Formulation and evaluation of solid lipid nanoparticles of naproxen
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Formulation and evaluation of solid lipid nanoparticles of naproxen
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Kiran Satnami, Divya Prakash Jain, Nishi Prakash Jain and RB Goswami
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Formulation and evaluation of solid lipid nanoparticles of naproxen
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr202112-21850
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) frequently used for the treatment of pain, inflammation, and stiffness associated with various forms of arthritis, particularly rheumatoid arthritis, which can cause significant disability globally, including in India. This study focuses on developing solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of Naproxen to enhance the drug's bioavailability and ensure safer administration. The SLNs are designed to be non-toxic, biocompatible, and easy to produce, offering a promising solution to improve the therapeutic effects of poorly soluble lipophilic drugs like Naproxen.
Development of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
Solid lipid nanoparticles of Naproxen were formulated using the high shear hot homogenization technique at 65ºC with a rotation speed of 5000 rpm for two hours. The initial globule size of the SLNs was further refined through probe ultrasonication, which facilitated the reduction in particle size significantly. Glyceryl Mono Stearate (GMS) served as the solid lipid component, while surfactants namely Tween 80 and Span 80 were utilized to stabilize the formulation. Various ratios of these components were evaluated for key characteristics such as particle size, yield, entrapment efficiency, and zeta potential. The formulations Nap-SLN2, Nap-SLN3, and Nap-SLN4 exhibited promising results, with particle sizes ranging between 545 nm and 682 nm and entrapment efficiencies from 59% to 68%.
Drug Release and Kinetic Analysis
The study also investigated the drug release profile of the optimized batches utilizing a Franz diffusion cell method over a 24-hour period. Among the formulations, Nap-SLN3 demonstrated the highest cumulative drug release at 93.7%. The data were analyzed for fit into various kinetic models to assess the release mechanisms. The optimized formulation showed compliance with first-order kinetics, as indicated by the high R² value (0.954), while also fitting well with the Korsemeyer-Peppas model, suggesting a diffusion-based drug release mechanism.
Stability and Characterization
Stability studies were conducted on the SLNs maintained at both controlled environmental chamber temperatures and room temperatures over a month. Particle characterization was performed using techniques such as zeta potential measurement and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which revealed the nanoparticles' spherical shape and uniform distribution. The zeta potential for the optimized formulation Nap-SLN3 was found to be -35 mV, indicating good stability and an adequate charge to prevent aggregation.
Conclusion
The formulation of solid lipid nanoparticles containing Naproxen offers a novel approach to enhance the drug's bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy, particularly for arthritis treatment. With a high percentage yield of 78%, a notable entrapment efficiency of 68%, and an optimal drug release profile, the study demonstrates that SLNs can be effectively prepared using the high shear hot homogenization method. The results affirm the potential of SLNs in delivering lipophilic drugs more effectively while maintaining stability and biocompatibility, paving the way for further research and development in this area.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the purpose of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) in this study?
SLNs are developed as versatile nano-sized drug carriers to enhance the bioavailability and absorption of lipophilic drugs like Naproxen, especially in treating conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis.
What method was used to prepare the Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of Naproxen?
The SLNs were prepared using the High Shear Hot Homogenization technique at 65ºC, followed by probe ultrasonication to reduce globule size.
What are the key components involved in the formulation of Naproxen SLNs?
The formulation primarily consists of Glyceryl Mono Stearate (GMS) as solid lipid, and surfactants Tween 80 and Span 80.
What were the results concerning the entrapment efficiency of the nanoparticles?
The percentage entrapment efficiency (%EE) of the best formulation, Nap-SLN3, was found to be 68%, indicating effective drug encapsulation.
How was the stability of the SLNs assessed in the study?
Stability studies were conducted by storing the formulations at controlled temperatures, with assessments done after one month to monitor any changes in drug content.
What were the findings regarding the in-vitro drug release from SLNs?
The optimized formulation, Nap-SLN3, achieved a maximum drug release of 93.7% over 24 hours, demonstrating effective drug delivery potential.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Formulation and evaluation of solid lipid nanoparticles of naproxen”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Drug:
Substances used to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent diseases. The study focuses on a specific drug, Naproxen, and its formulation into solid lipid nanoparticles, aiming to improve its performance in therapeutic contexts, particularly for arthritis.
2) India:
A country in South Asia where the study is conducted. India faces significant challenges in healthcare, particularly in managing diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. This context emphasizes the necessity for innovative medical solutions like solid lipid nanoparticles to improve drug delivery systems and patient outcomes in the region.
3) Water:
A crucial solvent used in the preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles. It serves as a medium for dispersing the drug and lipid components, facilitating the homogenization process. The quality and properties of water used can significantly affect the formulation's stability and efficacy in the final product.
4) Table:
A structured representation of data used within the article to summarize various formulations and their characteristics. Tables provide a clear way to compare different batches of solid lipid nanoparticles based on parameters like yield, entrapment efficiency, and particle size, aiding in easy interpretation of results.
5) Ayodhya:
A locality in India, specifically mentioned as the location of the Sagar Institute of Research and Technology-Pharmacy where the study's authors conducted their research. The geographical context implies a teaching and research environment that contributes to advancements in pharmaceutical sciences.
6) Sagar (Sagár):
Refers to the Sagar Institute of Research and Technology-Pharmacy where the study was conducted. This institution focuses on pharmaceutical education and research, playing a critical role in developing innovative drug delivery systems and enhancing the scientific knowledge base within the field.
7) Study (Studying):
The systematic investigation presented in the article focuses on the formulation and evaluation of solid lipid nanoparticles containing Naproxen. It encompasses design, methodology, results, and discussions aimed at improving therapeutic outcomes for patients suffering from arthritis through advanced drug delivery methods.
8) Road:
In the context of the article, the Ayodhya Bypass Road in Bhopal, India, is a geographical identifier of the location of the Sagar Institute. The mention of a road may also symbolize the journey towards advancements in pharmaceutical research and education within that region.
9) Line:
Representative of the data presentation within the article, particularly in graphical formats. Lines in graphs plot the relationships between experimental variables, such as drug release percentage versus time, helping to visualize the release kinetics of Naproxen from solid lipid nanoparticles.
10) Measurement:
The process of quantifying variables in the study such as particle size, entrapment efficiency, and % release. These measurements are crucial to scientific studies and provide the data necessary for validating the efficacy and quality of the developed drug delivery systems.
11) Rheumatoid arthritis:
A chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by pain, swelling, and stiffness in joints. The study emphasizes the need for effective treatments for rheumatoid arthritis patients, showcasing Naproxen's potential as an NSAID and exploring nanoformulations to improve its therapeutic properties.
12) Inflammation:
A biological response involving the immune system that can cause redness, swelling, heat, and pain in affected areas. In the study, minimizing inflammation through effective drug delivery systems like solid lipid nanoparticles aims to enhance treatment outcomes for conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis.
13) Developing:
Refers to the ongoing progress in pharmaceutical technology and drug formulation methods. The study presents a developing formulation, the solid lipid nanoparticles of Naproxen, highlighting advances in drug delivery systems aimed at overcoming limitations associated with conventional dosage forms.
14) Surface:
Describes the exterior characteristics of solid lipid nanoparticles, influencing their interaction with biological systems. The surface properties play a significant role in drug release profiles, cellular uptake, and overall effectiveness of the therapeutics delivered via these nanoparticles.
15) Pain:
A key symptom associated with rheumatoid arthritis, motivating the need for effective analgesic treatments. The formulation of Naproxen in solid lipid nanoparticles seeks to alleviate pain by ensuring better drug absorption and prolonged therapeutic effects, targeting relief for patients suffering from this chronic condition.
16) Discussion:
A critical section of the study where authors interpret their findings, compare results with existing literature, and identify implications of their research for clinical practice. This reflection provides insights on the significance of solid lipid nanoparticles for improving the therapeutic performance of Naproxen.
17) Stiffness:
Typically experienced by patients with rheumatoid arthritis, this symptom denotes reduced flexibility in joints. The study aims to develop delivery systems for NSAIDs that facilitate improved treatment of stiffness in affected individuals, thereby enhancing their quality of life.
18) Swelling:
A common symptom in inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, leading to discomfort and reduced mobility. Enhanced formulations of anti-inflammatory drugs like Naproxen focus on alleviating swelling effectively through optimized delivery mechanisms like solid lipid nanoparticles.
19) Quality:
Refers to the standard of the solid lipid nanoparticles produced in this study, which is essential for ensuring efficacy and safety. High quality in pharmaceutical formulations is critical for achieving consistent therapeutic outcomes and regulatory compliance.
20) Disease:
Refers to the various medical conditions addressed in the article, particularly rheumatoid arthritis. Understanding disease mechanisms is essential for researching novel therapeutic strategies, such as using solid lipid nanoparticles to deliver medications like Naproxen more effectively.
21) Ujjain:
A city in India mentioned as the source of the Naproxen sample provided by Herb Edge Healthcare Pvt. Ltd. The mention of Ujjain situates the research within a broader context of pharmaceutical sourcing and collaboration within the region.
22) Mysore:
Another geographical location in India associated with one of the co-authors, contributing to the multi-institutional aspect of the research. It emphasizes the collaborative nature of pharmaceutical research across different educational institutions in India.
23) Reason:
An explanation or motivation for conducting the study, driven by the need for better therapeutic interventions for conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. Understanding the reasons behind drug formulation development is fundamental in addressing specific healthcare challenges.
24) Medium:
Refers to the materials or agents used in the preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles, particularly the surfactants and solvents that facilitate the drug-lipid interactions. The choice of medium can significantly impact the characteristics of the final formulations.
25) Filling (Filled):
Indicates the process of loading the drug into the lipid nanoparticles during formulation preparation. The filling process is pivotal for ensuring effective encapsulation and optimal release profiles of the drug to achieve desired therapeutic effects.
26) Divya:
One of the co-authors of the study, contributing to the research on solid lipid nanoparticles. The inclusion of names signifies the collaborative effort in scientific research, where multiple individuals contribute their expertise towards a common goal.
27) Field:
Refers to the discipline of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences explored in the study. The term encompasses various aspects of drug formulation, delivery, and evaluation, aligning with advancements in the pharmaceutical industry aimed at improving therapeutic interventions.
28) Fever:
A common symptom that may be treated with NSAIDs like Naproxen. Its mention highlights the broader applicability of the drug beyond arthritis, showcasing its role in managing pain and inflammation associated with various medical conditions.
29) Gold (Golden):
In the context of this study, gold may refer to the coating used in electron scanning microscopy, which enhances imaging of the solid lipid nanoparticles. This mention underscores the importance of visualization techniques in analyzing the structural characteristics of the developed formulations.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Formulation and evaluation of solid lipid nanoparticles of naproxen’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Rheumatoid arthritis, Osteoarthritis, Tween 80, Arthritis, Zeta potential, Percentage yield, Solid lipid nanoparticle.