Impact of covid-19 in alzheimer’s patient’s
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Impact of covid-19 in alzheimer’s patient’s
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Swathy N. S., Mobin P. Chacko, Prasobh G. R. and Grace N. Raju
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Impact of covid-19 in alzheimer’s patient’s
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr202112-21885
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has significantly impacted global health, particularly among vulnerable populations such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. This review explores the interplay between COVID-19 and AD, shedding light on the neurological complications stemming from SARS-CoV-2 and how these complications may exacerbate the cognitive decline characteristic of AD. As the virus not only targets the respiratory system but also affects the central nervous system (CNS), understanding these interactions can inform better management strategies for affected patients.
COVID-19 and Neuroinflammation
SARS-CoV-2 exhibits neurotropic characteristics, meaning it can invade the CNS through various pathways, including the olfactory bulb and neural tissues where it binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. Neuroinflammation resulting from the viral infection has been observed, leading to increased blood-brain barrier permeability, neuronal death, and dysregulation of neural functions. Patients may experience cognitive impairments, delirium, or other neurological symptoms as a result of this inflammation. Importantly, pre-existing conditions like AD may further complicate these outcomes, as neurodegenerative processes within the brain heighten the risk of adverse reactions to the viral infection.
Role of Inflammatory Cytokines
Inflammatory mediators like interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been implicated in both COVID-19 severity and AD progression. Elevated levels of IL-6 in the serum of AD patients have been shown to correlate with cognitive decline. Similarly, COVID-19 patients often present with increased IL-6 levels, which can serve as a biomarker for disease severity. The interplay between chronic inflammation and neurodegeneration in AD patients may create a concerning feedback loop, where COVID-19 exacerbates pre-existing inflammatory conditions, leading to further cognitive decline.
APOE4 Allele and COVID-19 Risk
The apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene, particularly the ε4 allele, has been identified as a significant genetic risk factor for developing AD. Recent studies suggest that carriers of the APOE4 allele may also be at a heightened risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes. The association lies in the allele's influence on brain inflammation and vascular integrity, indicating that individuals with this genetic predisposition may experience worse neurological effects during COVID-19 infections. Thus, the presence of the APOE4 allele poses dual risks, relating to both neurodegeneration and increased vulnerability to viral infections.
Conclusion
The connection between COVID-19 and Alzheimer’s disease presents complex challenges for healthcare providers and caregivers. Understanding the mechanisms through which SARS-CoV-2 affects the brain is crucial for developing effective management strategies for patients with AD. As the pandemic evolves, it is vital to continue research that elucidates the underlying biological interactions and informs therapeutic approaches. The urgency of these insights cannot be overstated, as they hold the potential to improve outcomes for those grappling with both COVID-19 and Alzheimer’s disease amidst ongoing global health crises.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What neurological complications are linked to COVID-19 and Alzheimer's disease?
COVID-19 can cause severe complications in Alzheimer's patients, including cognitive impairment, inflammation, and increased morbidity, resulting from the virus's impact on the central nervous system.
How does SARS-CoV-2 affect the central nervous system (CNS)?
SARS-CoV-2 can invade neural tissues via ACE2 receptors, leading to inflammation, neuroinflammatory cascades, and potential neurological disorders such as encephalitis and delirium.
What role do inflammatory markers play in Alzheimer's and COVID-19?
Inflammatory markers like IL-6 and IL-1 are linked to AD progression and COVID-19 severity, suggesting a common pathway for neuroinflammation and viral infection complications.
How does the ACE2 gene expression relate to Alzheimer's patients?
Alzheimer's patients show elevated ACE2 gene expression, making them more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, which increases their risk for COVID-19 comorbidities.
What similarities exist between Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19 treatment strategies?
Both conditions require therapeutic approaches focused on controlling inflammation, managing oxidative stress, and targeting viral infection mechanisms, given their overlapping inflammatory pathways.
How does aging impact COVID-19 risk and Alzheimer's susceptibility?
Older individuals are more vulnerable to both conditions, with age-related neurodegeneration exacerbating the severity and complications of COVID-19 in Alzheimer's patients.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Impact of covid-19 in alzheimer’s patient’s”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Disease:
Diseases encompass disorders affecting normal physiological functions, such as COVID-19 and Alzheimer's disease. Research into diseases involves elucidating mechanisms of action, developing treatment options, and implementing preventive strategies to enhance public health and improve patient care across diverse healthcare settings.
2) Viru:
Viru relates to viral agents that cause infectious diseases. In the context of SARS-CoV-2, it signifies the virus responsible for COVID-19, which has shown neurotropic effects. This highlights the importance of studying viruses to understand their impact on diseases like Alzheimer's and the broader implications for public health.
3) Learning:
Learning is a cognitive process essential for acquiring knowledge and skills. In Alzheimer's disease, learning deficits are prominent due to cognitive impairments. Understanding the effects of various factors, including viral infections, on learning processes is vital for developing cognitive therapies and enhancing educational strategies for affected individuals.
4) Inflammation:
Inflammation refers to the body's immune response to injury or infection. In Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19, chronic inflammation is linked to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Investigating inflammation pathways provides insight into disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets, aiming to mitigate the detrimental effects on the nervous system.
5) Krishna (Krsna):
Krishna denotes a personal or institutional referent related to the Sree Krishna College of Pharmacy and Research Center, where the study originated. The affiliation to such an institution underscores the importance of regional medical education and research in addressing contemporary health issues like COVID-19 and Alzheimer’s disease.
6) Kerala:
Kerala is a state in India known for its progressive health initiatives. The region's engagement in healthcare research, particularly in pharmaceuticals, is highlighted by the study. It emphasizes the role of local context in understanding high-impact diseases, reflecting on how state resources contribute to broader medical inquiries.
7) Family:
Family is the fundamental social unit that impacts care dynamics for patients with Alzheimer’s disease. The family plays a crucial role in providing support and managing the behavioral symptoms exacerbated by crises such as COVID-19, thus illustrating the intersection of health and social structures in disease management.
8) India:
India represents the geographical and cultural context of the study, where significant public health challenges like COVID-19 and Alzheimer's disease are prevalent. The Indian healthcare landscape is marked by diverse issues related to aging populations, necessitating targeted research and policies to address these interconnected diseases effectively.
9) Study (Studying):
Study signifies a systematic investigation to understand particular phenomena, such as the impacts of COVID-19 on Alzheimer's disease. Research efforts focus on elucidating the relationships between diseases, treatments, and outcomes, contributing valuable insights that can guide healthcare practices and policy decisions in related fields.
10) Drug:
Drugs are substances employed for therapeutic purposes and play a crucial role in the management of conditions like COVID-19 and Alzheimer's disease. Research on the efficacy and mechanisms of various drugs can lead to the development of targeted therapies that improve clinical outcomes for affected individuals.
11) Thiruvananthapuram (Thiruvanantha-puram, Tiru-anantapuram, Tiruvanantapuram, Tiruananta-puram):
Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of Kerala, is significant as the location of the Sree Krishna College of Pharmacy. The city is a hub for healthcare education and research, fostering local expertise that addresses pressing health issues, such as the intersection of COVID-19 and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's.
12) Blood:
Blood plays a critical role in assessing inflammatory markers indicative of conditions like Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19. The analysis of blood components can provide insights into disease progression, immune responses, and potential biomarkers, aiding in the development of targeted therapeutic approaches and preventive measures.
13) Performance:
Performance refers to cognitive abilities, which are often compromised in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease. The assessment of performance can guide treatment effectiveness and strategies in managing symptoms, emphasizing the importance of maintaining quality of life through targeted interventions and continuous evaluation.
14) Science (Scientific):
Scientific underscores the principles of systematic observation and experimentation that guide research in biomedical fields. The scientific approach is crucial for investigating the relationships between COVID-19 and Alzheimer's disease, facilitating evidence-based practices that inform treatment strategies and health policies.
15) Storm:
Storm metaphorically refers to the cytokine storm, a severe immune reaction observed in COVID-19 that can lead to systemic inflammation and organ failure. Understanding this phenomenon is crucial in preventing complications that may also affect neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's disease, guiding therapeutic interventions.
16) Death:
Death indicates the ultimate outcome of severe health conditions like COVID-19 and Alzheimer's disease. Research on mortality factors associated with these diseases drives the urgency for effective treatments and preventive strategies, highlighting the need for comprehensive healthcare approaches to protect vulnerable populations.
17) Beta:
Beta typically refers to beta-amyloid, a peptide associated with Alzheimer's disease pathology. Its accumulation in the brain is a hallmark of the disease, and understanding beta-amyloid's role in Alzheimer's progression is critical for developing potential interventions aimed at reducing its levels and improving cognitive health.
18) Developing:
Developing signifies the process of advancing treatments or interventions for diseases like Alzheimer's and COVID-19. Continuous research efforts aim to innovate therapeutic approaches that target the underlying mechanisms of these diseases, ultimately striving to enhance patient outcomes and quality of life.
19) Toxicity:
Toxicity refers to harmful effects that substances exert on biological systems and is critical in the context of Alzheimer’s disease research. Understanding the toxicity of various proteins, such as beta-amyloid, elucidates the mechanisms behind neurodegeneration and informs therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating harmful impacts.
20) Species:
Species refers to specific groups of organisms, which can include pathogens that impact human health. In the context of Alzheimer's and COVID-19 research, understanding the role of different viral and bacterial species assists in unraveling their contributions to disease pathology, informing preventive and therapeutic strategies.
21) Animal:
Animal studies are essential in biomedical research for understanding disease mechanisms and testing potential treatments. Research involving animal models provides insights into Alzheimer's disease and the impact of COVID-19, helping to bridge the gap between basic science and clinical applications for human health.
22) Thomas:
Thomas may signify an individual or a thematic referent in scientific literature. This aspect highlights the contributions of various researchers in the domain of Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19, underlining the collaborative nature of scientific inquiry and the importance of diverse perspectives in advancing medical knowledge.
23) Post:
Post indicates the timeframe after an event, such as the post-COVID-19 syndrome that affects individuals after recovery. Understanding these outcomes is critical for shaping rehabilitation strategies and addressing the long-term cognitive impacts that may arise in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
24) Ter:
Ther refers to therapy or therapeutic approaches aimed at improving health outcomes. In the context of Alzheimer's and COVID-19, research into varied therapies is essential for managing symptoms, addressing complications, and improving overall quality of life for affected individuals.
25) Male:
Male captures gender-related factors in health that influence disease susceptibility and outcomes. Studies demonstrate that males are at higher risk for COVID-19 severity, which could have implications for managing comorbidities like Alzheimer's disease, necessitating gender-informed healthcare strategies.
26) Human body:
Human body represents the complex biological system that is affected by various diseases, including COVID-19 and Alzheimer’s. Understanding how these diseases interact with bodily functions is essential for developing effective treatment strategies and improving patient care approaches in healthcare settings.
27) Pharmacotherapy:
Pharmacotherapy refers to the use of pharmaceuticals in the treatment of diseases. In approaching COVID-19 and Alzheimer's disease, pharmacotherapy strategies aim to manage symptoms and modify disease progression, emphasizing the need for ongoing research and clinical trials to optimize treatment protocols.
28) Accumulation (Accumulating, Accumulate):
Accumulation signifies the buildup of substances, such as beta-amyloid in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. Understanding the factors leading to accumulation is critical in shaping therapeutic approaches that aim to reduce these levels, potentially slowing down or halting disease progression.
29) Similarity:
Similarity refers to the likeness or shared characteristics between conditions. In exploring COVID-19 and Alzheimer’s disease, understanding similarities in inflammatory responses can inform treatment approaches and help identify common therapeutic targets that may improve patient outcomes in both diseases.
30) Entering:
Entering refers to the process by which viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, invade human cells. Understanding the mechanisms of viral entry is essential in developing targeted therapies aimed at preventing infection and mitigating the neurological impacts associated with COVID-19 and Alzheimer’s disease.
31) Allergy:
Allergy represents an exaggerated immune response to a substance. While not directly linked to Alzheimer's disease or COVID-19, understanding immune responses, including allergies, underscores the complexity of human health and emphasizes the need for comprehensive strategies in managing overall health amidst chronic conditions.
32) Dugani:
Dugani may refer to a researcher or particular subject within the context of the study. The mention of specific individuals indicates the collaborative effort within the scientific community to address complex issues surrounding Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19.
33) Cancer:
Cancer represents a group of diseases involving uncontrolled cell growth. While distinct from Alzheimer's and COVID-19, studies on inflammation and immune response may reveal insights applicable to understanding overlapping mechanisms, promoting a holistic view of health challenges faced by aging populations.
34) Repair:
Repair refers to the body’s processes that restore normal function following injury or disease. In the context of Alzheimer's disease, repair mechanisms are essential to counteract neurodegeneration, with research focusing on therapeutic strategies that bolster these natural processes for improved cognitive health.
35) Sharman (Sarma, Sharma, Sarman):
Sharma signifies an individual whose research contributions may pertain to medicinal chemistry or neuropharmacology. Individual researchers play a critical role in advancing knowledge in the complex interactions between COVID-19, Alzheimer’s disease, and therapeutic interventions.
36) Patel:
Patel may refer to a researcher or academic involved in studies related to Alzheimer’s disease and COVID-19. Individual contributions are vital in creating a broader understanding of how these two health challenges intersect and influence treatment management.
37) Raval:
Raval represents an individual likely contributing to research efforts in the fields of pharmacotherapy or neurology. The collaboration of various experts enhances the ability to find effective solutions to the intertwined challenges presented by Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19.
38) Water:
Water is fundamental to biological function and physiological processes. In the context of diseases, maintaining hydration is essential for overall health, particularly for vulnerable populations such as those with Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19, where dehydration can exacerbate symptoms.
39) Fever:
Fever is typically a systemic inflammatory response to infection. In COVID-19, fever represents a common symptom, while understanding its effects on cognitive function is critical for managing patients, particularly those already affected by Alzheimer's disease, highlighting the need for holistic patient care.
40) Cina:
China, as a geographical context, played a pivotal role in the initial emergence of COVID-19. Investigating the virus's propagation and its neurological implications in a global context enhances understanding, thereby informing international health policies to better respond to similar infectious diseases.
41) Burning (Burn, Burned, Burnt):
Burn may refer to the physiological effects of infection or inflammation, particularly relevant in understanding complications in patients with Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19. Research into such effects helps develop comprehensive treatment regimens that accommodate these challenges.
42) Guda:
Guda may signify a researcher contributing to studies on neurodegenerative diseases or inflammatory responses. Individual researchers' roles in advancing scientific knowledge are vital in understanding the complex interactions between viral infections and diseases like Alzheimer's.
43) Dana:
Dana could refer to an individual involved in research efforts related to neurodegenerative diseases. Contributions from various researchers are crucial to advancing the scientific understanding of health issues like COVID-19 and Alzheimer's, illustrating the collaborative nature of medical research.
44) Raji:
Raji likely refers to a researcher contributing to the study of Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19. The engagement of diverse researchers highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in tackling complex health issues that impact a broad segment of the population.
45) Akta:
Akta may denote a key individual involved in scientific studies. The contributions of such researchers are important in fostering advancements in understanding the intersections of diseases like COVID-19 and Alzheimer's, facilitating the development of effective therapeutic strategies.
46) Hull:
Hull may represent researchers or concepts tied to combating neuroinflammation in diseases. Their work is essential in enhancing our understanding and responses to the effects of inflammatory processes that occur in Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19.
47) Hand:
Hand emphasizes the importance of manual skills and caregiving for individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the physical and cognitive impacts of diseases influences approaches to therapy and assistance strategies, enhancing the quality of care for elderly populations.
48) Gold (Golden):
Gold typically represents valuable insights or contributions within research. In the context of diseases, findings derived from ongoing studies provide critical information that can inform public health strategies and therapeutic innovations targeting Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19.
49) Coma:
Coma refers to a state of prolonged unconsciousness that can result from severe neurological conditions. In COVID-19 patients, coma may arise due to encephalitis or severe inflammatory responses, highlighting the serious complications that require immediate clinical attention.
50) Pir:
Peer signifies the importance of collaboration among researchers and healthcare professionals in addressing complex health issues. In the study of Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19, interdisciplinary collaboration fosters comprehensive understanding and drives innovative approaches to improve patient outcomes.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Impact of covid-19 in alzheimer’s patient’s’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Central nervous system, Alzheimer's disease, Cognitive impairment, COVID 19, SARS-CoV-2, Neurodegeneration, Cytokine storm, IL-6, Hypoxia, Amyloid beta.