Pharmacological activities of Mishraka Gana: A literary survey.
Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Pharamacological activities of mishraka gana according to different classical ayurvedic texts- a literary survey
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Dr. Umakant N. Rabb
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)
Full text available for: Pharamacological activities of mishraka gana according to different classical ayurvedic texts- a literary survey
Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research
Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20191-13909
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The concept of Mishraka in Ayurveda refers to the combination of two or more drugs that possess similar qualities and therapeutic effects. These groupings, known as Mishraka Gana or Mishraka Varga, are systematically organized by ancient Ayurvedic scholars into categories called Ganas. Each Gana comprises 2 to 10 drugs that are classified based on morphology, quality, and pharmacological activity. This systematic categorization aids in the easy recall of drug properties, availability, and their respective therapeutic applications, which are extensively documented across various classical Ayurvedic texts.
Classification of Mishraka Ganas
One important concept highlighted in the review is the classification of Mishraka Ganas. These classifications include groupings such as Dashamoola, which encompasses Brihat Panchamoola and Laghu Panchamoola. For example, Brihat Panchamoola includes drugs like Bilva and Agnimantha, known for their properties of alleviating respiratory ailments like Shwasa and Kasa. Similarly, Laghu Panchamoola, which features drugs such as Shalaparni and Prishniparni, is recognized for its applications in treating fevers and urinary issues. The varied Gunakarma (properties and actions) of these groups reflect their importance in Ayurvedic therapeutics.
Therapeutic Applications of Dashamoola
Dashamoola stands out as a significant grouping within Ayurvedic practice, known for its diverse therapeutic actions. It combines the aforementioned Brihat and Laghu Panchamoola, enhancing its efficacy as a Tridoshagna (alleviating all three doshas: Vata, Pitta, and Kapha). The Rogagnata of Dashamoola lists several conditions it addresses, such as respiratory ailments (Shwasa and Kasa), headaches (Shirashoola), and various forms of fever (Jwara). This versatility in applications makes Dashamoola a fundamental component in many Ayurvedic formulations.
Importance of Triphala
Another crucial concept discussed is Triphala, a well-regarded combination in Ayurvedic medicine consisting of three fruits: Haritaki, Vibhitaki, and Amalaki. The Guna-Karma associated with Triphala reveals its ability to balance all three doshas, particularly addressing digestive issues (due to its Kashaya and Madhura rasa) and enhancing overall health. The pharmacological benefits of Triphala include its effectiveness in treating eye disorders (Netra Rogas), skin conditions (Raktavikara), and digestive complications (Kustha, Vishamajwara). Its versatility and widespread use underscore its integral role in Ayurvedic therapy.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the review elaborates on the structured classification of Mishraka Ganas based on various attributes, such as morphology and pharmacological effects. Specific groups, like Dashamoola and Triphala, exemplify how certain combinations of drugs are crucial for treating a diverse array of health issues. The study emphasizes the need for these classifications to be readily available in the market per pharmacopeial standards and suggests further research, including clinical trials, for validating their therapeutic applications. Such efforts can bolster the credibility and accessibility of Ayurvedic practice in contemporary medicine.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the meaning of 'Mishraka' in Ayurveda?
In Ayurveda, 'Mishraka' refers to a combination of two or more drugs that possess similar qualities and therapeutic effects, forming a group known as 'Mishraka Gana' or 'Mishraka Varga.'
How are 'Mishraka Ganas' classified in Ayurveda?
'Mishraka Ganas' are classified based on morphology, quality, and pharmacological activity, allowing for systematic organization and easier application in treatments.
Can you name some examples of 'Mishraka Ganas'?
Examples of 'Mishraka Ganas' include Dashamoola, Triphala, Trikatu, Trimada, and Pancha Pallava, which are widely recognized in Ayurvedic practices.
What is the therapeutic significance of organized drug groups?
Organized drug groups or 'Ganas' help in memorizing their qualities, availability, and therapeutic uses, enhancing their application in various treatments.
What is the further scope of studying 'Mishraka Ganas'?
Further studies aim to make 'Mishraka Ganas' available in the market according to pharmacopeial standards and to conduct clinical trials for validation.
What are the key features of the 'Mishraka Ganas'?
The key features of 'Mishraka Ganas' include shared therapeutic effects, systematic classification, and ease of access for treatment resulting in effective Ayurvedic practices.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Pharmacological activities of Mishraka Gana: A literary survey.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Karma (Karman):
In Ayurvedic terminology, 'Karma' refers to actions or effects of drugs, focusing on their therapeutic outcomes. It signifies the pharmacological activities that certain herbs or formulations can achieve in the body, emphasizing the importance of understanding how these substances interact with bodily systems to promote health or alleviate disease.
2) Guna:
The term 'Guna' represents the inherent qualities or attributes of substances, particularly in Ayurveda. Each drug is characterized by its unique Guna, such as heaviness, lightness, heating, or cooling properties. This quality assessment aids in classifying substances for their effectiveness in treating specific ailments based on contrasting qualities.
3) Gana:
'Ganas' refers to groups or collections of drugs sharing similar qualities or actions in Ayurveda, similar to 'Gana'. These classifications aid practitioners in effectively selecting relevant herbs for specific therapeutic purposes.
4) Varga:
Similar to 'Gana', 'Varga' refers to a classification of substances based on shared properties. It encompasses various groups of drugs organized by common themes in Ayurveda, aiding practitioners in selecting appropriate remedies according to specific qualities, actions, or diseases targeted in treatment plans.
5) Drug:
The singular term 'Drug' represents an individual substance used therapeutically within Ayurvedic practices. Each drug has distinct properties and uses, and recognizing these characteristics is essential for effective diagnosis and treatment. It highlights the importance of individualized medicine within Ayurveda.
6) Rasa (Rasha):
'Rasa' signifies the taste of a substance and is key to understanding its therapeutic effects in Ayurveda. The six primary tastes identified—sweet, sour, salty, bitter, pungent, and astringent—play a crucial role in the selection of drugs according to patient needs and physiological balances.
7) Katu:
'Katu' refers to the pungent taste, one of the six Rasas in Ayurveda. This taste is associated with enhancement of digestive fire, improving metabolism, and alleviating specific conditions, particularly those involving Kapha and Vata doshas. It embodies the health effects tied to spicy or hot substances.
8) Madhura:
'Madhura' translates to the sweet taste. Recognized for its nourishing, cooling, and calming qualities, it is essential in balancing Pitta and Kapha doshas. In Ayurveda, sweet-tasting herbs and foods can enhance vitality, promote healing, and mitigate digestive issues.
9) Palasha (Palasa, Pala-asha):
Palasha refers to the tree, particularly known for its medicinal properties in Ayurveda. It is valued for its benefits in treating various ailments such as urinary tract issues and gastrointestinal disorders, highlighting its role in herbal formulations for holistic health.
10) Shunthi (Sunthi, Sumthi, Shumthi):
Shunthi refers to ginger, a potent herb in Ayurveda known for its warming properties and ability to stimulate digestion. It possesses anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and carminative effects, making it a staple ingredient in many Ayurvedic remedies, particularly for digestive health.
11) Panca (Pancan, Pamca):
'Pancha' means five and often denotes a group of five herbs or components in Ayurvedic formulations. For example, 'Pancha Karma' refers to detoxification techniques involving five cleansing procedures. Such groupings are crucial for comprehensive therapeutic strategies that address multiple aspects of health.
12) Ushna (Usna):
'Ushna' signifies warmth or hotness in properties of substances. In Ayurvedic medicine, Ushna drugs enhance digestion and circulation, counteracting cold conditions. Understanding Ushna helps practitioners select appropriate remedies based on individual body types and imbalances.
13) Apamarga:
Apamarga, also known as 'Achyranthes aspera', is an important herb in Ayurveda recognized for its multifaceted therapeutic roles. Often used to treat conditions like fever, wounds, and digestive disorders, it embodies the holistic approach of Ayurveda to treat various ailments using naturally occurring plants.
14) Karpura:
'Karpura' refers to camphor, a revered substance in Ayurveda for its antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and aromatic properties. It's often used in medicinal preparations and rituals, emphasizing its significance in treatments for respiratory ailments and as a calming agent in traditional practices.
15) Pippali (Pippalin):
Pippali, or long pepper, is an esteemed herb in Ayurveda known for its potent digestive and respiratory benefits. Its warming properties promote metabolism, making it effective for Vata and Kapha imbalances. Pippali is often used in formulations targeting cough, digestion, and overall vitality.
16) Yavakshara (Yava-kshara, Yavaksara):
'Yavakshara' refers to the alkaline substance derived from barley, which plays a role in balancing digestive processes and enhancing metabolic activity. Its inclusion in Ayurvedic treatments is based on its ability to address disorders related to acidity and digestive disturbances.
17) Sadharmya:
Sadharmya describes the concept of similarity or correspondence in properties among drugs. It assists practitioners in recognizing and grouping herbs with similar therapeutic effects, facilitating the selection of remedies that provide equivalent health benefits.
18) Kusumbha (Kushumbha):
Kusumbha, or safflower, is commonly recognized for its medicinal and coloring properties. In Ayurveda, it is often used to enhance blood circulation and improve skin health, signifying the diverse applications of herbs in holistic healing approaches.
19) Triphala (Tri-phala):
'Triphala' is a well-known Ayurvedic formulation consisting of three fruits: Amalaki, Vibhitaki, and Haritaki. Revered for its detoxifying, rejuvenating, and digestive benefits, Triphala illustrates the synergy of multiple herbs to enhance health and balance within the body.
20) Suvarna:
'Suvarna' translates to gold, often symbolizing purity and wellness in Ayurveda. It can also refer to gold-infused preparations that are believed to enhance vitality and strength, reflecting the high value placed on elemental properties in traditional practices.
21) Rajata:
Rajata means silver in Sanskrit, which holds similar significance in Ayurvedic therapy as gold. Its use in medicinal formulations emphasizes the belief in the revitalizing and health-promoting properties of precious metals in traditional healing systems.
22) Kutaja (Kuta-ja):
'Kutaja' refers to the herb 'Holarrhena antidysenterica', valued in Ayurveda for its ability to treat dysentery and gastrointestinal disorders. This herb exemplifies how specific plants are targeted for particular health issues, fostering holistic healing methods.
23) Kapha:
Kapha is one of the three doshas in Ayurveda, embodying qualities of water and earth. It represents stability, structure, and moisture but can lead to imbalance when excessive. Treatments often aim to balance Kapha through dietary and herbal therapies.
24) Gulma:
Gulma denotes a term for growths or masses within the body, often associated with obstructive conditions. It highlights the Ayurvedic understanding of bodily abnormalities and the need for targeted holistic interventions in treating such ailments.
25) Laghu:
'Laghu' indicates lightness in properties. Laghu drugs are preferred in Ayurveda for their easy digestibility and lower impact on the body, particularly in cases of Kapha dosha excess. Recognizing Laghu qualities aids clinicians in selecting appropriate herbal interventions.
26) Tamra:
Tamra refers to copper, which holds significance in Ayurvedic formulations due to its reputed health benefits including promoting digestion and circulation. The incorporation of metals like Tamra epitomizes the ancient understanding of elemental influences in health.
27) Agaru:
'Agaru', known as 'Eaglewood' or 'Agarwood', is valued in Ayurveda for its aromatic and medicinal properties. Often used in therapeutic preparations, it highlights how natural fragrances and constituents contribute to both physical and mental wellbeing.
28) Bilva (Vilva):
Bilva, or 'Bael', is acknowledged for its numerous health benefits, especially in digestive health and respiratory conditions. It emphasizes the importance of utilizing natural plant resources in Ayurvedic medicine to address various health issues.
29) Vibhitaki:
Vibhitaki is one of the three components of 'Triphala', celebrated for its astringent properties. It plays a crucial role in balancing Pitta and Kapha doshas, showcasing how individual ingredients contribute to the overall efficacy of herbal formulations.
30) Haritaki:
'Haritaki' is another key ingredient of 'Triphala', recognized for its detoxifying properties. It enhances digestion and helps in clearing excess toxins from the body, reflecting the emphasis on cleansing and rejuvenation in Ayurvedic practices.
31) Mushkaka (Muskaka):
'Mushkaka', or 'Musk melon', is noted for its hydrating and cooling effects in Ayurveda, which can treat heat-related ailments. This signifies the holistic approach of using natural produce to restore bodily balance and health.
32) Pallava:
Pallava refers to leaf buds or young shoots of plants, often celebrated for their tenderness and nutritional value in Ayurvedic practices. They are seen as vital components for promoting health and vitality in dietary recommendations.
33) Samaka (Shamaka):
'Shamaka' signifies substances that pacify or calm particular conditions. In Ayurvedic practice, understanding Shamaka qualities aids practitioners in selecting remedies intended to alleviate excess doshas, especially during treatment plans.
34) Kashaya (Kasaya):
Kashaya refers to the astringent taste recognized in Ayurveda. It holds therapeutic significance due to its ability to tighten tissues and control bleeding, showcasing the diverse actions of various tastes in restoring balance.
35) Kadali:
'Kadali' refers to bananas, which are seen as nourishing in Ayurvedic practice. They provide essential nutrients while balancing the three doshas, reflecting how dietary choices are tailored for individual health needs.
36) Ghrita (Ghrta):
'Ghrita' denotes clarified butter (ghee) and plays a vital role in Ayurveda for its nourishing and healing properties. Considered a carrier for herbal medicines, Ghrita symbolizes the emphasis on fats for enhancing absorption and efficacy.
37) Kshara (Ksara):
Kshara refers to alkaline substances utilized in Ayurvedic treatments for their cleansing and purifying effects. They are valued in detoxification practices, demonstrating the holistic view of balancing body chemistry for improved health.
38) Vamana:
'Vamana' is a therapeutic purgation technique in Ayurveda used for detoxifying and clearing excess doshas. This illustrates the fundamental principle of cleansing in Ayurvedic healing methods to restore balance and promote overall wellbeing.
39) Vipaka:
Vipaka refers to the post-digestive effects of food or herbs, crucial for understanding how substances influence bodily functions post-consumption. This knowledge aids practitioners in prescribing effective treatments based on the desired outcomes of particular foods.
40) Lavana:
'Lavana' signifies salt or saline substances, recognized for their role in enhancing digestion and flavor. In Ayurveda, peculiar attention is given to Lavana, considering both its taste and its influence on health and dosha balance.
41) Valli:
In Ayurvedic context, 'Valli' often refers to climbers or creepers that possess medicinal properties. These plants not only enrich diets but also contribute to diverse treatments, showcasing the significance of availability and variety in herbal medicine.
42) Balya:
'Balya' means substances that are nourishing or strengthening, vital for promoting growth and vitality in Ayurvedic practice. Recognizing Balya properties guides herbal prescriptions to support recovery and wellness in patients.
43) Tila:
Tila translates to sesame seeds, which are esteemed in Ayurvedic medicine. Most regarded for their healthy fats and nutritional value, Tila is often used in medicinal oils and preparations, enhancing overall health and vitality.
44) Arka:
'Arka' generally refers to the 'Calotropis' plant, recognized for its medicinal properties. It embodies the utility of local flora in Ayurveda, showcasing the significance of geographically available plants in traditional herbal practices.
45) Pharmacological:
The term 'Pharmacological' pertains to the branch of medicine that involves the study of drug action. In Ayurveda, this concept links traditional knowledge with modern understandings of how various herbs and substances interact with biological systems for therapeutic benefits.
46) Kampillaka:
Kampillaka, known as 'Sphrutaka' or 'Sphatika', is valued for its medicinal properties in Ayurveda, particularly in treating digestive ailments. This highlights the broad applications of specific herbs in managing health and promoting healing.
47) Shatavari (Satavari):
'Shatavari' is an important Ayurvedic herb known for its female reproductive health benefits. It enhances vitality and balances hormones, embodying the holistic focus on addressing specific health concerns through natural remedies.
48) Manjishtha (Manjistha, Mamjishtha):
Manjistha, or 'Rubia cordifolia', is recognized in Ayurveda for its blood-purifying properties. Often used to address skin issues and support liver health, it showcases the therapeutic approach tailored for detoxifying and rejuvenating the body.
49) Kushmanda (Kusmanda, Kushmamda):
'Kushmanda', or the Ash gourd, is valued in Ayurveda for its cooling and nourishing characteristics. It is often included in dietary recommendations for its health benefits, emphasizing the connection between food choices and health.
50) Katurasa (Katu-rasa):
'Katu-rasa' represents the pungent taste, pivotal in enhancing digestion and stimulating appetite. Its significance is underscored in the treatment of digestive issues and disorders related to Kapha dosha excess through dietary interventions.
51) Kapittha:
Kapittha, from the wood apple tree, is recognized for its digestive and astringent properties in Ayurveda. Its use highlights the role of native fruits in traditional medicine and the application of nature in healing practices.
52) Shodhana (Sodhana):
'Shodhana' means purification, referring to processes designed to cleanse the body of toxins. In Ayurveda, Shodhana techniques are integral to maintaining health and preparing the body for further treatments, reflecting the foundational principles of preventive care.
53) Gokshura (Goksura, Go-kshura):
'Gokshura', or 'Tribulus terrestris', is known for its diuretic and rejuvenating properties in Ayurveda. It is frequently used to enhance reproductive health and vitality, representing the targeted use of herbs for specific conditions.
54) Brimhana (Brmhana):
Brimhana signifies strengthening or nourishing qualities in Ayurvedic contexts. These substances are traditionally used to promote recovery from illness or fatigue, emphasizing the importance of nutrition and support in healing journeys.
55) Sharkara (Sarkara):
'Sharkara' refers to sugar or jaggery in Ayurveda, valued for its sweetening properties and nourishing effects. It plays a role in various formulations and dietary practices designed to enhance health and balance doshas.
56) Ajamutra (Aja-mutra):
Ajamutra denotes goat urine, recognized in Ayurveda for its ritualistic and therapeutic uses. This showcases the diverse range of natural substances utilized in traditional practices for specific health benefits and cleansing.
57) Amalaki:
Amalaki, or 'Indian gooseberry', is highly prized in Ayurveda for its rejuvenating and antioxidant properties. Known for its benefits in skin health and boosting immunity, it represents the holistic approach to health prevention through dietary choices.
58) Kesara (Keshara):
'Keshara' refers to saffron, esteemed in Ayurveda for its medicinal and culinary uses. It is often incorporated in formulations promoting mental clarity and skin health, emphasizing the combination of nourishment and therapy.
59) Tilvaka:
Tilvaka signifies a variety of substances, often linked to herbal remedies in Ayurveda. The term embodies the diversity of natural products used in traditional healing, illustrating the complexity and richness of Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia.
60) Trikatu (Tri-katu):
'Trikatu' comprises three pungent herbs: Pippali, Shunthi, and Maricha, known for their digestive enhancing and detoxifying properties. This formulation exemplifies the Ayurvedic practice of combining herbs for synergistic effects in addressing health challenges.
61) Gomutra (Go-mutra):
'Gomutra', or cow urine, is utilized in Ayurvedic therapies for its purported health benefits, such as detoxification and enhancing immunity. It illustrates the integrative use of animal products alongside herbal remedies in traditional medicine.
62) Priyala:
'Priyala' signifies a particular fruit or product in Ayurveda known for its nutritive qualities and health benefits. The diversity in plant-based resources highlights the abundance of options for therapeutic practices.
63) Madhuka:
Madhuka refers to liquorice, valued in Ayurveda for its sweet taste and medicinal properties. It is recognized for supporting respiratory health and soothing digestive issues, showcasing its role in comprehensive health solutions.
64) Haridra:
Haridra, or turmeric, is celebrated in Ayurveda for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It is an essential ingredient in many formulations, underscoring its versatility and significance in both culinary and medicinal contexts.
65) Eranda (Eramda):
'Eranda', or castor oil, is utilized in Ayurveda for its various therapeutic applications, including its effectiveness as a laxative and moisturizer, signifying its role in promoting overall health and well-being.
66) Phala:
Phala means fruits in Sanskrit, embodied in Ayurveda as vital components with health-promoting properties. They represent sustenance and are crucial for balanced diets by providing nourishment and medicinal benefits.
67) Madhu:
Madhu translates to honey, an important substance in Ayurveda valued for its sweetening, antimicrobial, and nourishing properties. It is often used as a carrier for herbs and as a remedy for various ailments, underscoring its holistic health benefits.
68) Sneha:
'Sneha' refers to oils or oleaginous substances known for their nourishing and lubricating properties. In Ayurvedic practices, Sneha is crucial for therapeutic applications such as massage and internally for enhancing digestion and metabolism.
69) Patra:
'Patra' translates to leaves in Ayurveda, often used for their medicinal and therapeutic properties. They serve multiple functions, from nourishing and cleansing practices to delivering health benefits in traditional remedies.
70) Virya:
Virya denotes potency in Ayurvedic medicine, referring to the inherent strength or activity of a drug. Understanding Virya is key for practitioners to effectively match substances to health needs and conditions based on their energetic effects.
71) Vanga (Vamga):
'Vanga' refers to tin or other metals utilized in Ayurvedic compositions for their purported therapeutic properties. The practice highlights the role of metal elements in enhancing health and addressing specific issues.
72) Nimba:
'Nimba' refers to the neem plant, highly regarded for its medicinal benefits, particularly for its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. Its usage in Ayurveda showcases the incorporation of local flora for wide-ranging health applications.
73) Naga (Nag):
'Naga' indicates a type of metal, specifically used in some Ayurvedic formulations for its health benefits. Its application reflects the understanding of elemental impacts on wellness within traditional healing practices.
74) Vasa (Vasha):
'Vasa' signifies fat or oil, often associated with nourishing and lubricating qualities. In Ayurveda, Vasa is essential in therapeutic formulations, facilitating healing and providing sustenance.
75) Vata:
Vata is one of the three doshas, associated with qualities like dry, light, and cold. It governs movement within the body, and understanding its balance is crucial for maintaining overall health, guiding practitioners in therapeutic approaches.
[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 463]