Eremomastax polysperma (benth.) dandy (acanthaceae)

a phytopharmacognostic study

| Posted in: Science

Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Eremomastax polysperma (benth.) dandy (acanthaceae)
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Subtitle: a phytopharmacognostic study

Original source:

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Author:

Umoh Romanus A., Johnny Imoh I., Anah Victor U., Udoh Anwanabasi E., Umoh Omodot T. and Uno Kanu U.


World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:

(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)

Full text available for: Eremomastax polysperma (benth.) dandy (acanthaceae)

Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research

Doi: 10.20959/wjpr202011-18628

Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved


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Summary of article contents:

Introduction

The study conducted by Umoh et al. focuses on the phytopharmacognostic evaluation of Eremomastax polysperma (Benth.) Dandy, a plant from the Acanthaceae family that is significant in indigenous medicinal practices. The research highlights the growing importance of quality control parameters for medicinal plants, which serve as crucial tools in formulating high-quality herbal products. The evaluation involved assessing various parameters such as microscopic features, micromeritics, chemomicroscopy, and physicochemical properties of the plant's leaf and stem.

Microscopic Features

One of the critical findings from the study is the detailed microscopic evaluation of Eremomastax polysperma, which revealed the presence of various stomatal types including diallelocytic, pericytic, and copericytic on both leaf surfaces. The absence of calcium carbonate in both leaf and stem was also noted. The study quantified parameters such as stomatal length, width, and number, providing a stomatal index that reflects the plant's anatomical characteristics. This detailed anatomical profile is essential for identifying and authenticating the crude drug products derived from the plant.

Micromeritics

Micromeritics, which involves the study of the physical properties of powdered materials, was another focal point of the research. Parameters such as bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio, and flow rate were measured for both the leaf and stem powders. The results indicated a fair to poor flow characteristic, which is significant in determining the suitability of these powders for pharmaceutical formulations. The study establishes that these micromeritic properties directly impact processing parameters such as tablet weight uniformity and dissolution rate, which are vital for ensuring drug efficacy.

Chemomicroscopy and Physicochemical Properties

The chemomicroscopy revealed the chemical constituents present in the plant, including lignin, mucilage, oils, and protein, whereas starch was found exclusively in the leaves. The physicochemical evaluation provided important metrics such as moisture content, total ash, water-soluble ash, and extractive values in different solvents. These attributes are critical for assessing the purity and quality of Eremomastax polysperma. The analysis supplied data that would be useful for quality control measures in herbal medicine production, highlighting the importance of establishing standards for phytotherapeutics.

Conclusion

The comprehensive evaluation of Eremomastax polysperma presented in this study contributes significantly to the ongoing efforts towards the standardization of medicinal plants. By documenting the microscopic features, micromeritic properties, chemical constituents, and physicochemical characteristics, this research not only aids in the identification and authentication of the plant but also emphasizes its potential to serve as a pharmacologically relevant herbal medicinal product. Such systematic studies are essential to ensuring quality and safety in herbal medicine practices.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What is the main aim of the study on Eremomastax polysperma?

The study aimed to evaluate the leaf and stem of Eremomastax polysperma using quality control parameters to establish its authenticity and quality for herbal product formulation.

What were the key findings about the microscopic features?

Microscopic examinations revealed the presence of several stomata types and multicellular trichomes, helping to identify anatomical differences in Eremomastax polysperma's leaf and stem.

How were the micromeritic properties evaluated?

Micromeritic properties like bulk density, tapped density, and flow rate were assessed to understand the physical characteristics of the powdered leaf and stem, indicating their suitability for pharmaceutical formulations.

What chemomicroscopic features were identified in E. polysperma?

Chemomicroscopic evaluation showed the presence of lignin, mucilage, oils, calcium oxalate crystals, and proteins in both the leaf and stem, indicating their potential medicinal properties.

What are the extractive values for Eremomastax polysperma?

Water-soluble extractive values were 5.00% for leaves and 3.50% for stems. These values help determine the presence of active constituents in the plant material.

How do the ash values relate to the plant's quality?

Ash values indicate the purity of Eremomastax polysperma. High total ash content suggests contamination, while acid-insoluble ash values indicate the presence of soil or contaminants.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Eremomastax polysperma (benth.) dandy (acanthaceae)”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Drug:
Drugs are substances intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease. In herbal medicine, drugs derived from plant sources are analyzed for their therapeutic properties, quality, and safety, making it essential to understand their pharmacognostic profiles to optimize their medicinal use.

2) Water:
Water is a vital solvent in many extraction processes in pharmacognosy. It facilitates the dissolution of polar compounds and is often used to evaluate the soluble extractive values of plant materials. Understanding the role of water in herbal preparations is essential for assessing bioavailability and therapeutic potential of medicinal plants.

3) Powder:
Powder refers to a solid material that has been finely ground, as in the powdered forms of plants used in herbal medicine. The particle size distribution of powders influences flow properties and solubility, which are critical for the manufacturing of tablets and capsules in pharmacological applications.

4) Surface:
Surfaces refer to the outermost layers of plant materials, including leaves and stems, which can significantly influence extraction and bioavailability of active constituents in herbal remedies. Understanding surface characteristics in pharmacognostic evaluations assists in the development of effective drug delivery systems and therapeutic formulations.

5) Table:
Table represents a systematic arrangement of data, often used to summarize findings in scientific research. Tables in pharmacognostic studies help clarify relationships among various parameters, making complex data easier to interpret, enabling researchers to draw relevant conclusions regarding the characteristics and quality of herbal medicines.

6) Substance:
Substances are different materials or compounds that can have pharmacological effects. In pharmacognostic research, analyzing various substances extracted from plants allows for the understanding of their therapeutic properties, risks, and efficacy in treating conditions, thereby informing clinical applications and herbal product formulation.

7) Medicine:
Medicine encompasses a broad range of practices aimed at promoting health and treating diseases. Medicinal plants, as sources of natural compounds, are integral to traditional and modern therapeutic approaches. Ongoing research in pharmacognosy helps in validating the medicinal use of various plant species, enhancing their application in healthcare.

8) Quality:
Quality refers to the standard of a product, ensuring safety and efficacy in herbal medicine. In pharmacognostic evaluation, quality control measures are implemented to authenticate plant materials, ensuring that they meet specific standards for active constituents, purity, and absence of contaminants within pharmaceutical formulations.

9) Study (Studying):
Study involves systematic investigation and analysis aimed at expanding knowledge in a particular field. In the context of pharmacognosy, studies focus on the properties of medicinal plants, their constituents, and pharmacological effects. Detailed studies help evaluate potential therapeutic benefits and safety profiles of herbal medications.

10) Glass:
Glass is often used in laboratory settings for storage, preparation, and observation of herbal materials. Its non-reactive nature makes glass containers ideal for preserving the integrity of substances during extraction processes, ensuring that active compounds remain stable and uncontaminated throughout the experimental phases.

11) Container:
A container is a device or receptacle used for holding or storing materials, including herbal powders and extracts. The choice of container can affect the stability and shelf-life of plant substances, highlighting the importance of appropriate packaging to maintain quality and ensure the efficacy of herbal products.

12) Disease:
Diseases are pathological conditions affecting organisms. The study of how herbal remedies can address various diseases is a focal point in pharmacognosy. Medicines derived from plants are investigated for their efficacy in treating wide-ranging conditions, validating traditional uses with modern scientific research to enhance healthcare options.

13) Purity:
Purity refers to the absence of contaminants or adulterants in herbal medicines. In pharmacognosy, assessing the purity of plant materials is crucial for ensuring safety and effectiveness. High purity levels enhance the therapeutic potential of herbal drugs while minimizing adverse effects associated with impurities or harmful substances.

14) Nature:
Nature encompasses the physical world and its inherent characteristics, including flora and fauna. In pharmacognosy, understanding the natural properties and habitats of medicinal plants is fundamental for identifying their active ingredients and therapeutic value, guiding sustainable practices in harvesting and utilization.

15) Blood:
Blood plays a vital role in conveying nutrients and medicines throughout the body. Certain plants, like Eremomastax polysperma, are utilized for their purported blood-enhancing and tonic properties. Understanding the interaction of herbal constituents with blood health is essential for developing effective treatments for conditions like anemia.

16) Wall:
The wall refers to the structural boundary of plant cells, providing support and protection. In pharmacognosy, analyzing cell wall characteristics aids in understanding the physical properties of plant materials, impacting their extraction processes and bioactivity in herbal medicines due to the presence of particular compounds within walls.

17) Shand (Sand):
Sand is a granular material and can indicate contamination in herbal products; its presence may suggest poor harvesting and processing practices. Monitoring for sand in powdered forms of medicinal plants is vital for maintaining product integrity and ensuring consumer safety in herbal pharmaceuticals.

18) Soil:
Soil is the upper layer of earth where plants grow and can contain minerals and nutrients that influence plant growth. The characteristics of the soil can impact the phytochemistry of herbs, affecting the composition and therapeutic potential of medicinal plants used in contemporary medicine.

19) Pharmacology:
Pharmacology is the branch of medicine that studies drug action and interaction with biological systems. It is crucial in understanding the therapeutic effects of herbal substances derived from plants. By researching pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, pharmacology informs dosage, efficacy, and safety of herbal medicines.

20) Measurement:
Measurement refers to the process of determining the size, quantity, or degree of something. In pharmacognostic research, precise measurement of constituents' concentrations is vital for assessing a plant's medicinal potency, contributing to the formulation of safe and effective herbal remedies for therapeutic use.

21) Observation:
Observation is a critical scientific method that involves noting and recording phenomena during experiments. In pharmacognosy, careful observation aids in identifying unique characteristics of plant materials and evaluating their efficacy as medicines. It contributes to qualitative assessments and shapes the understanding of various herbs.

22) Discussion:
Discussion involves interpreting data and findings in a research paper. In pharmacognostic studies, the discussion section contextualizes results, advocating for the significance of specific attributes in herbal medicines. It encompasses comparing findings with existing literature, drawing conclusions, and suggesting areas for future research and application.

23) Toxicology:
Toxicology is the study of harmful effects of substances on living organisms. Understanding the toxicological properties of medicinal plants is crucial in ensuring safety and identifying potential adverse effects. Pharmacognosy aims to recognize compounds that pose risks and to eliminate unsafe herbs from therapeutic use.

24) Science (Scientific):
Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions. In pharmacognosy, scientific methods are essential for exploring medicinal plants, analyzing their chemical properties, and validating traditional knowledge, ultimately contributing to informed practices in health and wellness.

25) Knowledge:
Knowledge encompasses information and understanding gained through education and experience. In pharmacognostic research, knowledge of plant properties, extraction techniques, and preparation methods is essential for developing potent herbal medicines. It guides researchers in producing standardized products that effectively target specific health conditions.

26) Flavonoid:
Flavonoids are a class of plant secondary metabolites known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. In herbal medicine, flavonoids contribute to the therapeutic effects of many plants, offering significant health benefits. Research into flavonoid concentrations aids in the assessment of a herb's pharmacological potential.

27) Habitat:
Habitat refers to the natural environment in which a plant grows. Understanding the habitat of medicinal plants like Eremomastax polysperma provides insights into their ecological relationships, influences their phytochemical composition, and helps in sustainable harvesting practices to ensure continued availability for therapeutic use.

28) Species:
Species is the fundamental unit of biological classification, representing a group of organisms capable of interbreeding. In pharmacognostic research, identifying plant species is crucial for determining medicinal properties, guiding the production and marketing of phytopharmaceuticals, and ensuring accurate herbal remedies for specific ailments.

29) Filling (Filled):
Filling refers to the process of introducing powdered substances into capsules or tablet molds. In pharmacy, understanding the filling properties is vital for producing uniform dosage forms. This process can be influenced by the micromeritic properties of the powder, impacting the overall quality of the pharmaceutical product.

30) Family:
Family refers to a higher taxonomic rank in biological classification. In botany, understanding the family to which a plant belongs, such as Acanthaceae for Eremomastax polysperma, can provide insights into shared characteristics, potential medicinal properties, and ecological roles, facilitating research and application in herbal medicine.

31) Gold (Golden):
Golden is often associated with something valuable or of high quality. In herbal medicine, 'golden' may refer to traditional herbal substances revered for their therapeutic effectiveness. Their reputation is bolstered by both historical use and emerging scientific validation, making them sought after for health applications.

32) Botany:
Botany is the scientific study of plants, encompassing their biology, ecology, and taxonomy. In pharmacognosy, botany provides essential knowledge for identifying medicinal plants, understanding their growth requirements, and researching their therapeutic properties, promoting the sustainable use of plant resources in healthcare applications.

33) Field:
Field denotes a particular realm of knowledge or study. In pharmacognosy, the field of study encompasses the investigation of plant-derived substances for their medicinal properties. Researchers in this field work to authenticate, evaluate, and standardize herbal materials to ensure safety and effectiveness in healthcare.

34) Cutan:
Sudan is a country in northeastern Africa known for its rich biodiversity and various medicinal plants. Research into the flora of Sudan may reveal valuable plants with therapeutic properties, providing opportunities for pharmacognostic studies to assess their potential benefits for health and medicine.

35) Genu:
Genu often refers to the knee or something bent. However, in a botanical context, it may imply the aspect of plant morphology or orientation. Researching terms like 'genu' can enhance understanding of plant structures, guiding proper identification and ensuring accurate descriptions in pharmacognostic studies.

36) Kanu:
Kanu may refer to an author or researcher involved in pharmacognostic studies. Recognizing contributors like Kanu highlights the collaborative efforts in advancing the understanding of herbal medicine and its applications, emphasizing the importance of individual and collective research in enhancing the field of pharmacognosy.

37) Pur:
Poor refers to inadequate quality or performance. In pharmacognostic evaluations, assessing powder flow properties helps classify materials as having poor or good flow characteristics, which in turn impacts the manufacturing processes of herbal medicines and their consistency in dosing, safety, and therapeutic effectiveness.

38) Oil:
Oils refer to lipid-based substances that can have medicinal properties, often extracted from plants. The presence of oils in a herb may indicate potential therapeutic uses, such as anti-inflammatory or emollient effects. Understanding oil composition in pharmacognostic research is crucial for evaluating their efficacy and applications in healthcare.

Other Science Concepts:

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Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Eremomastax polysperma (benth.) dandy (acanthaceae)’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:

Stomatal index, Indigenous system of medicine, Moisture content, Total ash value, Acid insoluble ash, Anatomical studies, Microscopic features, Extractive value, Hausner's ratio, Micromeritic properties, Phytotherapeutics, Carr's Index, Angle of repose.

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