids and tannins, contribute to the tree's diverse pharmacological effects. Recognizing phytochemicals is essential in elucidating the plant's medicinal properties and harnessing its therapeutic potential.

11) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda, the ancient system of medicine in India, utilizes *P. marsupium* for various health benefits. The review underscores the plant's significance in Ayurvedic practices, demonstrating the integration of traditional knowledge systems with contemporary phytochemical research and efficacy studies.

12) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological refers to the study of the effects of drugs and their mechanisms. The article discusses the pharmacological activities of *P. marsupium*, emphasizing its potential as a source of natural compounds for the development of new medicines for diabetes and antimicrobial therapies.

13) Medicine:
Medicine signifies the therapeutic domain where *Pterocarpus marsupium* plays an essential role. It encompasses both traditional and modern practices, highlighting the ongoing relevance of herbal remedies and the value of natural products in health care and disease prevention.

14) Madhya:
Madhya refers to Madhya Pradesh, a state in central India where *P. marsupium* is found. The geographical context emphasizes the ecological and economic importance of this region for the sustainable management and cultivation of the Indian Kino tree.

15) Cancer:
Cancer indicates the potential therapeutic applications of *Pterocarpus marsupium* in oncology. Some phytochemicals derived from the tree have shown anticancer properties, underscoring the plant's relevance in cancer research and its possible role in developing natural treatment options.

16) Bitter:
Bitter describes the taste profile of certain parts of *P. marsupium*, notably the flowers and gum. This characteristic can correlate with medicinal benefits, as bitter compounds often indicate the presence of phytochemicals with therapeutic properties that enhance digestion and metabolism.

17) Timber:
Timber denotes the wood sourced from the Indian Kino tree, renowned for its quality. Its economic value as timber, along with its medicinal properties, is crucial for promoting sustainable forestry practices, balancing ecological conservation with commercial interests in India.

18) Asana (Ashana):
Asana is another name for *Pterocarpus marsupium*, associated with its cultural and historical significance. This vernacular name connects the tree to traditional practices in India and reinforces its identity in herbal medicine and local ethnobotanical knowledge.

19) Soil:
Soil represents the growth medium for *Pterocarpus marsupium*. The tree's habitat spans various soil types, indicating adaptability. Healthy soil is crucial for cultivation and can affect the medicinal properties of the plant based on nutrient availability and soil composition.

20) Science (Scientific):
Scientific relates to the methodologies applied in researching *P. marsupium*. It involves examining the pharmacological, ethnobotanical, and phytochemical aspects of the tree, underscoring the importance of evidence-based approaches to validate traditional medicinal uses.

21) Karnataka:
Karnataka is one of the states in India where the Indian Kino tree thrives. Its presence in this region emphasizes the geographical diversity of the species and highlights local traditional uses and ecological significance in regional conservation efforts.

22) Amaravati:
Amaravati is the location of the Dr. Rajendra Gode Institute of Pharmacy, where the authors of the article are based. It represents the academic and research environment where studies on *P. marsupium* are conducted, contributing to the knowledge around this species.

23) Flavonoid:
Flavonoid denotes a class of phytochemicals found in *Pterocarpus marsupium* responsible for several biological activities. Their presence highlights the importance of these compounds in developing natural remedies and understanding their roles in enhancing human health.

24) Species:
Species refers to *Pterocarpus marsupium* as a specific botanical classification within the Fabaceae family. Recognizing it as a species helps in categorizing its ecological attributes, pharmacological properties, and conservation efforts focused on maintaining biodiversity.

25) Kerala:
Kerala is another state in India where Indian Kino trees grow. The state's rich biodiversity and traditional practices enhance the understanding of *P. marsupium*'s ethnobotanical uses and highlight regional contributions to herbal medicine.

26) Bihar:
Bihar is one of the geographical areas in India where *Pterocarpus marsupium* can be found. Its prevalence in Bihar underscores the regional significance of the tree in local herbal practices and emphasizes efforts to conserve traditional medicinal knowledge.

27) Edema (Oedema):
Edema refers to swelling caused by excess fluids in the body, which can be treated with extracts from *P. marsupium*. Recognizing its effectiveness underscores the tree's medicinal potential in addressing inflammatory conditions.

28) Fever:
Fever signifies a common symptom that can be treated using *P. marsupium*, particularly with extracts from its flowers and bark. The historical use of the tree in managing fever shows its relevance in traditional medicine.

29) Study (Studying):
Study refers to the systematic investigation of *P. marsupium*'s properties and uses, emphasizing research that spans phytochemical, pharmacological, and ethnobotanical domains. This highlights the importance of ongoing scientific inquiry into traditional medicinal practices.

30) Zingiber officinale:
Zingiber officinale, or ginger, is mentioned as a constituent in formulations that include *P. marsupium*. Its presence in herbal remedies underlines the significance of integrated approaches using multiple plants in addressing health conditions.

31) Emblica officinalis:
Emblica officinalis, commonly known as Amla, is included in formulations with *P. marsupium*. Its synergistic effects in traditional medicine emphasize the benefits of combined herbal therapies in enhancing health and well-being.

32) Glycyrrhiza glabra:
Glycyrrhiza glabra, or licorice, is another herb combined with *P. marsupium* in medicinal formulations. Its inclusion highlights the use of complementary herbs to enhance therapeutic effects, particularly in managing diabetes and digestive issues.

33) Terminalia chebula:
Terminalia chebula, known as haritaki, is mentioned alongside *P. marsupium* in remedies, showcasing the collaborative use of multiple plant species within AYurveda to leverage diverse therapeutic benefits for various health conditions.

34) Southern India:
Southern India is a primary habitat for *P. marsupium*, highlighting the region's ecological diversity. It signifies the environmental conditions that promote the growth of this tree, enabling the practice of traditional medicine across various states in this part of India.

35) Momordica charantia:
Momordica charantia, or bitter melon, is included in formulations with *P. marsupium*. Its compound synergistically contributes to diabetes management, exemplifying how traditional medicine utilizes various plants to achieve desired health outcomes.

36) Civilization:
Civilization refers to the historical context in which *P. marsupium* has been utilized. The tree’s traditional uses in medicinal practices speak to the interplay between natural resources and the development of cultural knowledge in health and healing.

37) Inflammation:
Inflammation highlights a critical area in which *P. marsupium* demonstrates medicinal properties. Its extracts show potential benefits in managing inflammatory responses, further establishing the therapeutic relevance of the tree in contemporary healthcare practices.

38) Pesticide:
Pesticide pertains to the potential use of *P. marsupium* extracts for pest control due to certain identified phytochemicals. This expands the understanding of the tree’s utility beyond medicinal applications, suggesting ecological benefits in agricultural contexts.

39) Forester:
Forester signifies individuals involved in the sustainable management of forested areas, which include the conservation of valuable species like *P. marsupium*. Their expertise is vital in preserving biodiversity and supporting traditional uses of forest resources.

40) Language:
Language addresses the vernacular names associated with *P. marsupium*, showcasing the regional linguistic diversity that underscores its cultural significance in traditional practices and ensuring that knowledge is passed down through generations.

41) Seedling:
Seedling refers to the young plant stage of *P. marsupium*. This term emphasizes the importance of propagation and cultivation practices in ensuring the sustainability and future availability of this important medicinal tree.

42) Sanskrit:
Sanskrit denotes the ancient language in which many traditional texts on medicine and botany were written. The historical connection of *P. marsupium* to Sanskrit underlines the cultural heritage of Ayurveda and the preservation of medicinal knowledge.

43) Shri-lanka (Srilanka, Sri-lanka, Shrilanka):
Srilanka is noted as one of the countries where *P. marsupium* can be found, showcasing its broader geographical distribution. The environmental and cultural parallels within the region highlight shared traditions in utilizing native plant resources for health.

44) Gujarat:
Gujarat is mentioned as a state in India where *P. marsupium* thrives, emphasizing its distribution across diverse ecological regions and the importance of understanding local practices concerning this medicinal tree.

45) Kannada:
Kannada refers to the language spoken in the state of Karnataka, which is home to *P. marsupium*. Vernacular names in different languages signify the regional importance of the tree in traditional practices, reinforcing the need for cultural specificity in herbal research.

46) Bengali:
Bengali denotes the language spoken in West Bengal, where *P. marsupium* can be utilized. Cultural significance and the integration of regional languages in traditional medicine highlight the role of linguistic diversity in herbal knowledge dissemination.

47) Habitat:
Habitat describes the natural environment in which *P. marsupium* grows, including diverse geographical areas and soil conditions. Understanding its habitat is critical for conservation efforts and sustainable management practices of this medicinal species.

48) Leprosy:
Leprosy is one of the diseases historically treated with extracts from *P. marsupium*. The traditional use of the tree emphasizes its role in addressing community health challenges and highlights the need for further ethnobotanical studies.

49) Bijaka:
Bijaka is a Sanskrit term referring to *P. marsupium*, illustrating the historical connection to traditional use. This nomenclature enriches the understanding of cultural significance and the historical context of herbal medicine.

50) Bengal (Bemgal):
Bengal represents the region where *P. marsupium* grows, connecting the tree to the rich cultural and medicinal practices in eastern India. Its presence in Bengal highlights regional diversity in traditional herbal applications.

51) Aureus:
Aureus often refers to *Staphylococcus aureus*, a bacterium that the extracts from *P. marsupium* have shown effectiveness against. Understanding its role in addressing infections is pertinent to the study of the tree’s antimicrobial properties.

52) Forest:
Forest denotes the natural ecosystem where *P. marsupium* thrives, crucial for its ecological sustainability. Forest conservation efforts are essential for maintaining biodiversity and ensuring the survival of valuable medicinal and timber resources.

53) Family:
Family refers to the botanical classification of *P. marsupium* within Fabaceae. This classification helps in understanding its relationships with other plants, enhancing the knowledge required for conservation and study of similar species within this family.

54) Purity:
Purity pertains to the quality assessment of herbal extracts derived from *P. marsupium*. Evaluating the purity is vital in ensuring that the medicinal properties are preserved for effective therapeutic use in traditional and modern medicine.

55) Barad:
Barad refers to one of the authors associated with the study on *P. marsupium*. Their contribution underscores collaborative research efforts aimed at investigating the ethnobotanical and pharmacological significance of this medicinal tree.

56) Water:
Water signifies the essential requirement for the growth of *P. marsupium*. Its role in ecological sustainability emphasizes the necessity of maintaining water quality and availability for promoting healthy ecosystems and plant growth.

57) Hindi (Himdi):
Hindi denotes one of the languages spoken in India, where *P. marsupium* is indigenous. The use of regional languages in naming and discussing medicinal plants illustrates the rich cultural heritage entwined with traditional healing practices.

58) Genu:
Genu may refer to specific contexts in which traditional knowledge and botanical classification converge. Understanding its application in relation to *P. marsupium* enriches the discourse surrounding herbal medicine and cultural practices.

59) Shami (Sami):
Sami refers to a group known for their commitment to reforestation projects involving *P. marsupium*. Their efforts highlight the intersection between community action, environmental sustainability, and the propagation of valuable medicinal tree species.

60) Bija:
Bija is a vernacular name for *P. marsupium*, emphasizing its cultural significance in local herbal traditions. The recognition of different names across languages enriches the understanding of regional practices and plant utilization.

61) Beta:
Beta refers to the cell-protective properties associated with certain compounds found in *P. marsupium*. Highlighting this aspect underscores the tree's potential in combating diabetes-related complications and enhancing health benefits.

62) Ghat (Gham):
Ghat typically refers to the stair-like series of hills, prevalent in Western India. The presence of *P. marsupium* in these regions showcases its adaptability to various altitudes, and emphasizes the importance of these ecological zones in sustaining biodiversity.

63) Neem:
Neem is another significant medicinal plant often compared with *P. marsupium*. Recognizing its role enhances the understanding of the traditional remedies landscape in India, where numerous species contribute to the holistic healing approach.

64) Pain:
Pain refers to the discomfort that can be alleviated using extracts from *P. marsupium*, particularly its leaves and bark. The mention of pain illustrates the tree's practical applications in managing various health conditions relevant to traditional medicine.