Identify kita species in Sushruta Samhita with modern taxonomy.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: An attempt to decide the speciese of kita, described in sushruta samhita kalp sthan (kita kalpa) in terms of modern taxonamy
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Ajay Kumar, Santosh Kumar Vishwakarma and Jai Kumar Singh
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: An attempt to decide the speciese of kita, described in sushruta samhita kalp sthan (kita kalpa) in terms of modern taxonamy
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr202112-21852
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The study conducted by Kumar et al., published in the World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, aims to bridge the gap between ancient Ayurvedic texts and modern taxonomy. Specifically, it focuses on the identification of various insect species, referred to as "kita," mentioned in the ancient text Sushruta Samhita Kalp Sthan (Kita Kalpa). Insects are a significant public health concern due to their potential to cause serious complications through bites and stings. As traditional and complementary medicine gains popularity, understanding the taxa of these small creatures becomes crucial for effective treatment.
The Importance of Taxonomic Identification
One pivotal concept discussed in this study is the necessity for accurate taxonomic identification of "kita." The term refers to a diverse range of small-bodied animals that can generate toxic effects if their toxins are administered to humans. The ancient classifications described in classical texts are often vague, leading to difficulties in understanding and applying appropriate treatments. The authors emphasize that re-identifying these species through modern taxonomy is essential for effectively addressing public health issues related to insect bites and ensuring that classical treatments can be appropriately utilized.
Specific Classifications Under Sushruta Samhita
The study meticulously categorizes different types of "kita," as recognized by Acharya Sushruta, into classifications based on the three doshas—Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. These groupings encompass a specific number of insects, such as Vataja (18 species), Pittaaja (24 species), and others, with detailed descriptions of several families and genera. For instance, the identification of "Vishakhopara," which includes monitor lizards, is detailed with probable zoological names and further classification. This classification system serves as a testament to the elaborate understanding of biodiversity present in ancient texts.
Methodology for Identification
The methodology employed in this study includes comparing ancient descriptions from the Sushruta Samhita with contemporary data available on online platforms. By linking classical references with modern zoological names, the authors present a framework that contextualizes ancient knowledge within today's scientific understanding. Tables summarizing the proposed taxonomic classifications for various species of "kita," including wasps, lizards, centipedes, and ants, are provided. This comprehensive approach facilitates a clearer understanding of which species correspond to the classical names used in Ayurveda.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the efforts made by Kumar et al. represent a vital step towards integrating ancient medicinal practices with modern scientific methodologies. Their work highlights the importance of identifying "kita" for the appropriate application of classical treatments to insect bites and related health concerns. Although the study acknowledges the potential for errors and the need for further research, it lays the groundwork for increased accuracy in the identification of species used in traditional medicine, ultimately benefitting public health and enhancing the applicability of historical remedies.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the focus of the study on kita in Sushruta Samhita?
The study aims to re-identify the small animal known as kita described in the Sushruta Samhita Kalpa Sthan, bridging ancient classical texts with modern taxonomy for effective insect bite treatment.
How are kita classified according to Acharya Sushruta?
Acharya Sushruta classified kita into four types based on dosha: Vataja, Pittaja, Kaphaja, and Sanipataja, alongside 100 other specific categorizations such as Kadambha, Vishakhopara, and more.
What materials and methods were used for identifying modern kita species?
The research compiled data from classical texts like Sushruta Samhita and online resources to identify kita species by matching ancient names with contemporary taxonomic classifications.
What challenges are faced in identifying kita species today?
Identifying kita species presents challenges due to evolutionary changes, extinction, and the vague, brief descriptions found in ancient texts, complicating the taxonomy understanding.
What is the significance of this research on kita species?
This research potentially enhances the treatment of insect bites as described in ancient texts, establishing a connection between traditional medicine and modern zoological classifications for better healthcare practices.
Who contributed to the research article on kita taxonomy?
The research article was authored by Ajay Kumar, Santosh Kumar Vishwakarma, and Jai Kumar Singh, with support from the Agadatantra department at Government Ayurvedic College, Patna.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Identify kita species in Sushruta Samhita with modern taxonomy.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Kita:
Kita refers to insects in a broader zoological context, specifically arthropods. In ancient texts such as the Sushruta Samhita, this term encompasses various small animals that can produce toxic effects on humans, emphasizing the need to identify and classify these species accurately for effective medicinal use.
2) Kumar:
Kumar is often used as a surname in India, denoting lineage or descent. In the context of this study, it denotes Dr. Ajay Kumar, the lead researcher, and signifies the contribution of individual scholars to academic research, especially in traditional medicine and taxonomy of insects.
3) Family:
In biological classification, family is a rank higher than genus and is used to group related organisms that share common characteristics. Understanding the family of various species of Kita is crucial for their proper identification and treatment, aligning ancient medicinal texts with modern taxonomy.
4) Table:
The use of tables in this study serves to systematically organize information about different kita and their probable modern classifications. This format aids in easy comparison and analysis, helping readers to understand the relationships among various species discussed in the Sushruta Samhita.
5) Kalpa:
Kalpa refers to a specific context or category within ancient texts, particularly in Ayurveda. In this study, it links to 'Kita Kalpa,' which explores the classification and understanding of insects, signifying the importance of traditional knowledge in modern scientific inquiry.
6) Species:
Species is a fundamental unit in biological classification, representing a group of organisms capable of interbreeding. This study emphasizes the need to identify various insect species (Kita) mentioned in classical texts to make traditional medicinal practices relevant and applicable today.
7) Samhita:
Samhita refers to a collection or compilation, typically of ancient Indian texts. In this context, it pertains to the Sushruta Samhita, a foundational text in Ayurveda, which contains extensive references to various organisms, including insects, and their medicinal properties.
8) Insect:
Insects are the largest group of arthropods and play significant roles in ecosystems and human health. Identifying and studying insects, particularly in traditional medicinal contexts, underpins the investigation’s aim to classify and apply ancient knowledge in contemporary settings.
9) Krishna (Krsna):
Krishna is a classical name found in the study's reference tables for various organisms. It often indicates color or characteristics in ancient texts. Identifying these classical names helps bridge the gap between traditional and modern taxonomy, making historical medicinal practices more accessible.
10) Study (Studying):
Study in this context refers to the comprehensive investigation carried out to reclassify and identify the species of kita according to contemporary taxonomy. It highlights the integration of ancient wisdom and modern scientific methods to improve public health and treatment practices.
11) Sushruta-samhita (Susruta-samhita):
Sushruta-samhita is an ancient Ayurvedic text attributed to Sushruta, focusing on surgical procedures, medicinal plants, and treatments. The relevance of this text in the study is profound as it serves as a primary source for identifying the different species of kita and their uses.
12) Knowledge:
Knowledge refers to the understanding and information gathered from various sources, including ancient texts and modern scientific research. In this study, the acquisition of knowledge about kita and their modern classifications is essential for making effective use of traditional medicine practices.
13) Animal:
Animals refer collectively to diverse multicellular organisms. Identifying the species classified as animals, especially insects mentioned in Ayurvedic texts, helps bridge traditional and modern understandings, facilitating better therapeutic approaches derived from historical practices.
14) Lizard:
Lizards are a diverse group of reptiles studied for their ecological role and potential medicinal properties. The classification of various lizards mentioned in the study helps connect traditional knowledge with contemporary biological taxonomy, potentially guiding medicinal applications.
15) Agama:
Agama refers to a particular type of lizard mentioned in the study. It highlights the importance of precise species identification for effective treatment planning in traditional medicine, underlining the connection between classical texts and modern taxonomy.
16) Varna:
Varna refers to color or type and is used in classical classifications of organisms. In this study, it emphasizes the importance of descriptive terms in ancient texts when mapping them to modern nomenclature, facilitating a better understanding of species characteristics.
17) Patna:
Patna is the capital city of Bihar, India, where the research was conducted. The geographical context is important as it roots the study within specific cultural and historical frameworks, aligning its findings with regional traditional practices and their relevance today.
18) Genu:
Genu refers to a specific term related to genus in taxonomy. It underpins the basic principles of biological classification, fostering an understanding of how species are grouped based on common traits, which is crucial for taxonomic studies related to kita.
19) Agadatantra (Agada-tantra, Agadatamtra):
Agadatantra is a branch of Ayurveda focusing on toxicology. Understanding this term in the context of modern classification is crucial for managing insect-related ailments and integrating ancient wisdom into contemporary healthcare practices, promoting an interdisciplinary approach.
20) Pipilika:
Pipilika refers specifically to ants in the original Ayurvedic texts. Understanding this term is critical to classifying various insect varieties described in classical texts and their corresponding modern equivalents in scientific discourse for effective medicinal application.
21) Makshika (Maksika):
Makshika refers to flies in classical texts. This term's identification highlights the study's aim to systematically connect ancient practices with modern taxonomy, enabling better recognition and treatment of conditions linked to insect-related ailments.
22) Scorpion:
Scorpions are arachnids with significant medical importance due to their venom. This study includes scorpions to emphasize their toxicological relevance and the need to understand ancient classifications for modern therapeutic practices and identification frameworks.
23) Tantra (Tantrism, Tamtra):
Tantra in this context refers to traditional systems or practices, especially those concerning healing and medicinal methods. Understanding the tantric roots in Ayurveda is critical for bridging ancient wisdom with contemporary health practices, particularly in the realm of toxicology.
24) Kapila:
Kapila is a classical name referencing a type of organism that may correlate to a specific species discussed in the study. Identifying such historical references aids in the accurate mapping of ancient notions to modern scientific taxonomy.
25) Agada:
Agada refers to antidotes in Ayurvedic toxicology. This relevance is pivotal for not only understanding traditional healing methods but also for fostering synergy between ancient wisdom and modern medical approaches to toxicity management.
26) Vidhi:
Vidhi generally refers to procedures or protocols. In the study, understanding the 'vidhi' associated with the treatment of insect bites as described in ancient texts allows for their integration into modern practice, reinforcing their importance in effective medicinal strategies.
27) Hastin (Hasti):
Hasti refers to a specific term related to elephants in Sanskrit. Its mention in the study serves as a reference point for correlating traditional teachings and classifications with modern understanding, showcasing the importance of accurate terminology in taxonomy.
28) India:
India's historical context is vital, as it houses rich traditions of Ayurveda and taxonomic studies. The study serves to revive ancient knowledge, utilizing it alongside modern scientific methods to improve health outcomes while honoring Indian heritage in healing arts.
29) Bihar:
Bihar is a state in India where this research was undertaken. Understanding the geographical context is key to grasping the cultural and historical significance of traditional medicinal practices and their relevance within local communities in modern times.
30) Pita:
Pita translates to 'father' or can denote color in classical texts, bringing significance to the study as it connects descriptions and classifications in Ayurveda with the broader scientific community, allowing for better identification and understanding of various species.
31) Line:
Line refers to a sequence or methodical approach. The importance of following systematic lines of research as established through classical texts underlies the scientific rigor in classifying kita in contemporary terms, demonstrating the interplay between tradition and modernity.
32) Post:
Post could refer to an academic designation such as 'postgraduate scholar' mentioned in the study. This term highlights the educational hierarchy and the scholarly mission to contribute to the fields of Ayurveda and toxicology through rigorous research and inquiry.
33) Hastikaksha (Hastikaksa, Hasti-kaksha):
Hasti-kaksha literally translates to 'elephant's compartment,' possibly referring to a classical term within the context of venoms or specific classifications in Ayurveda. Its inclusion underscores the connection between traditional environmental knowledge and contemporary taxonomy.
34) Parimandala (Parimamdala):
Parimandala references a specific type of mosquito mentioned in the study. Such classical names reinforce the need to identify and bridge historical references to modern scientific classifications, essential for effectively utilizing traditional medicinal practices.
35) Vishvakarma (Visvakarma, Visvakarman, Vishwakarma, Vishvakarman, Vishva-karman):
Vishwakarma is a name referring to the divine architect and craftsman in Indian mythology. Its mention in the context of this study signifies the contributions of artisans and ancient knowledge in the field of Ayurveda, reinforcing the interconnectedness of culture and medicine.
36) Gomutrabha:
Gomutrabha refers to a specific type of kita or organism mentioned in reference tables. Proper identification enhances the understanding of ancient medical texts, connecting them with current practices and allowing for effective treatments to emerge from long-standing traditions.
37) Aparajita:
Aparajita denotes a potential insect referenced in classical texts. Identifying such organisms is integral to linking traditional wisdom to modern taxonomy, enabling effective treatment measures derived from historical practices to be validated and utilized in contemporary health care.
38) Madhulika:
Madhulika refers to a classification of an insect or organism mentioned in the study. Recognizing classical names like this helps in aligning traditional Ayurvedic practices with contemporary scientific understanding, ultimately enhancing treatment methodologies for insect-related ailments.
39) Carpenter:
Carpenter, as in carpenter ants, illustrates specific insects of importance discussed in the text. These classifications bridge traditional knowledge with modern entomological studies, allowing insights into their ecological roles and potential medical implications.
40) Evolution:
Evolution relates to the historical changes in species over time. This biological concept plays a crucial role in taxonomy, allowing researchers to understand how contemporary insects have adapted, diverged, or become extinct, enhancing the search for relevant therapies in traditional medicine.
41) Centipede:
Centipedes represent another group of arthropods crucial in the study's taxonomy. Their identification and classification are vital for enriching our understanding of insect-related conditions and their management within the framework of Ayurveda, integrating ancient and modern knowledge seamlessly.
42) Karkasha (Karkasa):
Karkasha refers to specific types of insects or related organisms. Proper identification enriches the study’s exploration of classical texts while serving as a tie to modern taxonomy, reinforcing the importance of historical context in biological classification.
43) Shyamala (Syamala):
Shyamala is a classical name mentioned in the context of various kita. Recognizing these names is essential in mapping the traditional texts to modern classifications, enriching the study's relevance and results in the field of entomology and traditional medicine.
44) Medicine:
Medicine, especially in the context of Ayurveda, refers to the science of healing. Recognizing the relationship between traditional medicinal practices and contemporary treatment options emphasizes the importance of integrating ancient knowledge into modern healthcare for better therapeutic efficacy.
45) Mutation:
Mutation denotes changes in the genetic material of organisms that can lead to new traits. Understanding mutation plays a vital role in taxonomy, linking evolutionary biology with the classification and identification of kita that may manifest varying characteristics over time.
46) Angulika (Amgulika):
Angulika is a classical name for a specific organism mentioned in the study. Its identification strengthens the study's aim to reinterpret traditional texts in light of modern taxonomy, promoting a comprehensive understanding of insect classification within Ayurveda.
47) Kaphaja:
Kaphaja relates to one of the Ayurvedic doshas, or bodily humors, characterized by earth and water elements. Understanding kaphaja helps connect traditional practices with modern medical insights, particularly in the context of treating conditions related to various insect bites.
48) Mandala (Mamdala):
Mandala often refers to a circular, interconnected pattern, symbolizing unity in various contexts. In this research, it may indicate a framework of ancient knowledge that interlinks the classification of organisms with broader Ayurvedic principles and therapies.
49) Mashaka (Masaka):
Mashaka refers to mosquitoes in Sanskrit, marking its significance in ancient texts. Recognizing such specific terms aids in connecting historical knowledge with modern classifications, allowing the integration of traditional medicinal practices to combat contemporary health threats associated with insects.
50) Pingala (Pimgala):
Pingala is a classical term likely used to classify certain insects or organisms. Identifying these classical references enables researchers to relate ancient texts with modern scientific language, fostering an understanding of various kita and their health implications.
51) Shirsha (Sirsa):
Shirsha denotes a term related to head or top in Sanskrit, possibly referring to a specific part of an organism or an anatomical reference in classical texts. This aids in clarifying traditional texts and ensuring accurate modern interpretations in taxonomy.
52) Karbura:
Karbura relates to specific insect species mentioned in the findings of the study. Recognition of classical names like this fosters improved understanding of traditional medicinal practices, contributing to a broader knowledge base in toxicology and Ayurveda.
53) Samudra:
Samudra translates to 'ocean' in Sanskrit, referring to a vast and unknown domain. Its understanding in the context of the study may symbolize the depth of knowledge in Ayurveda related to various organisms, merging traditional wisdom with contemporary ecological insights.
54) Parusha (Parusa):
Parusha refers to a specific type of organism mentioned in classical texts. Understanding such terms enables better mapping of ancient references to modern biological classifications, essential for applying traditional practices in today's medical landscape.
55) Pittaja (Pitta-ja):
Pittaja refers to another dosha in Ayurveda, characterized by heat and metabolic activity. Understanding this term in terms of insect classification helps apply Ayurvedic principles effectively to treat conditions arising from insect bites and related ailments.
56) Reptile:
Reptiles are a varied class of air-breathing vertebrates that can provide insight into ancient medical traditions. Identifying and classifying reptiles mentioned in the study connects traditional medicinal applications to modern biological understandings, deepening the knowledge pool regarding overall animal classification.
57) Zoology:
Zoology is the scientific study of animals, focusing on their biology, behavior, and taxonomy. This study's emphasis on zoological classification of insects aims to integrate modern scientific taxonomy with traditional Ayurvedic practices for a holistic approach to health care.
58) Samtosha (Samtosa, Santosa, Santosha, Santosh):
Santosh is often used as a first name or surname in India, denoting a quality of contentment. In the context of this study, it refers to Santosh Kumar Vishwakarma, showcasing the collaborative nature of academic efforts in deciphering ancient texts through research.
59) Harita:
Harita is a classical name that may refer to a specific kita mentioned in the study. Proper recognition of such names connects ancient knowledge to modern scientific practices, allowing a deeper understanding of traditional medicinal practices related to insect classifications.
60) Sthula:
Sthula is often translated to mean 'large' or 'heavy' in Sanskrit, possibly referencing a type of kita or method of classification. Such terms are important to elucidate historical medicinal practices and their relevance in modern scientific terminology.
61) Kotika:
Kotika references a specific organism mentioned in classical studies of kita. Recognizing these references enables better understanding and interpretation of ancient texts, helping to link traditional knowledge with modern taxonomy for effective medicinal applications.
62) Shatara (Satara):
Satara is a region in India known for its diverse ecological systems. The mention of Satara may invoke regional considerations in the context of traditional medicine, underscoring local biodiversity and its importance in the practice of Ayurveda.
63) Karini:
Karini likely refers to a particular classification of insects or organisms in classical Ayurvedic texts. Identifying such names is essential for linking traditional terminology with modern biological classifications, ensuring accurate representation of species across disciplines.
64) Vataja (Vata-ja):
Vataja refers to one of the three doshas in Ayurveda, associated with air and movement. Understanding vataja in this context is crucial for applying Ayurvedic principles to the treatment of conditions resulting from insect bites or their effects.
65) Kaksha (Kaksa, Kaksheshu):
Kaksha denotes a compartment or grouping within the classification of organisms. This term emphasizes the systematic approach to categorizing species in earlier texts, connecting them with modern standards and principles in taxonomy.
66) Pitika:
Pitika refers to a specific term related to a type of insect mentioned in the study. Recognizing and classifying these terms help in linking traditional medicinal knowledge to current scientific nomenclature, crucial for effective application in healthcare.
67) Spider:
Spiders, as arachnids, are an essential group referred to in the study, underlining the significance of identifying them in the context of toxicity and medicinal use. Their classification fosters deeper connections between historical references and modern research.
68) Dosha (Dosa):
Dosha refers to the three fundamental bodily humors in Ayurveda that dictate health and wellbeing. Understanding doshas is crucial for interpreting the traditional treatment of conditions arising from insect bites and for contextualizing ancient medical principles in today's therapeutic practices.
69) Pandu (Pamdu, Pamde):
Pandu generally refers to color or relates to the classical classification of organisms in Ayurveda. Recognizing such classical names is significant for mapping historical texts to modern classifications, enhancing understanding and application in traditional medicinal practices.
70) Queen:
Queen in this context could denote the queen ant, a vital component of her colony. Studying such hierarchies within insect classification is important for understanding ecological roles and potential medicinal uses derived from specific insect behaviors.
71) House:
House may refer to a place or context in which insects, like ants or spiders, are studied. Understanding these environments is vital for ecological studies and potential impacts on human health concerning insect interactions.
72) Bahu:
Bahu in Sanskrit means 'many' or 'multiple.' Its mention can provide insight into the classifications of various species, particularly insects, emphasizing the study's aim to document and analyze the diversity present therein.
73) Luta:
Luta refers to a specific classification of spiders mentioned in traditional texts. Identifying these classical terms is vital for understanding their medicinal applications, linking historical knowledge to modern taxonomic frameworks.
74) Sara (Shara):
Sara typically refers to essence or purity in Sanskrit, perhaps relating to specific classifications of insects. In this study, recognizing such names helps to bridge ancient wisdom with contemporary understanding, allowing for effective healing practices based on historical precedences.
75) Pir:
Peer might refer to the collaborative efforts of scholars in the field. This collaboration is essential as it combines expertise, fostering interdisciplinary approaches to research, particularly in linking traditional texts with modern scientific inquiries.
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