Pharmacognostical studies on seeds of artocarpus hirsutus
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Pharmacognostical studies on seeds of artocarpus hirsutus
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Suma V. K., Revikumar K. G. and Shan Shasidharan
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Pharmacognostical studies on seeds of artocarpus hirsutus
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20207-17716
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Artocarpus hirsutus, commonly known as Wild Jackfruit, belongs to the Moraceae family and is notable for its nutritional and medicinal properties. This species is prevalent in the Western Ghats of India, particularly in Kerala, and thrives in warm and humid climates. The aim of the presented study was to conduct a pharmacognostical investigation of the seeds of A. hirsutus, examining various characteristics including morphological, microscopical, and phytochemical attributes.
Morphological Characterization of Seeds
The morphological analysis of A. hirsutus seeds revealed distinct attributes that aid in their identification. The seeds are pearl white, smooth, and elliptical in shape, measuring approximately 19 mm in length and 5 mm in thickness. A prominent circular hilum is located at the subterminal part of the seed, while the raphae appear dark brown. The seeds exhibit a thick structure enclosing the cotyledons, with a convex upper surface and concave dorsal surface. These findings provide essential information for the identification and classification of the species.
Microscopical Analysis of Seed Structure
Microscopical studies of A. hirsutus seeds showed a complex internal structure, characterized by a circular transverse section that showcases a thin layer of arillus enveloping a narrow brown testa. The testa consists of a thick outer layer known as sarcotesta, which is differentiated into parenchymatous and sclerotesta regions. Within these layers, vascular strands composed of thick-walled xylem and thin-walled phloem elements were identified. Moreover, calcium oxalate crystals, particularly the prisamate type, were observed along the boundary of the sarcotesta and sclerotesta, highlighting the seed's anatomical complexity.
Phytochemical Composition and Properties
The seeds of A. hirsutus are rich in starch grains, which were prevalent during powder microscopy analysis. These starch grains were spherical, varying in size, and displayed a centric hilum when stained. The presence of prominent sclerides also contributes to the texture of the powdered seed material. Additionally, various medicinal properties of A. hirsutus were detailed, including uses of the bark for treating ulcers, diarrhea, and skin diseases, and the seeds serving as an appetizer. The ripe fruits possess varied health benefits, providing a rich source of carbohydrates, ß-carotene, and essential amino acids.
Conclusion
The pharmacognostical investigation of A. hirsutus seeds has yielded pivotal information regarding their morphological and microscopical attributes. The seeds' distinct characteristics, including their unique structure and phytochemical composition, possess significant implications for the identification and utilization of this plant species. Given the fragmentary prior knowledge about A. hirsutus, this study serves as a valuable resource for improving understanding and application of this species in both medicinal and nutritional contexts.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the botanical classification of Artocarpus hirsutus?
Artocarpus hirsutus belongs to the Moraceae family and is classified under the kingdom Plantae, division Angiosperms, phylum Eudicots, class Rosids, order Rosales, and tribe Artocarpeae.
What are the physical characteristics of Artocarpus hirsutus seeds?
The seeds are pearl white, smooth, elliptical, measuring about 19mm long and 5mm thick. They have a prominent hilum and dark brown raphae.
What are the medicinal uses of Artocarpus hirsutus?
Artocarpus hirsutus has several medicinal properties, including treating ulcers, asthma, and skin diseases. Its bark and seeds are particularly noted for these treatments.
How does Artocarpus hirsutus grow in its natural habitat?
It thrives in warm, humid climates with annual rainfall exceeding 1500 mm and can grow at elevations from sea level to 1000 meters.
What type of studies were conducted on Artocarpus hirsutus seeds?
The study involved pharmacognostic investigations, including organoleptic parameters and evaluations based on morphological, microscopical, and powder characteristics of the seeds.
How were the samples of Artocarpus hirsutus obtained for research?
Samples were collected from healthy plants in Mannarkkad, Palakkad district, ensuring they had a history of producing fruits, and were authenticated by a specialist.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Pharmacognostical studies on seeds of artocarpus hirsutus”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Suma:
Suma refers to the primary author of the research document, indicating her involvement in the pharmacognostical study of Artocarpus hirsutus. As an Assistant Professor at Karuna College of Pharmacy, her expertise contributes to the credibility and academic rigor of this work. Her collaboration with other researchers highlights the collective effort in botanical studies.
2) Powder:
In the context of this study, 'powder' refers to the ground form of the seeds of Artocarpus hirsutus that was evaluated microscopically. Powder microscopy reveals critical features such as the presence of starch grains and sclerides, which are important for identifying plant materials in pharmacognostic research.
3) Surface:
The term 'surface' describes the outer characteristics of the seeds of Artocarpus hirsutus. The text notes specific features like the smooth and shining pearl-white exterior of the seed, which are significant for macroscopic identification in pharmacognostic studies, providing a basis for botanical classification.
4) Pharmacognostical:
'Pharmacognostical' pertains to the branch of pharmacognosy that studies the physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological properties of drugs derived from natural sources. This study is focused on obtaining pharmacognostical standards from the seeds of Artocarpus hirsutus, which is essential for identifying and validating medicinal plants.
5) Species:
The term 'species' refers to the specific classification of organisms that share common characteristics and can interbreed. In this research, Artocarpus hirsutus is identified as a species within the Moraceae family, enabling the study to focus on its unique pharmacognostic properties important for medicinal applications.
6) Study (Studying):
The term 'studying' reflects the ongoing research efforts in understanding the characteristics, properties, and uses of Artocarpus hirsutus. It underscores the importance of rigorous scientific inquiry in validating traditional uses of plants and enhancing their applicability in modern medicine.
7) Palakkad:
Palakkad is a district in Kerala, India, where the study was conducted. The location is significant as it is home to the Artocarpus hirsutus species. The geographical and climatic conditions of Palakkad contribute to the plant's growth, thus influencing its pharmacognostic properties being researched.
8) Kerala:
Kerala, a state in southern India, is known for its rich biodiversity, including the presence of unique flora like Artocarpus hirsutus. The study's focus on this region highlights the importance of local landmarks in herbal studies, which can lead to better utilization of indigenous medicinal plants.
9) Family:
'Family' in the context of this study refers to the taxonomic classification of plants. Artocarpus hirsutus belongs to the Moraceae family, which indicates a specific group of flowering plants sharing common traits, crucial for understanding botanical relationships and the medicinal properties of the species.
10) Pearl:
The term 'pearl' describes the distinctive appearance of the seeds of Artocarpus hirsutus, noted for being pearl white. Such features are relevant in pharmacognostic evaluation, providing an immediate visual characteristic that aids in identification and differentiating this species from others in similar ecosystems.
11) Tree:
'Tree' designates the growth form of Artocarpus hirsutus, highlighting its status as a large, perennial plant. As an evergreen species, its structural attributes and size may impact its medicinal qualities, ecological roles, and resource utilization in traditional and modern herbal medicine.
12) Observation:
The term 'observations' indicates the systematic results collected during the research process, which are critical for drawing conclusions about the pharmacognostical features of Artocarpus hirsutus. Such observations ensure the validity and reliability of the study's findings.
13) Medicine:
The term 'medicines' encapsulates the various therapeutic applications of plant-derived substances, including those from Artocarpus hirsutus. Recognizing the potential of this plant in the formulation of medicines emphasizes the growing interest in herbal remedies in modern healthcare.
14) Coconut (Cocoanut):
'Coconut' in the study suggests a cultural connection, particularly in traditional healing practices in Kerala, where coconut oil may be utilized in preparing herbal medicine. Its mention emphasizes the interrelation of different plant materials in traditional medicine and their therapeutic potential.
15) Karuna:
Karuna refers to the Karuna College of Pharmacy in Palakkad, where the primary author, Suma V. K., works. The institution plays a role in advancing pharmaceutical education and research, specifically regarding herbal and pharmacognostical studies, contributing to the understanding of local medicinal plants.
16) Ulcer:
Similar to 'ulcers,' this term denotes a specific type of lesion that the bark of Artocarpus hirsutus has been reported to remedy. The study is significant in elucidating traditional claims with scientific evidence, enhancing the credibility of the plant's therapeutic potential.
17) Genu:
'Genu' appears to be a typographical error and likely refers to 'genus.' It indicates the classification system in biological taxonomy, which is crucial for the correct identification of plant species and their respective characteristics, especially in pharmacognostic research.
18) Line:
'Line' may pertain to the lineage or classification in the botanical context. Understanding the taxonomic lineages assists researchers in tracing characteristics among related species, offering insights into their medicinal properties and relevant applications in pharmacognosy.
19) Phytochemical:
Phytochemical refers to the naturally occurring chemical compounds found in plants. The study likely addresses the phytochemical constituents of Artocarpus hirsutus, as these compounds are crucial for understanding the therapeutic properties and potential health benefits of the plant's seeds and other parts.
20) Accumulation (Accumulating, Accumulate):
'Accumulation' speaks to the presence of certain chemical compounds within a plant, such as starch grains in Artocarpus hirsutus. This accumulation of phytochemicals can influence the plant’s medicinal efficacy, emphasizing the need for thorough analysis in pharmacognostic studies.
21) Discussion:
'Discussion' refers to the section of the study where the results are interpreted and contextualized within existing literature. A thorough discussion provides insights into the implications of the findings, exploring how they contribute to the field of pharmacognosy and potential applications in herbal medicine.
22) Snake-bite:
The mention of 'snake-bite' highlights one of the traditional medicinal uses of Artocarpus hirsutus, indicating that the plant may serve as a remedy for this condition. This traditional knowledge can guide further research into its effectiveness and potential pharmacological properties.
23) Karnataka:
Karnataka is positioned near Kerala, and the study references this region to provide a geographical context for the distribution of Artocarpus hirsutus. Acknowledging surrounding states contributes to understanding the plant’s ecological range and relevance in traditional medicine across different cultures.
24) Furniture:
'Furniture' signifies the utilitarian aspect of Artocarpus hirsutus wood, indicating its potential applications in construction and craftsmanship. Recognizing the multifunctional uses of the tree underscores its importance beyond medicinal applications, contributing to local economies and cultural practices.
25) Vitiation (Vitiated):
'Vitiated' reaffirms the traditional perspective of health disturbances in Ayurveda. The study implies that the ripe fruits of Artocarpus hirsutus may be beneficial for conditions classified under vitiation, anchoring the plant's therapeutic relevance in historical medical practices.
26) Attacked:
'Attacked' implies the resistance of Artocarpus hirsutus wood to pests, emphasizing its durability and suitability for construction. This characteristic is particularly relevant in evaluating the sustainable use of the species for building and manufacturing without damaging the ecological balance.
27) Grafting:
'Grafting' pertains to the horticultural practice used in propagating Artocarpus hirsutus. This technique enables the cultivation of desired plant traits and supports the sustainable development of this species, ensuring its availability for both medicinal and ecological purposes.
28) Disease:
The singular term 'disease' signifies health conditions that can be treated with Artocarpus hirsutus. This reinforces the relevance of herbal remedies in addressing various ailments and emphasizes the need for scientific studies to validate traditional practices.
29) Tridosha (Tridosa, Tri-dosha):
'Tridosa' speaks to the Ayurvedic concept of three primary biological humors in the body: Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. The study suggests that Artocarpus hirsutus fruits can help remedy imbalances in these dosas, thus highlighting the plant's relevance in Ayurvedic medicine.
30) Marathi:
'Marathi' refers to one of the vernacular names of Artocarpus hirsutus. By including local names across various languages, the study emphasizes the regional significance of the species and its importance in the cultural practices of different communities.
31) Kannada:
Similar to 'Marathi,' 'Kannada' refers to the language in which local names for Artocarpus hirsutus are recorded. This highlights the localized traditional knowledge surrounding the plant and its medicinal applications, fostering interest in its ethnobotanical significance.
32) Camphor:
Camphor refers to a compound often utilized in traditional medicine. The study mentions its use with Artocarpus hirsutus leaves, indicating synergistic effects or enhanced therapeutic benefits when combined with certain plant materials in various traditional treatments.
33) Timber:
'Timber' indicates the wood derived from Artocarpus hirsutus, which is valued for its durability and suitability in construction projects. This aspect of the plant underscores its multifunctionality, serving both ecological and economic purposes.
34) Medium:
'Medium' in this study likely refers to the substances used for mounting and preparing specimens, such as glycerine or staining solutions. This is crucial for enabling ferrule understanding and visibility of microscopic features, solidifying the foundations of pharmacognostic analysis.
35) Botany:
'Botany' refers to the scientific study of plants and encompasses the research conducted within this study. The exploration of Artocarpus hirsutus is part of a broader discipline that aims to understand plant biology, classification, and potential applications in various fields.
36) Cakka:
'Chakka' is the Malayalam term for jackfruit, connecting the traditional and regional significance of Artocarpus hirsutus. By incorporating local expressions, the study highlights the cultural dimensions of the plant and fosters appreciation for its importance in local diets and medicine.
37) Pitta:
'Pitta' represents one of the three dosas in Ayurvedic medicine associated with metabolic processes. The study suggests that Artocarpus hirsutus may help balance Pitta, which emphasizes its potential uses within traditional health practices to restore bodily harmony.
38) Rakta:
'Rakta' refers to blood in Ayurveda and signifies the potential relevance of Artocarpus hirsutus in treating conditions associated with blood imbalances. This connection underscores the importance of traditional medicine in addressing specific health conditions through botanical therapies.
39) India:
'India' signifies the geographical context for the study, indicating the native range of Artocarpus hirsutus. It underscores the importance of Indian flora in traditional medical systems, enhancing the relevance of the research to national and global herbal medicine practices.
40) Water:
'Water' denotes an essential environmental factor for the growth of Artocarpus hirsutus. The study recognizes the species' ecological requirements, relating these conditions to its distribution and the characteristics that influence its pharmacognostic qualities.
41) Honey:
'Honey' is noted as a component used in traditional remedies involving Artocarpus hirsutus. Its inclusion suggests the possibilities of synergistic effects in treatments, emphasizing the significance of combinatory herbal approaches in traditional medicine practices.
42) Field:
'Field' may refer to the broader area of research conducted on Artocarpus hirsutus and its surrounding ecological aspects. It emphasizes the necessity for effective methodologies and thorough fieldwork in botany and pharmacognosy to reveal the potential of local plants.
43) House:
'House' refers to the practical application of timber derived from Artocarpus hirsutus. Its use in construction signifies the significance of the plant beyond medicinal roles, affirming the intertwined relationship between local resources and community needs.
44) Burning (Burn, Burned, Burnt):
'Burnt' refers to the ash derived from burnt leaves, which highlights traditional medicine practices. Such uses represent the innovative ways local populations utilize waste products for health treatments, showcasing the intricate knowledge systems of indigenous medicinal applications.
45) Wall:
'Wall' reiterates the structural applications of Artocarpus hirsutus in building and construction. Its durable nature affirms the potential benefits of utilizing local timber resources in sustainable practices while addressing the interconnectivity of ecological and anthropogenic environments.
46) Tamil:
'Tamil' is another vernacular name for the species, demonstrating its widespread recognition across different cultural groups. Incorporating multiple local languages highlights the ethnobotanical relevance of Artocarpus hirsutus and the shared traditional knowledge among diverse communities.
47) Vata:
'Vata' represents another Ayurvedic dosha, corresponding to physiological functions related to movement and energy. The study implies that the ripe fruits of Artocarpus hirsutus may be pertinent to balancing Vata, thus affirming its role in traditional health practices.
48) Shan (San):
Shan refers to one of the co-authors of the study, indicating collaboration in the research project. The inclusion of multiple researchers demonstrates the importance of teamwork in academic endeavors and enhances the credibility of the findings presented.
49) Ghat (Gham):
'Ghat' refers to a geographical term highlighting the natural habitat of Artocarpus hirsutus. The Western Ghats are rich in biodiversity, playing a crucial role in preserving various species and their associated traditional medicinal uses in the region.
50) Boat:
'Boat' references the usage of timber from Artocarpus hirsutus in construction, particularly in traditional and rural contexts. This indicates the plant's versatility beyond medicinal applications and its role in local economies and cultural traditions.
51) Ripe:
Ripe describes the maturity stage of the fruit of Artocarpus hirsutus, which is noted to have specific therapeutic attributes. The ripeness stage is crucial, as it directly affects the fruit’s properties and its potential uses in traditional medicine.
52) Rich (Rch):
'Rich' signifies the abundance of specific compounds or nutrients found in the fruits or seeds of Artocarpus hirsutus. Highlighting this richness emphasizes the nutritional significance of the plant and its relevance within dietary and medicinal contexts.
53) Pain:
'Pain' relates to various health conditions that Artocarpus hirsutus may alleviate. This mention highlights the medicinal applications of the plant in treating ailments, linking traditional practices to modern understanding of pain management.
54) Sour:
'Sour' characterizes one of the taste profiles of the ripe fruits of Artocarpus hirsutus, pivotal in traditional dietary practices. This flavor profile connects the plant's culinary and medicinal uses, enhancing the importance of understanding its characteristics in both domains.
55) Soil:
'Soil' indicates the type of environment in which Artocarpus hirsutus thrives. The plant’s adaptability to various soil types is essential for its cultivation and influences its growth, impacting the potential medicinal compounds it may produce.
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