Nanoemulsion of Berberis aristata and Croton tiglium for tinea capitis.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Formulation and evaluation of nanoemulsion comprising of berberis aristata and croton tiglium as effective treatment for tinea capitis fungal infection
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Pramod A. Patil, Hemant S. Kandle, Ganesh Sarjerao Shelke, Pravin Tanaji Sathe, Vinayak Yashwant Rohile and Sayali Shivaji Chougule
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Formulation and evaluation of nanoemulsion comprising of berberis aristata and croton tiglium as effective treatment for tinea capitis fungal infection
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr202114-22274
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
This study explores the formulation and evaluation of a nanoemulsion derived from the extracts of Berberis aristata and Croton tiglium for the treatment of Tinea capitis, a fungal infection that affects the scalp and is primarily caused by dermatophytes like Trichophyton and Microsporum. Tinea capitis predominantly affects young children, especially in developing countries where conditions such as overcrowding and poor sanitation prevail. The goal of the research is to develop an effective treatment that can penetrate the skin better and has enhanced bioavailability compared to existing options in the market.
Nanoemulsion and its Benefits
Nanoemulsions, consisting of oil, water, and surfactants, are advanced drug delivery systems known for their small droplet size, which allows for improved absorption of drugs through biological membranes. The formulation of a nanoemulsion with Berberis aristata and Croton tiglium is intended to exploit the therapeutic properties of these herbal extracts while also enhancing stability and efficacy. Nanoemulsions offer benefits such as uniform dispersion of active ingredients, better stability, and controlled release patterns, which are conducive to transdermal applications, especially in treating fungal infections.
Evaluation of Formulation
The study included comprehensive preformulation and evaluation methods, which assessed various characteristics such as organoleptic properties, melting points, and spectral analysis for compatibility. Key evaluations were conducted on the physical properties including pH, viscosity, refractive index, and entrapment efficiency of the formulations. The optimal formulation showcased a pH range of 5.5 to 5.7, suitable for skin application, alongside an impressive drug content of 95.6% to 98.2%. The particle size measured approximately 85.3 nm, indicating the formulation's suitability for effective permeation through skin barriers.
Antifungal Activity
The nanoemulsion's antifungal efficiency was systematically evaluated against Trichophyton rubrum, the causative agent of Tinea capitis. The herbal formulations demonstrated significant antifungal activity in a dose-dependent manner, with the nanoemulsion showing superior efficacy compared to other dosage forms. The study reported a zone of inhibition measuring 2.5 cm, highlighting the enhanced performance of the nanoemulsion due to its unique characteristics that allow for better contact and interaction with the fungal pathogens.
Conclusion
The formulation of a nanoemulsion comprising Berberis aristata and Croton tiglium presents a promising advancement in treating Tinea capitis. The results indicate that the nanoemulsion not only optimizes the benefits of the herbal extracts but also significantly enhances their antifungal properties, suggesting a viable alternative to current treatments. Given the effectiveness observed in vitro, this formulation warrants further investigation for practical application in clinical settings to address the unmet medical need for effective treatments of scalp fungal infections, especially in vulnerable pediatric populations.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is Tinea capitis and how does it affect individuals?
Tinea capitis is a superficial fungal infection of the scalp that primarily affects children. It is caused by dermatophytes and can lead to hair loss and other symptoms like swelling and scaling.
What are the main ingredients used in the nanoemulsion?
The nanoemulsion comprises extracts from Berberis aristata and Croton tiglium, which are used for their antifungal properties in treating Tinea capitis.
What is the significance of nanoemulsion in drug formulation?
Nanoemulsions enhance drug penetration and bioavailability, improving therapeutic effects for transdermal applications, particularly useful for treating fungal infections.
How was the nanoemulsion for Tinea capitis prepared?
The nanoemulsion was prepared using high-pressure homogenization to optimize surfactant concentration, oil-water ratio, and other conditions, ensuring a stable and effective formulation.
What methods were used for evaluating the prepared nanoemulsion?
The nanoemulsion was evaluated based on appearance, pH, viscosity, drug content, entrapment efficiency, particle size, and in vitro drug release.
What were the findings regarding the antifungal activity of the nanoemulsion?
The nanoemulsion exhibited significant antifungal activity against Tinea capitis species, outperforming other formulations and achieving a zone of inhibition of 2.5 cm.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Nanoemulsion of Berberis aristata and Croton tiglium for tinea capitis.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Drug:
Drugs refer to chemical substances used for therapeutic purposes. In this study, the focus is on developing new drug formulations using extracts from medicinal plants, enhancing the potential of these herbal products in treating specific fungal infections effectively.
2) Berberis aristata:
Berberis aristata, commonly known as Indian barberry, is a medicinal plant recognized for its therapeutic properties, especially in traditional medicine. This study focuses on its extracts as a key component of the nanoemulsion formulated to treat fungal infections, showcasing its importance in alternative medicinal applications.
3) Croton tiglium:
Croton tiglium is a tropical plant whose seeds are utilized in traditional medicine for their medicinal properties. In the formulation studied, extracts from Croton tiglium contribute to the nanoemulsion's antifungal activity, underlining the significance of using natural products in treating conditions like Tinea capitis.
4) Patil:
Patil refers to Pramod A. Patil, the corresponding author of the study. His research highlights the formulation and evaluation of a novel nanoemulsion incorporating natural extracts. The contributions of authors like Patil are crucial in advancing pharmaceutical formulations and their applications in treating fungal infections.
5) Arrangement:
The term 'Arrangement' references the specific composition and structural setup of the nanoemulsion. This includes the ratios of oil, water, and surfactants in the formulation. A well-planned arrangement is vital to enhance the stability and efficacy of the delivery system in topical applications.
6) Study (Studying):
The 'Study' refers to the researched and systematic investigation carried out to formulate and evaluate the nanoemulsion containing extracts from Berberis aristata and Croton tiglium. Conducting thorough studies is essential to validate the effectiveness of the formulation and its potential as a treatment for Tinea capitis.
7) Activity:
'Activity' denotes the effectiveness of the formulated nanoemulsion in achieving the desired biological response, specifically its antifungal properties against Tinea capitis. Evaluating the activity is crucial to understanding the potential of the formulation as a therapeutic option in combating fungal infections.
8) Water:
Water serves as a fundamental component of the nanoemulsion, functioning as the aqueous phase. It plays a critical role in solubilizing the extracts and facilitating the delivery of active ingredients to the target site, making it essential in the formulation process for improving bioavailability.
9) Hair:
Hair is intrinsically linked to Tinea capitis, the fungal infection targeted in this study. The condition primarily affects the scalp and hair follicles. Understanding the relationship between hair health and fungal infections underlines the necessity for effective treatment formulations like the one explored herein.
10) Table:
'Table' refers to organized data presentations within the study that summarizes key findings, formulations, and results. Tables serve as important tools for conveying complex information concisely, such as composition details and evaluation metrics, enhancing readability and clarity for readers of the research.
11) Measurement:
Measurements encompass the collection of quantitative data throughout the study, including properties such as pH, viscosity, drug release percentages, and more. These measurements are vital to determining the stability, efficacy, and overall performance of the formulated nanoemulsion.
12) Disease:
'Disease' indicates the pathological condition targeted by the formulated nanoemulsion. In this context, Tinea capitis, a superficial fungal infection, represents the primary focus. Understanding diseases is fundamental to developing effective treatments and evaluating the potential benefits of new therapeutic approaches.
13) Substance:
'Substances' represent the various components involved in the formulation, including herbal extracts, surfactants, and other excipients. Understanding the role of these substances is key to assessing their interactions and contributions to the formulation's overall effectiveness and stability.
14) Medium:
'Medium' signifies the environment in which drug release studies are conducted. In this context, it refers to pH 7.4 phosphate buffer used for in vitro drug release testing, essential for assessing how well the nanoemulsion performs in a simulated physiological environment.
15) Maharashtra (Maharastra, Maha-rashtra):
Maharashtra is a state in India where the research was conducted. Its significance lies in providing the geographic context of the study, indicating the locality of the educational institutions involved and possibly reflecting regional medicinal practices and availability of herbal resources.
16) Science (Scientific):
'Scientific' pertains to the systematic and methodical approach adopted in this research. By applying scientific principles and methodologies, the study aims to establish credible findings regarding the formulation and evaluation of the herbal nanoemulsion's antifungal effectiveness.
17) Composite:
'Composite' refers to the combination of multiple components or ingredients within the nanoemulsion formulation. The composite nature highlights the integration of different herbal extracts and excipients, emphasizing the formulation strategy aimed at optimizing the delivery and effectiveness of the therapeutic agents.
18) Animal:
'Animal' refers to living organisms that can be used in research to model human diseases like Tinea capitis. Although the current study focuses on formulations, animal studies can provide significant insights into the effectiveness and safety of new drugs or treatments.
19) Sangli:
Sangli is a district in Maharashtra, India, which serves as the location of Rajarambapu College of Pharmacy, where the authors are affiliated. This geographic reference adds context to the study, linking the research to local academic and scientific efforts in pharmaceutical development.
20) Powder:
'Powder' denotes the form of Berberis aristata and Croton tiglium extracts used in the formulation process. The powdered form of herbal ingredients is commonly utilized in nanoemulsion production, impacting solubility and bioavailability of the active compounds in the resulting formulation.
21) India:
India is the country where the study and research took place. Its diverse flora provides a rich source of medicinal plants, making it relevant for studies exploring herbal formulations. The geographical context is significant for understanding traditional medicinal practices and regulatory environments.
22) Accumulation (Accumulating, Accumulate):
'Accumulated' refers to the buildup or clustering of particles over time, which could affect the stability and efficacy of the nanoemulsion. Managing and understanding this aspect through formulation adjustments is crucial for maintaining the performance of the therapeutic preparation.
23) Alleviation:
'Alleviation' signifies the reduction or relief of symptoms associated with diseases or conditions. In the context of this research, the goal of using the formulated nanoemulsion is to achieve alleviation of Tinea capitis symptoms by effectively combating the underlying fungal infection.
24) Discussion:
The 'Discussion' section of a study interprets the results and findings within a broader context, analyzing implications and potential applications of the research. This critical analysis is integral for deriving conclusions and facilitating advancements in the field of pharmaceutical formulations.
25) Developing:
'Developing' refers to the process of creating or improving a formulation, such as the nanoemulsion in this study. It encompasses research activities aimed at enhancing efficacy and stability, ultimately contributing to the advancement of innovative therapeutic options in medicine.
26) Scratching:
'Scratching' is a symptom commonly associated with Tinea capitis, resulting from itching caused by fungal infection. Understanding the symptomatology is crucial for evaluating treatment efficacy, as effective formulations should alleviate irritation and discomfort associated with the condition.
27) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
'Transform' refers to the process of changing or modifying a substance's state or structure. In the context of this research, it involves the transformation of herbal extracts into a nanoemulsion, which can enhance their bioavailability and therapeutic properties.
28) Kolhapur:
Kolhapur is a city in Maharashtra, India, associated with one of the educational institutions involved in the research study. Its mention provides contextual information about the locality and its relevance to the study, possibly reflecting regional expertise in pharmaceutical sciences.
29) Medicine:
'Medicine' broadly refers to the science and practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing illness. In this context, the study seeks to explore a novel form of medicine through the development of a nanoemulsion aimed at effectively treating Tinea capitis.
30) Swelling:
'Swelling' is another symptom of Tinea capitis that may accompany hair loss and irritation. Effective treatment should address inflammation as part of alleviating the overall condition, emphasizing the need for formulations capable of providing both antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects.
31) Fixation:
'Fixation' relates to the process of stabilizing the components of the formulation, ensuring a uniform distribution of active ingredients. Proper fixation is critical in maintaining the physical and chemical integrity of the nanoemulsion, thus affecting its performance as a topical treatment.
32) Catching (Catch, Catched):
'Catched' refers to the acquisition or transmission of fungal infections like Tinea capitis, often a result of indirect contact. Understanding how infections spread is essential for developing preventive strategies and effective treatments within the formulated pharmaceutical interventions.
33) Bitter:
'Bitter' describes a sensory characteristic commonly associated with some herbal extracts, potentially influencing patient acceptance and preference for formulations. This aspect is worth considering in the development of palatable or agreeable formulations for therapeutic use.
34) Filling (Filled):
'Filled' indicates the incorporation of ingredients into specific formulations, relevant to the preparation of the nanoemulsion used in this study. It underscores the importance of achieving the correct distribution and alignment of components, as it affects the final product's performance.
35) Horse:
'Horse' repeats the significance of animal sources in understanding the transmission of diseases like Tinea capitis, emphasizing the need for broader awareness in the context of veterinary and public health practices regarding zoonotic infections.
36) Glass:
'Glass' refers to the material often used in laboratory equipment, including vessels for measuring and observing chemical reactions or formulations. Its relevance lies in providing a reliable, non-reactive medium for conducting scientific experiments crucial for formulating effective therapies.
37) Death:
'Death' signifies the ultimate consequence of untreated infections and diseases. In the context of this study, it raises awareness about the potential severe outcomes of Tinea capitis if appropriate therapeutic interventions are not provided in a timely manner.
38) Rich (Rch):
'Rich' describes the abundance of resources, such as medicinal plants available in certain geographic regions like India. This richness is significant for studies aiming to explore traditional medicines and their potential integration into modern therapeutic practices.
39) Pur:
'Poor' relates to socio-economic conditions that may increase the prevalence of diseases like Tinea capitis. Understanding the impact of poverty and associated factors on health is essential for developing effective healthcare strategies and interventions tailored to underserved populations.
40) Dog:
'Dogs' signify another animal that can transmit Tinea capitis. Awareness about canine sources highlights the need for comprehensive public health information and measures to prevent transmission between animals and humans, emphasizing the importance of animal health in human disease prevention.