COVID-19: Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
a review of clinical features, diagnosis and treatment
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Covid – 19
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Subtitle: a review of clinical features, diagnosis and treatment
Original source:
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Nayna Khedekar, Shilpa Shiragave, Pallavi More, Vaishali Jagtap, Poonam Ingalwad, Sujit Mohite
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Covid – 19
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr202012-17960
Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved
Download the PDF file of the original publication
Summary of article contents:
1. Introduction
The novel coronavirus, now identified as SARS-CoV-2, is a member of a large family of enveloped viruses with single-stranded RNA genomes. Originally emerging in bats and transmitted to humans through unknown intermediate hosts, the virus was first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. It has since led to the global pandemic known as COVID-19, characterized by symptoms that can range from mild respiratory distress to severe illness and even death. Preventive measures such as social distancing, quarantines, and travel restrictions have been implemented worldwide to combat its spread.
2. Epidemiology and Clinical Features
COVID-19 has exhibited a wide range of clinical manifestations. The primary symptoms include fever, dry cough, fatigue, and respiratory issues, with variations in presentation among different patients. The incubation period typically ranges from 2 to 14 days. Enhanced viral loads have been noted in the nasal cavity compared to the throat, and studies have identified angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the receptor through which the virus enters human cells. Individuals at higher risk for severe disease include men over 45 and those with pre-existing conditions such as diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases.
3. Diagnosis and Imaging Techniques
Accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 involves various imaging and laboratory methods. Chest X-rays are commonly utilized, although they may appear normal in early-stage infections. In cases of severe illness, chest X-ray readings may hint at pneumonia symptoms. Conversely, chest CT scans are more sensitive in detecting early COVID-19, revealing multi-focal ground-glass opacities indicative of the disease. Blood and sputum cultures are also vital for ruling out other infections and should be collected prior to antimicrobial treatment when possible.
4. Treatment Approaches
Various antiviral medications have been investigated for the treatment of COVID-19. Remdesivir has gained Emergency Use Authorization in the U.S. for hospitalized patients with severe cases, while favipiravir is another antiviral agent under evaluation. Hydroxychloroquine, traditionally used for malaria, has been studied for its potential efficacy against SARS-CoV-2, though results remain inconclusive. Convalescent plasma therapy presents a proposed treatment avenue, where antibodies from recovered patients may aid in combating the virus in those currently infected.
5. Conclusion
COVID-19 has significantly impacted public health worldwide, being caused by a coronavirus that has adapted to infect humans. The ongoing research seeks to understand the virus better, develop treatments, and implement public health strategies to curb its spread. With hundreds of coronaviruses known, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 underscores the importance of surveillance and preparedness to handle zoonotic diseases. Continuous efforts in research, treatment, and preventive measures remain essential in managing this unprecedented health crisis, urging everyone to stay home and stay safe.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What are the main symptoms of COVID-19?
Symptoms of COVID-19 can include fever, cough, difficulty breathing, and loss of taste or smell. Other symptoms may include muscle pain, headache, and sore throat, appearing typically 2-14 days after exposure.
How is SARS-CoV-2 transmitted between individuals?
SARS-CoV-2 primarily spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. It can also spread by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus and then touching the face.
What treatments are available for COVID-19?
Treatments include antiviral medications like Remdesivir and Favipiravir, and therapies like Hydroxychloroquine. Convalescent plasma therapy is also being explored, which uses antibodies from recovered patients.
What preventive measures can individuals take against COVID-19?
Individuals should wash hands frequently, avoid touching their faces, maintain social distancing, wear masks, and disinfect surfaces to prevent infection and slow transmission.
What is the structure of SARS-CoV-2?
SARS-CoV-2 has a spherical shape with spike proteins protruding from its surface. It consists of a lipid envelope, a single-stranded RNA genome, and several structural proteins critical for infection.
What role does the ACE2 receptor play in COVID-19?
ACE2 is the receptor through which SARS-CoV-2 enters human cells, particularly in the respiratory mucosa, facilitating the virus's ability to infect and cause disease.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “COVID-19: Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Viru:
The term 'Viru' likely refers to the concept of viruses in general, which are microscopic pathogens that can infect living organisms. Viruses, including coronaviruses, are at the center of discussions about disease transmission, contagion, and public health measures, particularly in the context of viral outbreaks like COVID-19.
2) Disease:
Diseases encompass a range of pathological conditions, highlighting the complexity of health issues. Understanding various diseases, including COVID-19 and their transmission dynamics, is crucial to develop effective public health strategies for prevention and treatment.
3) Hand:
The plural 'hands' emphasizes the importance of both hands in personal hygiene practices. Proper handwashing is recommended to combat the spread of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases. Hands can inadvertently touch the face or other surfaces, making hygiene critical for public health safety.
4) Animal:
Animals are vital in the study of infectious diseases, as many viruses circulate within animal populations before jumping to humans. The direct interaction between animals and humans is a focal point in understanding how infectious diseases spread, such as during zoonotic events.
5) Surface:
Surfaces play a key role in the transmission of viruses like COVID-19. The viability of viruses on various surfaces can influence public health recommendations regarding hygiene practices, cleaning protocols, and preventive measures to curb the spread of infections.
6) Family:
In biological terms, 'family' groups organisms that share common characteristics and genetic similarities. The coronavirus family, Coronaviridae, includes various viruses that affect animals and humans, providing context for disease emergence and the characteristics shared among different coronaviruses.
7) Fever:
Fever is a common symptom of many infections, including COVID-19. It represents the body's immune response to infection, which can be an important clinical indicator used in diagnosing illnesses. Monitoring fever levels can help assess the severity of viral infections.
8) Drug:
In the context of COVID-19, 'drug' refers to antiviral medications being researched and used to treat symptoms and manage the disease. Understanding effectiveness and safety profiles for these drugs is crucial for developing effective treatment protocols for viral infections.
9) Kanchan:
Kanchan, in this context, likely refers to Mahadev Kanchan College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, where the authors of the study are affiliated. The institution plays a role in educating future health professionals about pharmaceutical sciences and public health.
10) Blood:
Blood is crucial for detecting infections, as it can be tested for antibodies or viral components. Understanding blood's role in spreading respiratory viruses like SARS-CoV-2 is essential for clinical diagnosis, treatment strategies, and evaluating immune responses to infections.
11) Cina:
China is significant in the context of COVID-19 as it is where the first cases were identified. The response of health authorities and the rapid spread of the virus globally have made China a central focus in research about epidemic management and prevention.
12) Food:
Food safety is essential during outbreaks because viruses can potentially contaminate food products. Information about proper cooking and handling of food is important in preventing foodborne transmission of viruses, which can occur through contaminated surfaces or infected individuals.
13) Glass:
In medical imaging, such as with a CT or X-ray, glass refers to the materials used in radiography. Understanding the relationship between imaging results and viral infections can aid in diagnosing diseases like COVID-19, emphasizing the role of technology in healthcare.
14) Beta:
Beta refers to a subgroup of coronaviruses within the Coronaviridae family. Understanding the characteristics of beta coronaviruses, including those causing severe diseases, is crucial for developing treatments and preventive measures for related viral infections.
15) Education:
Education is vital in disseminating knowledge about infectious diseases, including prevention and treatment options. Public health campaigns rely on education to inform communities about COVID-19, emphasizing the importance of informed behaviors in curbing the spread of disease.
16) Filling (Filled):
The term 'filling' can refer to the filling of lung airspaces with fluid during severe viral pneumonia, commonly seen in COVID-19 patients. Recognizing this process helps in understanding the pathophysiological effects of the disease during clinical evaluations.
17) Water:
Water plays a role in hygiene practices that are critical for preventing the spread of viral infections. Properly washing hands with soap and water is essential in minimizing risks associated with pathogens like SARS-CoV-2.
18) Death:
Death represents the extreme outcome of severe cases of diseases like COVID-19. Understanding the factors contributing to mortality is vital in epidemiological studies, helping guide public health responses to minimize fatal outcomes in affected populations.
19) Study (Studying):
Study represents the process of investigating diseases, treatments, or outcomes through research. Within the context of COVID-19, study is central to understanding the virus's characteristics, infection pathways, and potential therapeutics.
20) Straw:
Straw can refer to items that carry the risk of transferring pathogens if not properly cleaned. In discussions about COVID-19, avoiding shared personal items, including straws, aligns with public health recommendations to minimize transmission of the virus.
21) Rheumatoid arthritis:
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease treated with medications like hydroxychloroquine. Understanding its treatment can inform discussions about potential therapies for COVID-19, as some drugs have been studied for efficacy in managing both conditions.
22) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibacterial refers to agents that combat bacterial infections, which remain crucial during viral outbreaks. While COVID-19 is viral, bacterial co-infections can complicate recovery, making awareness of antibacterial strategies part of comprehensive patient care.
23) Transmission:
Transmission refers to the process through which diseases spread from one individual to another. Understanding the dynamics of transmission for SARS-CoV-2 illuminates key aspects of public health recommendations and strategies to prevent widespread infections.
24) Inflammation:
Inflammation is a response to infection and can be a significant factor in the severity of diseases like COVID-19. Understanding the inflammatory response informs treatment approaches and patient management strategies in dealing with complications arising from the disease.
25) Observation:
Observation in a clinical context refers to monitoring patients for symptoms and progression of disease. In COVID-19 management, thorough observation is crucial for early detection of complications and timely interventions to improve patient outcomes.
26) Blindness:
Blindness represents one potential complication of viral infections, though less common. In understanding COVID-19, it is essential to investigate all potential sequelae that could arise, including neurological implications and effects on the ocular system.
27) Furniture:
Furniture can harbor pathogens if not appropriately cleaned, especially in communal spaces. Understanding the need for surface disinfecting, including furniture, is vital in mitigating the risks of virus transmission in shared environments.
28) Vaishali (Vaisali):
Vaishali likely refers to one of the authors of the study associated with the research on COVID-19. Including diverse contributors enhances the collaborative effort in addressing public health matters, providing varied perspectives in research.
29) Epidemic:
Epidemic describes a rapid spread of infectious disease in a community. The COVID-19 pandemic illustrates the challenges faced by health systems and the need for coordinated efforts to manage and mitigate such widespread outbreaks.
30) Killing (Killed):
Killing in a medical context often refers to the eradication of pathogens through antiviral treatment. In discussions regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, finding effective methods to 'kill' the virus is critical to controlling its spread and mitigating health impacts.
31) Gold (Golden):
Golden in this context may refer to a concept of gratitude or value associated with educational opportunities. Recognizing the 'golden' moments in education related to health and public awareness is vital for fostering informed behaviors to combat outbreaks.
32) Phlegm:
Phlegm is a mucus secreted by respiratory tissues and can be a symptom of infections, including COVID-19. Understanding the presence and characteristics of phlegm can aid in clinical assessment of respiratory disease severity.
33) India:
India is significant in the context of COVID-19 as it has faced substantial challenges due to outbreaks within its population. Understanding the country's response, healthcare infrastructure, and research efforts are crucial in managing the pandemic and overall public health.
34) Fight:
Fight represents the efforts taken by individuals, health systems, and researchers to combat viral outbreaks, including COVID-19. Combatting the virus includes measures such as vaccination research, treatment development, and public health campaigns to protect communities.
35) Pain:
Pain can be a symptom associated with COVID-19, manifesting in various forms, including body aches and respiratory distress. Understanding how pain affects patients can improve management strategies and treatment protocols.
36) Cup:
Cups, particularly in the context of shared use during outbreaks, can be vectors for virus transmission. Addressing hygiene surrounding communal items, including cups, is important in reducing infection risks in social and communal settings.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘COVID-19: Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
CT scan, COVID 19, SARS-CoV-2, Chest X-ray, Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Contact tracing, Social distancing, Public health measure, Middle East respiratory syndrome, Respiratory infection, Emergency use authorization, Viral entry.