Guillain-Barré Syndrome: A Binational Study on Prescribing Patterns

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Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Retrospective study on prescribing pattern of guillain barre syndrome, a binational study, india and iran
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Author:

Ali Alipour, Balakeshwar Ramaiah, Mostafa Azadbakht


World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:

(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)

Full text available for: Retrospective study on prescribing pattern of guillain barre syndrome, a binational study, india and iran

Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research

Doi: 10.20959/wjpr202010-17979

Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved


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Summary of article contents:

1) Introduction

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is a rare, acute-onset autoimmune disorder characterized by the immune system attacking the peripheral nerves, leading to muscle weakness and potentially paralysis. It often follows an infection, manifesting symptoms such as tingling and weakness beginning in the legs and arms. The syndrome has several pathological subtypes, primarily diagnosed through clinical history, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, and electrodiagnostic testing. The mortality rate associated with GBS can be significant due to complications such as respiratory failure, emphasizing the importance of accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment.

2) Diagnosis and Subtypes of Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A key aspect of diagnosing GBS involves recognizing its varied presentations, which may include acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), and the Miller-Fisher variant among others. The diagnosis relies heavily on the patient's symptoms, history of infections, and diagnostic tests indicating elevated protein levels in the CSF with a low white blood cell count. Neurological examinations often reveal diminished reflexes and muscle weakness, assisting in differentiating GBS from other conditions with similar presentations. Accurate early diagnosis is crucial for effective intervention and improved patient outcomes.

3) Treatment Approaches for GBS

Two primary treatments for GBS exist: plasma exchange (PE) and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy. Both treatments are most effective when administered within two weeks of symptom onset, and they help mitigate the immune attack on the nerves. PE involves removing antibodies from the blood, while IVIg delivers antibodies that can alleviate the immune response. Studies suggest that both treatments significantly reduce recovery time and improve patient prognosis. A thorough assessment of treatment options and individualized patient care plans are essential for optimizing recovery and reducing the severity of GBS symptoms.

4) Epidemiological and Demographic Insights

The retrospective study highlighted demographics and clinical features of GBS in Indian and Iranian populations, showing variations in age, gender, and clinical presentation. Notably, the highest incidence of GBS occurred in individuals aged 21 to 30, with females being more affected than males. Understanding these epidemiological factors is crucial for improving awareness and early diagnosis among healthcare providers. The study further elucidated the prevalence of co-morbid conditions and identified key symptoms experienced by patients, aiding in the development of targeted interventions.

5) Conclusion

The findings from this retrospective study underscore the importance of early recognition, accurate diagnosis, and prompt treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome to enhance patient outcomes. It emphasizes that treatment, particularly with IVIg or plasma exchange, can significantly influence recovery and reduce long-term complications. Additionally, raising awareness regarding the syndrome, particularly among healthcare professionals, is vital given its life-threatening potential and the variability in how it presents across different populations. Implementing educational initiatives can help improve patient care and outcomes in individuals diagnosed with GBS.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What is Guillain-Barre syndrome and how does it affect the body?

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks peripheral nerves, causing rapid-onset muscle weakness and possible paralysis. Symptoms often begin as tingling in the extremities and can progress to severe weakness.

What are the common symptoms of Guillain-Barre syndrome?

Common symptoms of GBS include weakness in arms and legs, sensory disturbances such as tingling, loss of reflexes, and severe cases can lead to difficulty breathing, facial muscle weakness, and autonomic dysfunction.

What are the main treatment options for Guillain-Barre syndrome?

Main treatments for GBS are plasma exchange (plasmapheresis) and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). Both treatments help reduce the immune attack on nerves and are most effective if started early.

How is Guillain-Barre syndrome diagnosed?

GBS diagnosis involves clinical evaluation of symptoms, nerve conduction studies, and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid for elevated protein levels. A spinal tap may be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

What are the risk factors for developing Guillain-Barre syndrome?

Risk factors for GBS include recent infections (especially respiratory or gastrointestinal), surgery, certain vaccinations, and some viral infections like Zika and Campylobacter. However, it can occur in any individual.

What is the prognosis for patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome?

Most patients with GBS recover partially or completely within weeks to months. The recovery rate varies, with approximately 85% of people recovering fully or nearly fully within a year.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Guillain-Barré Syndrome: A Binational Study on Prescribing Patterns”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Barre:
The term 'Barre' in 'Guillain-Barre syndrome' refers to the French neurologist Jean-Alexander Barre, one of the first to describe this specific syndrome in the early 20th century alongside Georges Guillain. It highlights the historical significance of clinical observations and medical advances in understanding neurological disorders caused by autoimmune mechanisms.

2) Study (Studying):
The word 'Study' is crucial in the context of medical research, as it signifies systematic investigation aimed at discovering and understanding health-related issues. The study on Guillain-Barre syndrome attempts to gather data on its occurrence, demographics, symptoms, treatments, and outcomes, contributing essential knowledge to the medical community.

3) Disease:
'Diseases' encompass various health conditions that individuals may encounter, including autoimmune disorders like Guillain-Barre syndrome. Researching multiple diseases allows healthcare professionals to identify shared risk factors, co-morbidities, and implement effective preventive strategies and treatment plans for improved patient care.

4) Table:
The term 'Table' typically features in research articles to present data in an organized format. Tables can summarize patient demographics, treatment outcomes, or symptom prevalence. In this study, they serve as an efficient way to communicate complex data clearly, helping readers grasp essential information quickly.

5) Blood:
'Blood' is vital for discussing Guillain-Barre syndrome, as the disease often affects the immune system's ability to function correctly, which includes blood components like antibodies. Understanding blood profiles through tests (like CSF analysis) is essential for diagnosis, guiding effective treatment and management strategies in patients.

6) India:
'India' in this study context refers to one of the two countries being analyzed for 사례 of Guillain-Barre syndrome. The mention is significant for understanding regional epidemiology, treatment patterns, and demographic variables influencing the prevalence and characteristics of the disease in this geographical region.

7) Aman (A-man):
'AMAN' stands for Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy, a variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome. This subtype significantly affects patient prognosis and treatment strategies, necessitating a deeper understanding of its clinical features and how it differs from other forms like Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP).

8) Drug:
'Drugs' signify various medications utilized in managing Guillain-Barre syndrome, including IVIg and plasmapheresis. Studying their patterns, efficacy, and safety is crucial to optimizing treatment protocols and improving patient outcomes while minimizing adverse reactions connected to polypharmacy in sick individuals.

9) Viru:
'Viru' likely alludes to viruses that can trigger Guillain-Barre syndrome, such as the Zika virus, Epstein-Barr virus, or Mycoplasma bacteria. Understanding these pathogens is crucial for identifying potential antecedent infections leading to the development of GBS and assessing risk factors for affected patients.

10) Male:
'Male' denotes one of the two genders studied in relation to Guillain-Barre syndrome. Gender may influence the incidence, presentation, and outcomes of the disorder. Research often explores these differences to inform gender-sensitive therapeutic approaches and enhance overall understanding of the disease's epidemiology.

11) Bleeding:
'Bleeding' refers to blood loss, which can be a concern in Guillain-Barre syndrome patients, especially those on anticoagulants. Monitoring for signs of bleeding is essential during treatment as it can complicate management, highlighting the need for careful medication oversight to prevent adverse effects.

12) Sign:
'Sign' in medical contexts often refers to observable evidence of a disease, distinguishing it from symptoms expressed by patients. Identifying key signs of Guillain-Barre syndrome, such as progressive muscle weakness and sensory changes, is crucial for timely diagnosis and intervention, impacting recovery chances.

13) Pain:
'Pain' is a critical symptom often experienced in Guillain-Barre syndrome, manifesting as discomfort or aching due to nerve damage. Understanding pain pathways and effective management practices is fundamental for improving the quality of life of affected patients during clinical recovery.

14) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibiotics are medications used to treat bacterial infections, which may accompany Guillain-Barre syndrome in some cases. Their administration should be judicious to avoid resistance and complications, particularly in immunocompromised patients, which is vital in the overall management strategy.

15) Life:
'Life' relates to the holistic understanding of patient wellbeing post-Guillain-Barre syndrome treatment. Analyzing how this disease and its treatment impact overall quality of life helps healthcare professionals design supportive interventions for improved recovery and reintegration of patients into normal activities.

16) Developing:
'Developing' is pertinent in the context of identifying emerging patterns of Guillain-Barre syndrome, especially in low-resource settings. Understanding how the syndrome manifests in developing countries can inform public health initiatives and enhance healthcare delivery in those regions to improve outcomes.

17) Relative:
'Relative' may refer to familial connections, highlighting genetic predisposition in disease occurrence or may also indicate relative comparisons between the study groups of India and Iran. This perspective helps to understand environmental and genetic factors influencing disease variability.

18) Krishna (Krsna):
'Krishna' references one of the researchers associated with the study. Recognizing contributors is essential to acknowledge the efforts made in advancing our understanding of Guillain-Barre syndrome and promoting collaboration within the scientific community to build upon existing knowledge.

19) Indian:
'Indian' contextualizes the population group involved in the study of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Understanding cultural, environmental, and genetic factors affecting this demographic aids in tailored health interventions, enhancing effective management strategies specific to India's healthcare landscape.

20) Death:
'Death' is a significant outcome measure in studies of Guillain-Barre syndrome as the disease can lead to life-threatening complications. Recognizing risk factors associated with mortality in affected populations is vital for improving clinical management and ensuring timely intervention strategies.

21) Cina:
'China' may refer to comparative epidemiology and case studies related to Guillain-Barre syndrome. Including data from China enriches the findings and encourages collaboration among international research communities to identify global trends and effective treatment strategies across different populations.

22) Attacking:
'Attacking' relates to the immune system's behavior in Guillain-Barre syndrome, where it mistakenly attacks the peripheral nerves. This autoimmune response elucidates the underlying pathophysiology of GBS, guiding therapeutic interventions to modulate this inappropriate immune activity effectively.

23) Sagar (Sagár):
'Sagar' references a specific hospital in India significant for the patient population observed in the study of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Hospital settings often influence treatment strategies, outcomes, and adherence to protocols, providing unique insights into localized healthcare practices.

24) Fever:
'Fever' is a common non-specific symptom often associated with infections that might precede Guillain-Barre syndrome. Monitoring body temperature is important in diagnosing underlying infections and managing symptoms during GBS treatment, aiding in overall patient assessment and care.

25) Fight:
'Fight' could allude to the body's struggle against infections that sometimes trigger Guillain-Barre syndrome. The immune response may inadvertently lead to collateral damage of peripheral nerves, leading to a complicated pathology that necessitates an understanding for effective management of GBS.

26) Irritation:
'Irritation' can occur in the context of neuropathic pain in Guillain-Barre syndrome as damaged nerves may cause discomfort or abnormal sensations. Addressing irritation effectively through appropriate pain management strategies is crucial for improving patient comfort and recovery pathways.

27) Education:
'Education' is critical in improving awareness and understanding of Guillain-Barre syndrome among healthcare providers and the public. Enhanced education can lead to faster recognition, appropriate interventions, and reduced stigma surrounding neurological disorders, focusing on improving health outcomes.

28) Medicine:
'Medicine' encompasses both the science and art of diagnosing, treating, and preventing illness like Guillain-Barre syndrome. Innovations in this field continually shape our understanding and approach, directing research towards developing better therapeutic modalities and patient care strategies.

29) Mishra (Misra):
'Mishra' references another author or researcher contributing to the study on Guillain-Barre syndrome. Acknowledging diverse researchers emphasizes collaborative efforts in advancing medical understanding and improving treatment methodologies for this complex neurological condition.

30) Pandya (Pamdya, Pandyan):
'Pandya' refers to a researcher involved in the study, indicating that research on Guillain-Barre syndrome is a multidisciplinary effort. Such contributions are vital in enriching the pool of knowledge necessary for effective treatment and management of the syndrome.

31) Jacob:
'Jacob' may connect to either a researcher or medical professional linked to Guillain-Barre syndrome studies. Their insights contribute to understanding patient care approaches, treatment pathways, and research methodologies designed to improve outcomes for those afflicted by GBS.

32) Hand:
'Hand' symbolizes the physical examination aspect, as neurologists often use their hands to perform various tests to assess muscle strength and reflexes in patients suspected of having Guillain-Barre syndrome, emphasizing clinical skills in diagnosis.

33) Burning (Burn, Burned, Burnt):
'Burn' represents a sensation that some patients might experience as a result of nerve damage in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Recognizing and managing such pain or discomfort effectively is significant for enhancing the quality of life during recovery.

34) Mora:
'Mora' points to another key figure involved in the study, potentially emphasizing a multi-author contribution. Collaboration among experts fosters a comprehensive approach in understanding Guillain-Barre syndrome's complexities and identifying the most effective treatments.

35) Dana:
'Dana' signifies an individual, possibly a researcher, contributing to the body of knowledge regarding Guillain-Barre syndrome, reinforcing the concept that advancements in medical literature arise from diverse collaborative efforts, enriching global strategies for managing the syndrome.

36) Post:
'Post' might refer to the aftermath or subsequent stages in the recovery following Guillain-Barre syndrome. Understanding post-GBS conditions helps health professionals address the long-term implications and monitor ongoing rehabilitation needs.

37) Calculation:
'Calculation' refers to the quantitative analysis of data involved in clinical studies of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Accurate calculations are integral in making sense of patient demographics, treatment outcomes, and statistical significance guiding medical practice.

38) Measurement:
'Measurement' is key in assessing various clinical parameters in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. This includes quantifying symptoms, diagnostic results, and treatment efficacy, providing a structured approach to understand disease progression and outcomes.

39) Agriculture:
'Agriculture' may hold relevance in epidemiological studies that explore environmental factors contributing to Guillain-Barre syndrome incidence, indicating the intersection of agricultural practices and public health, particularly regarding zoonotic infections that can initiate autoimmune responses.

40) Discussion:
'Discussion' is an essential part of research articles where findings are interpreted. It plays a critical role in contextualizing data related to Guillain-Barre syndrome, framing results within existing literature and proposing directions for future research.

41) Reflecting:
'Reflecting' is significant in the context of self-assessment in managing Guillain-Barre syndrome. Continuous reflection on clinical practices and outcomes promotes quality improvement in care strategies and treatment pathways for better patient outcomes.

42) Swallowing:
'Swallowing' is a vital function that can be affected in Guillain-Barre syndrome because of muscle weakness. Understanding the impact of GBS on swallowing helps guide supportive care, ensuring patient safety and nutritional adequacy during recovery.

43) Depression:
'Depression' signifies a potential psychological complication following Guillain-Barre syndrome, stemming from the stress of acute illness and recovery. Recognizing mental health issues allows healthcare providers to incorporate comprehensive care approaches addressing emotional as well as physical recovery.

44) Drowsiness:
'Drowsiness' can occur as a side effect of medications administered to patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. It is important for healthcare providers to monitor patient responses to treatments to manage such side effects appropriately while providing safe care.

45) Substance:
'Substance' reiterates the importance of various medications and biological agents used in managing Guillain-Barre syndrome. Understanding the characteristics and mechanisms of these substances becomes crucial for ensuring targeted, effective therapeutic interventions tailored to individual patient needs.

46) Knowledge:
'Knowledge' highlights the importance of clinical and epidemiological understanding of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Greater knowledge enhances diagnostic accuracy, treatment effectiveness, and ultimately improves the quality of life for patients suffering from this condition.

47) Epidemic:
'Epidemic' refers to an outbreak of illness within a population, including the association of certain infections with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Recognizing patterns strengthens public health responses and preparedness for future potential outbreaks linked to autoimmune reactions.

48) Activity:
'Activity' encompasses various patient-related functions affected by Guillain-Barre syndrome. Assessing activity limitations provides insights necessary for developing rehabilitation protocols that assist patients in regaining their full functional capacity following the disease.

49) Fainting (Fainted):
'Fainting' may describe a potential symptom related to the autonomic dysfunction observed in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Understanding this symptom's occurrence is essential for comprehensive patient monitoring to prevent falls or injuries associated with sudden loss of consciousness.

50) Sweating (Sweat):
'Sweating' indicates another autonomic feature affected by Guillain-Barre syndrome, with potential implications for patient comfort. Management of dysautonomia-related symptoms like abnormal sweating is crucial in the holistic care of patients during recovery.

51) Quality:
'Quality' pertains to the standard of care as it relates to treating Guillain-Barre syndrome. Continuous improvement in treatment approaches and patient management leads to enhanced recovery experiences and overall health outcomes for afflicted individuals.

52) Anxiety:
'Anxiety' can develop in response to the uncertainties and challenges faced by patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Recognizing and addressing anxiety is vital in providing comprehensive care that encompasses both physical and psychological wellbeing during recovery.

53) Family:
'Family' support plays a critical role in recovery from Guillain-Barre syndrome as families often assist patients emotionally and physically. Engaging family members in care plans ensures a supportive environment, facilitating recovery and enhancing patient outcomes.

54) Summer:
'Summer' may refer to seasonal variations noted in the incidence of certain neurological conditions, including Guillain-Barre syndrome. Understanding these trends aids public health planning, prevention strategies, and awareness campaigns during peak seasons.

55) Animal:
'Animal' signifies the broader ecological context in which infections leading to Guillain-Barre syndrome may arise, especially zoonotic diseases. Recognizing animal health connections is vital for understanding and preventing potential triggers for the syndrome.

56) Pulse:
'Pulse' also refers to the rhythmic expansion and contraction of arteries, a critical vital sign. Observing pulse can indicate changes in health status for Guillain-Barre syndrome patients, aiding in monitoring of cardiovascular function and overall health.

57) Ulcer:
'Ulcer' relates to a condition that may become a serous complication for patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome due to prolonged immobility. Recognizing ulcer formation risks prompts necessary interventions and preventive strategies in care practices.

58) Annal:
'Annal' refers to documented records of events, often significant in medical history. Such records provide invaluable reference for understanding past findings related to Guillain-Barre syndrome and informing future research directions and clinical protocols.

59) Food:
'Food' is significant considering nutritional status during illness; adequate intake can be challenging for patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Understanding the nutritional needs and barriers helps in planning effective dietary interventions for recovery.

60) Pari:
'Pari' may indicate a specific contributor or variable pertinent to cultural or demographic discussions surrounding Guillain-Barre syndrome. Inclusion of diverse perspectives allows for a richer understanding of disease impacts across various communities.

61) Hull:
'Hull' can refer to a researcher or geographic aspect related to medical investigations. Acknowledging all contributors reinforces the collaborative nature of medical research surrounding Guillain-Barre syndrome insights through various geographic studies.

62) Coma:
'Coma' refers to a potential life-threatening outcome in extreme Guillain-Barre syndrome cases. Understanding coma risks is crucial for emergency management and ongoing patient assessment, ensuring appropriate responses to critical health challenges.

Other Science Concepts:

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Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Guillain-Barré Syndrome: A Binational Study on Prescribing Patterns’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:

Gender discrimination, Mortality Rate, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Age distribution, Hospitalization, Acute motor axonal neuropathy, Risk factor, Miller Fisher Syndrome, Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy, Plasma exchange, Respiratory failure, Co-morbid condition, Cerebrospinal fluid analysis, Electrodiagnostic testing, Antecedent infection, Diagnostic feature.

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