Abrak (mica) and its unani formulations– review

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Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Abrak (mica) and its unani formulations– review
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Author:

Mustehasan and Misbahuddin Azhar


World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:

(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)

Full text available for: Abrak (mica) and its unani formulations– review

Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research

Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20208-18339


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Summary of article contents:

Introduction

The Unani system of medicine, which originated in India during the eighth century, is rooted in the Hippocratic theory of the four humours. This system emphasizes the use of various drugs to treat a range of diseases, including respiratory disorders. Among these drugs is Abrak, a mineral also known as mica, which has been utilized in Unani medicine for centuries. This comprehensive review delves into the characteristics, applications, and potential pharmacological benefits of Abrak, particularly focusing on its formulation known as Kushta Abrak.

Understanding Abrak and Its Varieties

Abrak, or mica, is classified as a non-metallic mineral comprising alumina-silicate and distinguished by its ability to split into thin, plate-like structures. It presents in various colors, primarily black and white, with the black variety considered superior for medicinal applications. In Unani studies, Abrak possesses several therapeutic properties, including astringent, antitussive, and antipyretic actions. Its effectiveness in treating conditions such as sexual debility, cough, and bronchial asthma highlights its importance in traditional remedies. The formulation of Kushta Abrak, which refers to its calx form, has also been in use for treating numerous ailments for a long time.

Therapeutic Applications of Kushta Abrak

Kushta Abrak is noted for its multiple therapeutic uses particularly in managing respiratory disorders. For instance, it serves as an effective treatment for symptoms associated with bronchial asthma, cough, and general respiratory distress. Historically, adverse effects from unpurified Abrak have been linked to oral consumption, leading to irritation in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, strict purification methods are recommended prior to its medical applications. When consumed correctly, Kushta Abrak can effectively address various health conditions, including excessive uterine bleeding and inflammation in soft tissue areas.

Action Mechanisms and Dosage Recommendations

The actions attributed to Abrak are diverse and recognized in Unani literature, encompassing properties like desiccant, aphrodisiac, and blood purifying effects. In terms of dosages, Unani practitioners typically recommend a therapeutic dose of 125 mg of Kushta Abrak in its calx form, highlighting its potency at relatively low dosages. These noted actions suggest that Abrak may provide rapid benefits in treating afflicted patients, particularly those with respiratory issues. However, caution is advised against its use in individuals with certain health conditions, such as kidney and spleen disorders.

Conclusion

The extensive study and historical use of Abrak in Unani medicine affirm its therapeutic value, particularly within formulations like Kushta Abrak, which has versatile applications in treating respiratory and sexual disorders. Despite limited modern clinical trials on the safety and efficacy of Abrak, traditional literature indicates promising results in various health contexts. As the contemporary medical landscape explores integrative approaches during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, there exists a considerable opportunity to investigate classical Unani formulations such as Kushta Abrak further, potentially uncovering new avenues for effective treatments.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What is Abrak and its varieties used in Unani medicine?

Abrak, a non-metallic mineral also known as mica, has four varieties: black, white, yellow, and red. Black and white Abrak are medicinally important, with black being of superior quality.

What therapeutic actions does Abrak have in Unani medicine?

Abrak is recognized for its astringent, aphrodisiac, antitussive, anti-asthmatic, and antipyretic properties. It's used to treat conditions such as hemorrhage, sexual debility, fever, cough, and bronchial asthma.

What are the traditional uses of Kushta Abrak?

Kushta Abrak is used to manage respiratory disorders, sexual debility, and various other ailments. It’s particularly noted for its effectiveness in treating bronchial asthma and cough.

How is Abrak recommended to be consumed for therapeutic purposes?

For therapeutic benefits, Abrak is typically consumed in a dosage of 125 mg as Kushta, often mixed with honey, herbal extracts, or in specific formulations to enhance its effects.

What precautions are advised when using Abrak?

Individuals with kidney or spleen issues should avoid Abrak. Additionally, workers in the mica industry may experience skin, eye irritations, or respiratory issues from chronic exposure to mica dust.

How is Abrak purified before use in formulations?

To purify Abrak, it is pounded, soaked, and vigorously rubbed in hot water. The process ensures removal of impurities before it's used in Unani formulations.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Abrak (mica) and its unani formulations– review”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Mica:
Mica, particularly Abrak, is a non-metallic mineral composed of alumina-silicate. Its unique properties such as resistance to heat and insulation are vital in Unani medicine. It is used in various medicinal formulations, highlighting its significance in both traditional therapies and modern pharmacological studies.

2) Medicine:
Medicine refers to the science and practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease. In the context of this text, Unani medicine focuses on holistic approaches, utilizing natural substances like mica to formulate treatments for various ailments, which underscores the interconnectedness of natural remedies and traditional practices.

3) Water:
Water is a crucial solvent in medicinal formulations, including those involving mica. In Unani medicine, it is used to prepare medicinal pastes and to purify materials. Its role in enhancing the bioavailability of active compounds makes it an essential component in conventional and alternative medical preparations.

4) Disease:
Diseases encompass a broad category of health issues addressed in traditional medicine. The approach of Unani medicine involves comprehensive treatment plans using substances like mica to target various diseases, emphasizing the use of natural remedies in managing complex health conditions.

5) Drug:
Drugs are substances utilized for therapeutic purposes. In this review, the focus on mineral drugs, specifically mica-based formulations, illustrates the role of natural compounds in the pharmacopoeia of Unani medicine, emphasizing their potential benefits in various health conditions.

6) Bleeding:
Bleeding is the loss of blood, potentially life-threatening depending on the severity. In Unani medicine, treatments involving mica target bleeding conditions by utilizing the astringent properties of Abrak. This highlights the application of natural substances in managing critical health issues effectively.

7) Honey:
Honey is a natural substance often used as a sweetener and a medicinal ingredient in traditional systems like Unani medicine. Its combination with mica formulations aids in improving palatability while enhancing therapeutic effects, showcasing the synergy between traditional ingredients and health benefits.

8) Mineral:
Minerals form the basis for many natural medications and remedies. The focus on specific minerals like mica in Unani medicine emphasizes the reliance on earth's natural resources to formulate treatments, reinforcing the connection between geosciences and health.

9) India:
India serves as a significant region for the study and application of Unani medicine, which amalgamates various cultural and medicinal practices. The presence of mica in states like Jharkhand and Andhra Pradesh highlights the geographical and historical significance of local resources in traditional medicine.

10) Bronchial asthma:
Bronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by airway inflammation and obstruction. Treatments involving mica in Unani medicine illustrate its role in managing respiratory diseases, showcasing the potential of natural remedies in alleviating symptoms and improving patients' quality of life.

11) Purification:
Purification is essential in the preparation of medicinal substances, including mica. The method described ensures that Abrak is free from impurities, thereby enhancing its therapeutic value. This process is critical in traditional medicine to ensure the safety and efficacy of the final product.

12) Debility:
Debility refers to a state of physical weakness, often addressed in Unani medicine. Mica's use in formulas for addressing sexual debility exemplifies how traditional practices seek to restore vitality and address health complaints through natural mineral sources.

13) Leprosy:
Leprosy, a chronic infectious disease, highlights the need for effective treatments. Unani formulations involving mica serve as historical references for managing such diseases, showcasing how traditional practices continue to hold relevance in the context of contemporary health challenges.

14) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological studies are essential to validate the effectiveness and safety of medicinal substances. Investigating the pharmacological actions of mica furthers the understanding of its therapeutic potential within Unani medicine, bridging traditional uses with modern scientific validation.

15) Toxicity:
Toxicity refers to the degree to which a substance is harmful. The mention of toxicity studies related to mica in Unani formulations underlines the importance of assessing safety before use, which is crucial for ensuring the well-being of patients relying on traditional remedies.

16) Quality:
Quality is vital for any drug or treatment. The assessment of mica's purity and preparation methods reveals the significance of maintaining high-quality standards in Unani medicines, ensuring that therapeutic claims are backed by effective and safe practices.

17) Jaggery:
Jaggery, a traditional sweetener, is often utilized in Unani formulations. Its role in enhancing the palatability and efficacy of medicinal preparations demonstrates the integration of dietary elements in therapeutic practices, emphasizing the holistic approach within traditional medicine.

18) Fever:
Fever is a common symptom of various health conditions. In Unani medicine, mica's antipyretic properties illustrate its role in managing febrile conditions, drawing on traditional knowledge that identifies effective natural remedies for common ailments.

19) Tinospora cordifolia:
Tinospora cordifolia, known for its medicinal properties, is often combined with mica in formulations. This highlights the collaborative use of various plants and minerals in Unani medicine to enhance therapeutic effects and create synergistic benefits for patients.

20) clarified butter:
Clarified butter, or ghee, is used as a medium in many Unani formulations. Its role in enhancing absorption and enhancing the flavor of medicinal preparations shows the importance of dietary components in the efficacy of traditional remedies.

21) New Delhi:
New Delhi serves as a hub for research and development in traditional medicine, including Unani. Institutions such as CCRUM located in the city play a significant role in the study and promotion of traditional practices, contributing to modern healthcare.

22) Abhraka:
Abhraka is a term used for mica in Unani medicine. The use of Abrak illustrates how traditional texts categorize and utilize natural minerals for therapeutic purposes, underlining the importance of local resources in holistic healthcare practices.

23) Manduka (Mamduka):
Manduka refers to a type of mica characterized by its reaction to heat, specifically producing sounds. Understanding its properties enables practitioners to classify and utilize various types of mica in Unani medicine for diverse therapeutic actions.

24) Science (Scientific):
Science plays a crucial role in validating traditional remedies. Investigating how mineral drugs like mica work physiologically brings a scientific basis to Unani medicine, allowing for the integration of established knowledge with modern methodologies.

25) Andhra (Amdhra):
Andhra Pradesh is significant for its mineral resources, including mica. This geographic relevance showcases the integration of local materials in traditional practices, reflecting the relationship between environment and health in Unani medicine.

26) Powder:
Powdered forms of substances, including mica, are essential in Unani preparations. The transformation of mica into powder facilitates its incorporation into formulations, illustrating the practical aspects of preparation and administration in traditional medicine.

27) Vajra:
Vajra denotes a type of mica based on its heat resistance. Recognizing different varieties in Unani medicine allows practitioners to select appropriate materials for specific therapeutic uses, emphasizing a nuanced approach to resource utilization.

28) Delhi:
Delhi, as a center for traditional medicine research, plays a pivotal role in the development and recognition of Unani practices. Institutions here contribute significantly to the study of minerals like mica in contemporary health solutions.

29) Sora (Shora):
Shora, or potassium nitrate, is a chemical compound often used in Unani formulations. Its inclusion with mica indicates the collaboration between plant-based and mineral substances to enhance therapeutic effectiveness in traditional medicine.

30) Tamil:
Tamil culture, with its ancient practices of medicine, often integrates herbs and minerals in traditional remedies. This reflects the regional diversity of treatments within Indian systems of medicine and their reliance on locally available resources.

31) Gilo:
Gilo, or Tinospora cordifolia, is commonly employed in Unani medicine for its health benefits. Its use alongside mica underscores the combinatorial approach of utilizing various substances to formulate effective treatments addressing specific ailments.

32) Mani:
Mani refers to seminal fluid in Unani texts, particularly in the context of therapies addressing sexual health. Mica's application in formulations directed at enhancing male vitality showcases how traditional practices address complex personal health issues.

33) Ovid:
Ovid is a database that provides access to medical literature. Its utilization indicates the importance of scholarly research in validating the claims surrounding the therapeutic use of traditional substances like mica within modern scientific frameworks.

34) Terminalia chebula:
Terminalia chebula, or myrobalan, is recognized for its medicinal properties. Its complementary use with mica illustrates how Unani medicine combines multiple natural ingredients to target a range of health conditions, revealing the complexity of traditional formulations.

35) Piper longum:
Piper longum, known as long pepper, is often used in Unani formulations. Its inclusion with mica enhances the effectiveness of remedies aimed at respiratory ailments, highlighting the significance of synergistic herb-mineral combinations in traditional healing practices.

36) Asparagus racemosus:
Asparagus racemosus, or shatavari, is valued for its adaptogenic properties. Its combination with mica in formulations targeting female health depicts the comprehensive nature of Unani medicine, which looks at holistic well-being for different gender-specific health concerns.

37) Raphanus sativus:
Raphanus sativus, or radish, is used in the purification and preparation of Unani medicines. Its application showcases the integration of various plant juices alongside minerals like mica to enhance the therapeutic impact of formulations.

38) Pharmacology:
Pharmacology is the science of drug action and mechanisms. In the context of Unani medicine, understanding the pharmacological basis of mineral drugs like mica facilitates modern investigations into their efficacy, safety, and potential applications in healthcare.

39) Tuberculosis:
Tuberculosis is a significant infectious disease targeted in Unani medicine. Treatments incorporating mica illustrate how traditional approaches can address serious health conditions, emphasizing the long-standing role of natural remedies in managing chronic illnesses.

40) Inflammation:
Inflammation is a critical biological response involved in many diseases. Mica's anti-inflammatory properties, as recognized in Unani formulations, highlight its potential therapeutic role in alleviating symptoms associated with various inflammatory conditions.

41) Arrangement:
Arrangement refers to the specific structural characteristics of minerals like mica, which is characterized by its layered form. Understanding these properties is necessary for effectively utilizing these minerals in medicinal applications, showcasing the intersection of geology and medicine.

42) Tamilnadu (Tamil-nadu):
Tamil Nadu, as a region with rich traditional medicine practices, contributes to the understanding of natural remedies. The cultural context of Unani medicine, along with local resources like mica, exemplifies how regional diversity influences approaches to healing.

43) Toxicology:
Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of substances on organisms. The evaluation of the toxicity of mica in medicinal contexts is crucial for ensuring patient safety and establishing guidelines for its therapeutic use within traditional medicine.

44) Irritation:
Irritation refers to a harmful response that can result from exposure to substances like mica. Understanding potential irritations informs the preparation and application methods in Unani medicine, emphasizing patient care and safety in therapeutic practices.

45) Karnataka:
Karnataka is another region in India known for its mineral wealth, including mica. The availability of local resources contributes to the use of traditional substances in Unani medicine, fostering a rich interplay between geography and health practices.

46) Rajasthan:
Rajasthan is known for its historical practices in medicine and rich natural resources, including mica. The state’s contribution to the field of Unani medicine showcases the role of regional biodiversity in sustaining traditional healing practices.

47) Container:
Containers are essential for storing, handling, and preparing medicinal substances. Advances in container technology ensure the preservation of medicinal properties of ingredients like mica, contributing to effective practices in Unani formulations.

48) Painting:
Painting is an artistic representation that can incorporate materials like mica for effects. This artistic usage parallels the medicinal significance of mica, which shows the multifaceted role of natural substances in culture and traditional practices.

49) Gujarati:
Gujarati traditions in medicine add to the tapestry of Indian healthcare practices. The incorporation of local languages and terms, including mica usage in medicinal contexts, highlights the diversity and richness of regional healthcare methods within Unani medicine.

50) Pounding:
Pounding is a method used in traditional practices to prepare minerals like mica for medicinal use. This technique exemplifies the importance of manual preparation processes in ensuring the efficacy and quality of Unani therapeutic formulations.

51) Sanskrit:
Sanskrit is often used in classical texts to describe medicinal properties and formulations. Its relevance in the description and classification of substances like mica highlights the historical significance of language in documenting and preserving traditional medical practices.

52) Kerala:
Kerala is known for its rich biodiversity and traditional healing practices. The regional availability of minerals, such as mica, plays a vital role in the applications of Unani medicine, showcasing the influence of local ecosystems on health practices.

53) Bengal (Bemgal):
Bengal, with its cultural diversity and historical medical practices, contributes to the broader understanding of traditional medicine in India. The relationship between regional resources, like mica, and health practices illustrates the rich interplay of tradition and nature in medicinal applications.

54) Riding:
Riding refers to the mention of locations, such as the AMU Riding Club, which contextualizes the geographical and cultural references within traditional medical literature. Such references ground the study of Unani medicine in specific localities, enhancing its cultural relevance.

55) Insect:
Insects are often associated with various health conditions and reactions. Understanding the impact of natural substances like mica in treating insect bites or related irritations demonstrates the comprehensive nature of Unani medicine in addressing a range of health issues.

56) Ajmer:
Ajmer is a city in Rajasthan highlighted for its historical significance. Its role in the extraction of minerals such as mica relates to the regional contributions to Unani medicine, illustrating local resource utilization for health needs.

57) Roman (Roma):
The reference to Roman practices showcases the historical breadth of medicinal uses across cultures. Mica, having been utilized globally, reflects how ancient civilizations recognized and harnessed the therapeutic properties of natural substances in their healthcare practices.

58) Glass:
Glass, particularly in ancient contexts, could reference the use of mica as a component in creating transparent materials. This illustrates the multifunctional value of natural minerals, linking art, architecture, and health practices across cultures.

59) Sugar:
Sugar, including jaggery, is widely employed in Unani medicine for its sweetness and therapeutic properties. Its inclusion in formulations featuring mica emphasizes the role of palatable ingredients in enhancing the effectiveness of traditional remedies.

60) Hindi (Himdi):
Hindi is a primary language in India, often used to communicate traditional medical concepts. The incorporation of Hindi in discussing Unani practices highlights the importance of language in making traditional medicine accessible and understandable to broader audiences.

61) Earth:
Earth serves as the foundation for natural resources, including minerals used in medicine. The discussion surrounding mica relates to how these natural elements form the basis of traditional remedies, illustrating the intimate connection between earth science and health.

62) Paddy:
Paddy, or rice, can play a role in the preparation of certain traditional medicines. Its mention alongside mica indicates the integrative nature of Unani formulations that utilize locally sourced ingredients for improved therapeutic effects.

63) Blood:
Blood is a critical component of health, closely monitored in various medical conditions. The reference to blood purification in Unani practices using mica indicates the mineral's application in addressing hematological issues through natural interventions.

64) Surata (Surat, Su-rata, Shurata):
Surat, known for its historical relevance, may provide insights into regional medicinal practices. Its connections to the local sourcing of minerals, such as mica, underscore the geographical dimension of traditional medicine in addressing health conditions.

65) Kham (khams, Khaam):
Khaam (raw) refers to unprocessed forms of materials used in traditional medicine. The application of khaam mica highlights the importance of understanding various forms of substances in their therapeutic use within Unani practices.

66) Hand:
The hand denotes manual techniques employed in traditional medicine, such as the careful preparation of mica. This underscores the importance of craftsmanship and traditional knowledge in the efficacy and safety of medicinal formulations.

67) Naga (Nag):
Naag refers to another classification of mica based on heat reactions in traditional literature. This specific identification shows the nuanced understanding of mineral properties in tailoring therapeutic uses within Unani medicine.

68) Nadu:
Nadu indicates regional varieties or cultural practices within the Indian context. Recognizing local practices in Tamil Nadu, for instance, enriches the understanding of how traditional medicine adapts to geographic and cultural specifics in health approaches.

69) Pali (Palin):
Pali, as a reference point, emphasizes the geographical significance of mineral sources within Rajasthan. Its mention highlights local contributions to resource availability for traditional practices, illustrating regional diversity in healing approaches.

70) Wall:
Walls can metaphorically represent barriers to knowledge in traditional medicine. The context refers to how the transfer and sharing of practices either expand or constrict the understanding of the application of substances like mica in holistic healthcare.

71) Salt (Salty):
Salt, as a common remedy and preservative, may have medicinal roles in formulations alongside mica. Its inclusion signifies traditional understandings of natural compounds and their synergistic effects in optimizing health benefits.

72) Male:
Male, in the context of sexual health, indicates the focus of certain Unani formulations. Utilizing substances like mica for male debility reflects how traditional medicine addresses gender-specific issues through natural remedies.

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