Comparative study of khadira vs. madhuka churna for oral hygiene.

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Journal name: World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Original article title: Comparative study of khadira kastha churna and madhuka kastha churna for dantadhavan upakrama in maintainance of oral hygiene
The WJPR includes peer-reviewed publications such as scientific research papers, reports, review articles, company news, thesis reports and case studies in areas of Biology, Pharmaceutical industries and Chemical technology while incorporating ancient fields of knowledge such combining Ayurveda with scientific data.
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Author:

Dr. Manish Arora, Dr. Indrakumar Jagadale and Dr. R P Patwardhan


World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research:

(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified International Journal)

Full text available for: Comparative study of khadira kastha churna and madhuka kastha churna for dantadhavan upakrama in maintainance of oral hygiene

Source type: An International Peer Reviewed Journal for Pharmaceutical and Medical and Scientific Research

Doi: 10.20959/wjpr20193-14286

Copyright (license): WJPR: All rights reserved


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Summary of article contents:

Introduction

Good oral hygiene is critical for overall health and well-being, significantly influencing individuals' quality of life. Neglecting oral hygiene can lead to several dental problems, including halitosis (bad breath), poor taste perception, and plaque accumulation. The Ayurvedic practice of Dantadhavana, or tooth brushing, plays a vital role in maintaining oral cleanliness. This study by Dr. Manish Arora et al. aimed to compare the efficacy of two herbal formulations, Khadira Kastha Churna and Madhuka Kastha Churna, in promoting oral hygiene through Dantadhavana among individuals aged 20-50 years.

Efficacy of Khadira Kastha Churna

Khadira Kastha Churna, derived from Acacia catechu, was found to be particularly effective in alleviating symptoms related to oral hygiene, such as bad odour (Mukhdaurgandhya), debris (Dantamala), and plaque (Dantamalinta). The study reported that individuals using Khadira Kastha Churna experienced an average relief of 78.2% from debris, 80.2% from bad odour, and 84.7% from plaque compared to their counterparts using Madhuka Kastha Churna. The superior results of Khadira are attributed to its tikta (bitter), kashaya (astringent) properties and antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities that contribute to improved oral hygiene.

Improvement from Madhuka Kastha Churna

On the other hand, Madhuka Kastha Churna, derived from Madhuca indica, yielded positive results primarily in enhancing taste perception (Mukhasyavairasya). This formulation showed a 74.1% improvement in individuals suffering from improper taste perception, which can significantly impact dietary habits and psychological well-being. The beneficial effects of Madhuka are linked to its madhura (sweet) qualities, which aid in improving taste sensation, alongside its antimicrobial properties that help maintain a healthy oral environment.

The Role of Dantadhavana

Dantadhavana is an essential Ayurvedic practice included in Dinacharya (daily routine), emphasizing the importance of maintaining oral health. The study involved a clinical trial with 60 participants who practiced Dantadhavana using either Khadira Kastha Churna or Madhuka Kastha Churna twice daily for 30 days. The results indicated that regular practice of Dantadhavana not only supports dental health but also plays a preventive role against various oral diseases, strengthening the overall structure of the oral cavity, including the gums and teeth.

Conclusion

The comparative study highlights the effectiveness of both Khadira and Madhuka Kastha Churna in promoting oral hygiene through Dantadhavana. While Khadira Kastha Churna demonstrated superior efficacy for various oral hygiene parameters, including debris and bad odour, Madhuka Kastha Churna proved beneficial for taste perception. The incorporation of Ayurvedic practices like Dantadhavana is encouraged for maintaining optimal oral health, preventing diseases, and improving overall hygiene, thereby contributing to a better quality of life. Regular utilization of these herbal formulations can lead to significant improvements in oral health outcomes, reinforcing the importance of traditional practices within modern healthcare paradigms.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What is the purpose of Dantadhavana in oral hygiene?

Dantadhavana, or tooth brushing, is a crucial practice in Ayurveda. It helps remove debris, plaque, and reduces bad odor, contributing significantly to maintaining good oral hygiene and overall health.

How were the participants divided in the study?

The study involved 60 individuals aged 20-50, divided into two groups. Group A used Khadira Kastha Churna, while Group B used Madhuka Kastha Churna for the Dantadhavana process.

What were the main results of using Khadira Kastha Churna?

Khadira Kastha Churna proved more effective in reducing bad odor, debris, and plaque. It significantly improved oral hygiene symptoms due to its antimicrobial and antifungal properties.

How effective was Madhuka Kastha Churna in the study?

Madhuka Kastha Churna showed better results in improving taste perception. Its sweetness and specific properties contributed to alleviating symptoms related to improper taste perception.

What age group was included in the study?

The study focused on individuals aged 20 to 50 years. Both men and women participated, fulfilling specific criteria concerning oral hygiene challenges.

What conclusion can be drawn from the study's findings?

The study concluded that both Khadira and Madhuka Kastha Churna are effective for oral hygiene. However, Khadira Kastha showed better overall results, particularly for plaque and bad odor management.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Comparative study of khadira vs. madhuka churna for oral hygiene.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Kashtha (Kastha):
In Ayurveda, 'Kastha' refers to the wood or bark of trees that are used to prepare herbal formulations. In this study, 'Khadira Kastha Churna' and 'Madhuka Kastha Churna' are formulations derived from the wood of Acacia catechu and Madhuca indica, respectively, noted for their beneficial properties in maintaining oral hygiene.

2) Madhuka:
Madhuka, scientifically known as Madhuca indica, is a tree known for its sweet fruit and medicinal properties. In the context of this study, Madhuka is used in Dantadhavana for its oral health benefits, particularly in improving taste perception and its antibacterial effects which contribute to better oral hygiene.

3) Khadira:
Khadira refers to the Acacia catechu tree, whose wood is utilized in Ayurvedic medicine for its therapeutic properties. In this study, Khadira Kastha Churna is investigated for its effectiveness in treating oral hygiene issues such as bad odor, plaque accumulation, and as an antimicrobial agent due to its specific chemical composition.

4) Dantadhavana (Danta-dhavana, Damtadhavana):
Dantadhavana is a traditional Ayurvedic practice involving the cleaning of teeth for maintaining oral hygiene. This study evaluates two different herbal powders used in Dantadhavana, assessing their effectiveness in addressing oral health problems and supporting preventative care in daily routines.

5) Hygiene (Hygienic):
Hygienic means practices that uphold cleanliness and prevent disease. This study emphasizes hygienic practices rooted in Ayurveda, particularly through Dantadhavana, demonstrating how traditional methods can significantly enhance oral hygiene and overall health in individuals.

6) Rasa (Rasha):
In Ayurveda, 'Rasa' denotes the taste or flavor of a substance, which influences its therapeutic effects. The study compares different Rasas, such as Kashaya (astringent) and Madhura (sweet), in 'Khadira' and 'Madhuka' formulations, showcasing how these tastes correlate with their effects on oral health.

7) Madhura:
'Madhura' translates to sweet in Ayurveda and is one of the six tastes fundamental to understanding the therapeutic values of plants. In this study, Madhura Rasa's presence in Madhuka Kastha Churna is linked to its positive effects on taste perception and overall satisfaction in oral hygiene.

8) Study (Studying):
This study represents a clinical trial aiming to compare the effects of two specific Ayurvedic formulations on oral hygiene. By using a controlled approach involving participant observation and clinical assessment, the research provides valuable insights into the efficacy of traditional practices against contemporary oral health issues.

9) Kashaya (Kasaya):
'Kashaya' means astringent and is associated with properties that can help control bodily fluids and bacteria. In this context, the Kashaya Rasa of Khadira is highlighted for its effectiveness in improving oral hygiene and reducing issues like plaque and bad breath through its unique properties.

10) Disease:
Diseases encompass conditions that impact health adversely. This study addresses prevalent oral diseases influenced by poor hygiene. By comparing Ayurvedic remedies, it aims to determine means of preventing, treating, and managing these diseases through natural and traditional practices.

11) India:
India, where this research was conducted, has a rich tradition of Ayurveda as a system of medicine. The country faces significant oral health challenges, making studies like this pertinent for understanding local practices and providing solutions through traditional herbal formulations in promoting oral health.

12) Perception:
Perception refers to the awareness or judgment of stimuli. In this research, the taste perception of participants is evaluated as a parameter, indicating the influence of oral hygiene on the subjective enjoyment of food, particularly focusing on the improvement of taste perception through the use of Madhuka Kastha.

13) Upakrama:
Upakrama translates to 'therapy' or 'procedure' in Ayurveda. In this study, Dantadhavana Upakrama emphasizes the methodical approach to maintaining oral hygiene through traditional practices, demonstrating the significance of preventive care in Ayurvedic medicine for overall well-being.

14) Tikta:
'Tikta', meaning bitter, is one of the six tastes in Ayurveda. In the context of this study, the Tikta Rasa present in Khadira is vital for its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, promoting oral hygiene by addressing common oral health disorders and supporting overall oral cleanliness.

15) Madhurarasa (Madhura-rasa):
The term 'Madhura-rasa' refers specifically to the sweet taste and its therapeutic effects in Ayurveda. In the study, Madhura Rasa from Madhuka impacts taste perception, demonstrating how sweetness can contribute positively to oral health and influence patient preferences and satisfaction in dental care.

16) Surface:
Surface refers to the outer layer of teeth where plaque and debris can accumulate. This study assesses oral hygiene using criteria based on the cleanliness of tooth surfaces, evaluating how effectively Khadira and Madhuka formulations can maintain and improve these surfaces' conditions.

17) Vipaka:
Vipaka relates to the post-digestive effect of substances in Ayurveda. It determines how a substance influences the body after digestion. In this study, the effects of Madhura and other rasas, including their vipaka, on oral health and taste perception are evaluated for holistic care.

18) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibacterial denotes the ability to inhibit bacterial growth. This property is essential in the study, as both Khadira and Madhuka are assessed for their antibacterial effects, which play a crucial role in promoting oral hygiene and preventing diseases caused by bacteria in the oral cavity.

19) Maharashtra (Maharastra, Maha-rashtra):
Maharashtra is the state in India where this study is conducted, home to Bharati Vidyapeeth University College of Ayurveda. The research reflects local practices in oral hygiene and explores the relevance of traditional Ayurvedic remedies in addressing common health issues prevalent in this region.

20) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda is an ancient Indian system of medicine that emphasizes a holistic approach to health and wellness. This study highlights Ayurvedic principles in oral hygiene, comparing traditional herbal treatments with modern oral care practices, aiming to demonstrate Ayurveda's efficacy and relevance in contemporary health.

21) Medicine:
Medicine refers to the science and practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing illness. In the context of this research, Ayurveda as a form of traditional medicine is explored, particularly focusing on natural remedies and dietary practices aimed at maintaining and promoting oral health.

22) Activity:
Activity refers to the effects or processes that substances undergo within the body. In this study, the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of Khadira and Madhuka formulations are examined, demonstrating their role in alleviating symptoms of poor oral hygiene and enhancing overall oral health.

23) Bharati:
Bharati, in this context, refers to the Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to Be University College of Ayurved in Pune, Maharashtra, which conducted the study. The institution plays an essential role in advancing Ayurvedic research and education, facilitating studies focused on integrating traditional practices into modern healthcare.

24) Cancer:
Cancer is a significant health issue that affects many individuals worldwide. While this study primarily focuses on oral hygiene, the relevance of preventing oral diseases that could potentially lead to more severe conditions like oral cancer is underscored, promoting early care and preventive practices.

25) Mukha:
Mukha refers to the mouth or oral cavity in Ayurveda. It is considered the beginning of the digestive system. The study emphasizes the importance of Mukha health and hygiene, underlining how good practices can prevent various oral health issues and support overall well-being.

26) Katu:
'Katu' denotes the pungent taste in Ayurveda. This property is vital as it can stimulate the digestive system and appetite. The study does not focus extensively on Katu in the tested formulations, it recognizes the broader spectrum of tastes in Ayurvedic treatments for oral hygiene.

27) Pune:
Pune is a city in Maharashtra, India, where this study was conducted at Bharati Vidyapeeth University College of Ayurved. Pune is known for its educational institutions and research in Ayurveda, making it an important hub for healthcare studies rooted in traditional Indian practices.

28) Food:
Food is essential for survival and health, and its intake contributes to overall well-being. The study mentions how oral hygiene influences food perception and enjoyment. Proper oral care is vital to enhance the overall eating experience, which is closely monitored in this research.

29) Acacia catechu:
Acacia catechu, known as Khadira in Ayurveda, is a medicinal tree whose wood is utilized for its health benefits. The study examines the efficacy of Khadira Kastha Churna in Dantadhavana, highlighting its antimicrobial and astringent properties and their contributions to improving oral hygiene.

30) Dravya:
Dravya refers to substances or materials used in Ayurvedic treatment. In this context, both Khadira and Madhuka are considered dravyas that possess distinct qualities and effects. Their applications in the study demonstrate how traditional Ayurvedic dravyas contribute to maintaining oral health through natural means.

31) Visit:
Visit pertains to the act of going to a healthcare professional for assessment and care. The study references the tendency of individuals to neglect oral health until a problem arises, emphasizing the importance of regular visits for preventive care and oral hygiene maintenance.

32) Suffering:
Suffering signifies the experience of physical or psychological distress due to health issues. This study aims to alleviate suffering caused by poor oral hygiene through comparative analysis of Ayurvedic formulations, thus providing alternative solutions for individuals experiencing oral health-related discomfort.

33) Pradhana:
Pradhana means primary or chief in Sanskrit. In this study, it refers to the characteristics of certain substances or tastes in Ayurvedic medicine, highlighting how specific dravyas such as Khadira and Madhuka are considered foremost options for treating oral hygiene problems.

34) Science (Scientific):
Science refers to the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experimentation. This study blends traditional Ayurvedic knowledge with scientific methods to assess the efficacy of herbal formulations in promoting oral hygiene.

35) Drug:
Drug, in this context, signifies a specific formulation used for therapeutic purposes. Both 'Khadira Kastha Churna' and 'Madhuka Kastha Churna' are examined as effective drugs for enhancing oral health, grounding the study's conclusions in the therapeutic practices of Ayurveda.

36) Life:
Life pertains to the state of being alive and the pursuit of health, wellness, and quality living. The study emphasizes how proper oral hygiene contributes significantly to overall life quality, underscoring the influence of Ayurvedic practices on individuals' well-being.

37) Azadirachta indica:
Azadirachta indica, also known as Neem, is a tree recognized for its medicinal properties in Ayurveda. Although not the focus of this study, its inclusion in Ayurvedic texts highlights the importance of using various herbal remedies to promote oral health and hygiene effectively.

38) Madhuca indica:
Madhuca indica, or Madhuka, is the tree used in the study for its beneficial properties in promoting oral hygiene. The sweet taste of its bark contributes to improving taste perception, showcasing the application of this dravya in traditional Ayurvedic practices for dental care.

39) Accumulation (Accumulating, Accumulate):
Accumulation refers to the gradual gathering of substances, such as plaque on teeth. The study examines the efficacy of herbal formulations in preventing or reducing the accumulation of dental debris and plaque, essential for maintaining oral health and hygiene.

40) Discussion:
Discussion encompasses the analysis and interpretation of study results. In this research, it highlights the comparative findings between Khadira and Madhuka, elaborating on their respective benefits and impacts on oral hygiene, enhancing the understanding of Ayurvedic practices in modern contexts.

41) Katurasa (Katu-rasa):
Katu-rasa refers to the pungent taste in Ayurveda, associated with stimulating digestion and appetite. Although not studied in-depth in this trial, its relevance to oral health is acknowledged as part of the broader spectrum of tastes that can influence overall well-being.

42) Lakshana (Laksana):
Lakshana, singular for Lakshanas, signifies individual symptoms related to specific health conditions. The study defines various Lakshanas relating to poor oral hygiene, which are crucial for selecting appropriate Ayurvedic treatments and evaluating their effectiveness during the trial.

43) Bleeding:
Bleeding refers to the loss of blood, often occurring in the gums due to periodontal issues. This study indirectly addresses the prevention of bleeding through improved oral hygiene practices, highlighting the importance of maintaining healthy gums and overall oral cavity health.

44) Karanja (Karamja):
Karanja, known scientifically as Millettia pinnata, is an Ayurvedic herb recognized for its medicinal properties. Although not the focus of this study, Karanja is often highlighted in Ayurvedic texts as beneficial for dental care, adding to the diverse options available for oral hygiene.

45) Pungent:
Pungent refers to a strong taste or smell, often related to certain spices. While not the primary focus of the study, the pungent taste of various Ayurvedic herbs indicates their potential effects on digestion and health, contributing to the overall spectrum of oral care options.

46) Quality:
Quality denotes the standard of something, especially in terms of effectiveness. In this research, quality is measured through the improvement of oral hygiene parameters, evaluating how the tested formulations perform in enhancing oral health and contributing to individuals' overall quality of life.

47) Indian:
Indian relates to anything pertaining to India, including culture, practices, and health care systems. This study focuses on traditional Indian practices, especially Ayurveda, and evaluates herbal formulations relevant to improving oral hygiene within the context of the Indian populace.

48) Bitter:
Bitter refers to one of the six tastes in Ayurveda. The bitter taste, exemplified by Tikta Rasa, is connected to various health benefits. In this study, the role of bitterness in Khadira is explored, particularly regarding its impact on oral health and hygiene.

49) Danta (Damta):
'Danta' means 'teeth' in Sanskrit and is fundamental to the study of oral health. Recognizing the significance of dental care, this research emphasizes the health of Danta through Dantadhavana practices, exploring how Ayurvedic formulations can improve dental hygiene effectively.

50) Kapha:
Kapha is one of the three doshas in Ayurveda, representing the bodily elements of earth and water. This balance is crucial for health, and in the study, the influence of Kapha on oral hygiene is considered, as imbalances may contribute to poor oral health conditions.

51) Karma (Karman):
Karma denotes action or deeds in Sanskrit and reflects the consequences of one's actions. In the context of health, practicing proper oral hygiene consistently can yield positive outcomes for overall health. This study promotes daily Dantadhavana as a 'Karma' essential for preventing oral diseases.

52) Nimba:
Nimba, or Azadirachta indica, is an Ayurvedic herb noted for its cleansing and antibacterial properties. While not the focus of this study, Nimba is recognized in Ayurvedic texts for its application in oral hygiene, adding to the array of herbal solutions available for dental care.

53) Ulcer:
Ulcers refer to sores that may occur in the oral cavity, causing pain and discomfort. The study emphasizes the prevention of conditions like ulcers through effective Dantadhavana practices, underscoring the importance of maintaining oral hygiene to circumvent painful oral health issues.

54) Table:
Table refers to the systematic arrangement of data, often used to present results clearly. The study contains tables summarizing key findings, making it easier to visualize comparative effectiveness between Khadira and Madhuka formulations in promoting oral hygiene.

55) Fever:
Fever indicates an elevated body temperature often linked to infections or illness. The study emphasizes that while oral hygiene is often neglected, maintaining good practices can prevent underlying health issues, highlighting the connection between oral health and overall body wellness.

56) Pain:
Pain signifies physical discomfort often associated with oral health issues. The study indirectly addresses pain by showcasing how effective dental care practices, such as Dantadhavana, can alleviate conditions leading to discomfort, enhancing the quality of life through improved oral hygiene.

57) Post:
Post refers to the time following an event or action. In this study, post-treatment evaluations are crucial for assessing the efficacy of the herbal formulations, determining their long-term impacts on oral hygiene, and ensuring consistent monitoring of participants' progress after the initial treatments.

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Madhurarasa, Oral hygiene, Kashaya Rasa, Clinical study, Assessment criteria, Selection criteria, Antimicrobial activity, Preventive care, Oral cavity, Tooth loss, Oral health survey, Dincharya procedure.

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